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习题练习：Physics Unit13: Temperature and Kinetic Theory
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 作者: admin    总分: 86分  得分: _____________

答题人: 游客未登录  开始时间: 22年08月07日 11:04  切换到: 整卷模式

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1#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State the zeroth law of therq2n ;xpy8 kyw28jty3 xmodynamics.
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2#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A bimetallic strip, consisting of metal G on the top and metal H on th7l *lz o(ydpl-r;x ry3e bottom, is rigidly attached to a wall at the left. (See Fig. 13-1.) The coefficiexrrpl73d*zy -o yl(l; nt of linear thermal expansion for metal G is greater than that of metal H. If the strip is uniformly heated, it will


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3#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  When the engine of your car hb5 yr7.udrz.o*l yg6heats up, the spark plug gap will

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4#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Consider a flat steel plate withgt.97mpamul/- q )pszdr.7s t a hole through its center as shown in Fig. 13-2. When the plate's temperature is ur9q- ga.7dps.7p/ z sttlmm )increased, the hole will


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5#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The coefficient of linear expansion for alumi xcxb+mm1w3e-num is $1.8 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. What is its coefficient of volume expansion?

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6#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The surface water temperature on a large, deep l(jskhy8j +h gw: :png *d pmqxc-r229(zs4 cglake is $3 \; ^{\circ}C$. A sensitive temperature probe is lowered several meters into the lake. What temperature will the probe record?

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7#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Which temperature scale never gives negative temperature 5yg55o7hw2nsaz +ep.hws72; wwchp ss?

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8#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Which two temperature changes arzin4od3f6 b pj9 lmxy1o5t88f e equivalent?

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9#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature in your 7xs (7bz. .ebjps7erca2 mp5c classroom is approximately

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10#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Boyle's law.
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11#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Charles's law.hn; l vgk7)n3f
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12#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Gay-Lassac's law. *)7gor0kwdyiefhj ;s k 176/ormb8gu
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13#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container of an ideal gas at 1 atm is comp6v r/rl baclv9.8r, smressed to one-third its volume, with the temperature held constant. What is its fin vb .c8lvrs /a6lr,r9mal pressure?

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14#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  If the pressure acting on an ideal gas at constant tempera o+hbapw5-c7.l ; idcyture is tripled, its volume ih -w7d.opb+ca ;c il5ys

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15#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  According to the ideal gas Law, PV = constant fofjo+ w7 3*n.qzjou )13ytpf:h wf3bqh r a given temperature. As a result, an increase in volume corresponds to a decrease in pressure. Thw3:7yqhhfj+nz*qfw ot) j .bpo1f 33uis happens because the molecules

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16#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The number of molecules in one mole of a substancrvd2m4tca+t9k mo/46wm a0e te

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17#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container holds N molecules of an ideal gabcmf8np)ft)a/ q-wq+1ozc n;s at a given temperature. If the number of molecules in the container is increased to 2N with no change in temperature oa cm1bn+f8;wq)c / -otp)fqznr volume, the pressure in the container

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18#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Both the pressure and volume /xi1nq2yhd 09wb7zyjpsa 95h of a given sample of an ideal gas double. This means that its temperature in Keldnjy9q0 h95iyx s/7z1 wb2hapvin must

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19#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature of an ideal gas incjc suuw.xn0ejg 8 ,ww pgkb1 7ji2./3jreases from $2 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $4 \; ^{\circ}C$ while remaining at constant pressure. What happens to the volume of the gas?

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20#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mole of diatomic oxygen molecules and a mole of diatomic nitrogenndhzw2( :c 5vn molecules at (nnzh :d 25wcvSTP have

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21#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Consider two equal volumes of gas at a given temperature and prew-o+yl*9f2pdi qg7in rq6p3zfk) rb0 ssure. One gas, oxygen, has a molecular mass of 32. The other gas, nitrogen, has a molecular mass of 28. What is the ratio of the number of oxygen molecules to the numberki+qorfrn g6 )2i7z3fwl 9bp y* d0p-q of nitrogen molecules?

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22#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The average molecular kinetic energy of a gas can be determined by knowivq ,v7l4 k*(f4- o;zskeygz hing only

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23#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of an ideal gas is slowly compressed to one-hal3+qy op(e;lt7m ghw)uf its original volume with 3t+emqogl;phywu (7 ) no change in temperature. What happens to the average speed of the molecules in the sample?

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24#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of an ideal gas is heated and its Kelvin temperature doubles. Wis: itt,n60eihat happens to the averagei tsitei ,:n06 speed of the molecules in the sample?

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25#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The absolute temperature of an ideal gas is directly proportional t4le.spc:s - mko which of th-pc4:m e.sksl e following?

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26#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  In order to double the averahv sh+ /h.y2jsge speed of the molecules in a given sample of gas, the tempehsh/2 vhj+y .srature (measured in Kelvin) must

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27#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen molecules are 16 times more massive than hydrogen molecules. At a k 8+i3sktydy )given temperti3s y)d+yk8 kature, the average molecular kinetic energy of oxygen, compared to hydrogen

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28#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen molecules are 16 times more massive than hyj1op ek 97lafdx +9s. zoxk);qdrogen molecules. At a given temperature, how do their average molecular speeds compare? The oxygen molecules are movingks9aefo 19 k jzp.dol) +q;7xx

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29#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A fixed container holds oxygen and helium gases at the same temperature. W 4(ly08bp/ vk qzasqo/hich one of the following statemeoqv40akq /z( 8y bs/plnts is correct?

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30#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container is filled with a mixture / ue8ew4:mz cco7ij-cv) 9zcgof helium and oxygen gases. A thermometer in the container indicates that the temperatc-wz g)8v 7 c9eoecu:4j mzc/iure is $22 \; ^{\circ}C$. Which gas molecules have the greater average kinetic energy?

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31#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container is filled with a mixture of helium and oxyg6g gtv )q89,hfb d5gwsen gases. A thermometer in the contgg5fshtbq) dg9w6 v8, ainer indicates that the temperature is $22 \; ^{\circ}C$. Which gas molecules have the greater average speed?

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32#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The three phases of matt *hpj 1ihdsk86t:s zy4er can exist together in equilibrium at the

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33#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Supersaturation occurs in air when theac quhi7,9 /pa

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34#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express your body temperatug8wnfn hqkoqs/ /** +xre ($98.6 \; ^{\circ}F$) in Celsius degrees.

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35#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express $68 \; ^{\circ}F$ in $^{\circ}C$.

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36#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express $-40 \; ^{\circ}C$ in $^{\circ}F$.

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37#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature chan+fg f;dwcr:ehabxuio 5,(h /9ges from 35eF during the night to $75 \; ^{\circ}F$ during the day. What is the temperature change on the Celsius scale?

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38#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A temperature change om8ery ib8( e,kf $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ corresponds to a temperature change of

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39#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature are the numerico( h u0g 4mtcplw:xg/:al readings on the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales the (twlg0o/ g :uc xmhp4:same?

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40#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A steel bridge is 1000 m long at5 ;f7(rg tzckvikb8-hj9u.wt v,s o+y $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ in winter. What is the change in length when the temperature rises to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ in summer? (The average coefficient of linear expansion of steel is $11 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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41#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An aluminum rod 17.4 cm loe ;won,,(vsw wng at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is its new length? Aluminum has a linear expansion coefficient of $25 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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42#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  By how much will a slab of concrrm 2tdqa-/kt 6.wkv0eete 18 m long contract when the temperature drop t te-rkav/w.2 m6kd0qs from $24 \; ^{\circ}C$ to -$16 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for concrete is $10^{-5} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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43#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A bolt hole in a brass plate has a diameter of 1.200 cm aty,hs-uh7bxmafq6 o( , $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the diameter of the hole when the plate is heated to $220 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for brass is $19 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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44#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  20.00 cm of space is available. How long a piece of brass at xqhj/m w4p,4a $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ can be put there and still fit at $200 ^{\circ}C$? Brass has a linear expansion coefficient of $19 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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45#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 5.0-cm diameter steel shaft has 0ilr,* z j a0vvw+e,;an.10 mm clearance all around its bushing at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the bushing temperature remains constant, at what temperature will the shaft begin to bind? Steel has a linear expansion coefficient of $12 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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46#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $400 \; cm^{3}$ of mercury at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ will expand to what volume at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$? Mercury has a volume expansion coefficient of $180 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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47#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  1 L of water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ will occupy what volume at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$? Water has a volume expansion coefficient of $210 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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48#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The volume coefficient of thermal expansion for gasoline iso;pw+.0qsx;b u png n(vff70s $950 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. By how much does the volume of 1.0 L of gasoline change when the temperature rises from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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49#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 500-mL glass beaker of water is fil khj3b-z2fm -eled to the rim at a temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much water will overflow if the water is heated to a temperature of $95 \; ^{\circ}C$? (Ignore the expansion of the glass and the coefficient of volume expansion of water is $2.1 \times 10^{-4} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.)

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50#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  For mercury to expand fr,9l:nj,e9b( -pa x xw7vnsldmom $4.0 \; cm^{3}$ to $4.1 \; cm^{3}$, what change in temperature is necessary? Mercury has a volume expansion coefficient of $180 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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51#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mercury thermometer has a bulb of volume 0.10/0s)d uemv dumq f3ye,s)g,i 5; .otzh0 $cm^{3}$ at $10 ^{\circ}C$. The capillary tube above the bulb has a cross-sectional area of 0.012 $mm^{2}$. The volume thermal expansion coefficient of mercury is $1.8 \times 10^{-4} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. How much will the mercury rise when the temperature rises by $30 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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52#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $^{\circ}K$.

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53#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}F$ to $^{\circ}K$.

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54#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}K$ to $^{\circ}C$.

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55#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}K$ to $^{\circ}F$.

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56#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen condenses into a liquid at approximately 90 K. What t-2 y /do9 ords*x*werlq6ac/3h/eyjsemperature, in degrees Fahrenheit, does this correspond ted d s/ley*6s ac/-*jywr/ xh92qro3oo?

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57#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupies 300 L at an absolute pressi2m7d; dh ox2zure of 400 kPa. Find the absolute pressure if the volume changes to 8d22 di 7xhz;om50 L and the temperature remains constant.

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58#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfect garlq(oj+ qb(e h1:-iur9jkt* j s are at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the number of moles.

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59#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfect gas are al : aix3stz 0cqv3t78rt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the number of molecules.

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60#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfect gas arafrhrl()55aydhnj/z3 k) pe0 e at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the mass of the gas.

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61#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  How many water molecules are there in 36 g of w4kz fb0xc5:es ater? Express your answer as a multiple of Avogadro's number NA. (The molecular structure of k b0sezc5fx4:a water molecule is $H_2 O$.)

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62#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  How many mol are there in 2.00 kg of copper? (The atom. 6mvv/+9fzbap)u m wcm5 ux:iic weight of copper is 63.5 and its sv6 b/ f:+vcmpam)9umu ix.5wzpecific gravity is 8.90)

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63#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of a diatomic ideal gas occupies 33.6 L under standard cohfev. x68:x10 hjbv eonditions. How many mol of gas are in the sampl:ev 6h eb01f.x vhj8xoe?

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64#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a pressure of 2.5 atm, a volum(vqr sw9:pgt* k4u3yve of 1.0 L at a temperature of $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many molecules are there in the gas?

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65#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas in a container of volume xwz.7qk0;f xym,-b rx $100 cm^{3}$ at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ has a pressure of $100 \; N/m^2$. Determine the number of gas molecules in the container.

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66#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of helium (He) occupies 44.8 L at STP. What is the mass xmnouk/a6j3* 2iqe:h of the sample?hqnua3eji6:2x ko* / m

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67#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 25-L container holds hydroge hvt7l5 cw;s;gn gas at a gauge pressure of 0.25 atm and a temperature ofstw vhl;7cg5; $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What mass of hydrogen is in this container?

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68#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A $100-cm^{3}$ container has 4 g of ideal gas in it at 250 kPa. If the volume is changed to $50 \; cm^{3}$ and the temperature remains constant, what is its new density?

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69#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupies (3x/flxh r4-gdx* pouzja 1lkt/j(n313ulwp$600 \; cm^{3}$ at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. At what temperature will it occupy $1200 \; cm^{3}$ if the pressure remains constant?

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70#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A constant pressure gas thermometed;,3l3c z rzl+jwh.p dr is initially at $28 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the volume of gas increases by 10%, what is the final Celsius temperature?

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71#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupies 4.0 L - 15c ppvaylxs.,gbn 8at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What volume will it occupy at $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the pressure remains constant?

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72#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A balloon has a volume5qlfd (gy q0dm3)q.mc of $1.0 \; m^{3}$. As it rises in the Earth's atmosphere, its volume expands. What will be its new volume if its original temperature and pressure are $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1.0 atm, and its final temperature and pressure are -$40 ^{\circ}C$ and 0.10 atm?

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73#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A given sample of carbon dioxipup;c)rb1m( +w 6yupqic (3 wvde ($CO_2$) contains $3.01 \times 10^{23} \; molecules$ at STP. What volume does this sample occupy?

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74#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $500 \; cm^{3}$ of ideal gas at $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 200 kPa (absolute) is compressed to $250 \; cm^{3}$ and cooled to $20 \; ^{\circ}C$

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75#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $1500 \; cm^{3}$ of ideal gas at STP is cooled to -$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and put into a $1000 \; cm^{3}$ container. What is the final gauge pressure?

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76#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a densituow7adx2vfk66 h:fj ;y of $1.75 \; kg/m^{3}$ at a gauge pressure of 160 kPa. What must be the gauge pressure if a density of $1.0 \; kg/m^{3}$ is desired at the same temperature?

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77#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a voleblod w08133ggrmb , ,mxge3pume of $0.20 \; m^{3}$, a temperature of $30 \; ^{\circ}C$, and a pressure of 1.0 atm. It is heated to $60 \; ^{\circ}C$ and compressed to a volume of $0.15 \; m^{3}$. What is the new pressure?

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78#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mixture of gases contains 15 g ofa o-y.g8k ;96hxw.qqzx)ldzy $H_2$, 14 g of $N_2$, and 44 g of $CO_2$. The mixture is in a 40 L sealed container which is at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the pressure in the container?

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79#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  What is the average separ:1 vjzj4,3ll ( kwpt +crhmbx7ation between air molecules at STP?

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80#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature is the average kinetic energy of an atomxi ;i;l5(2o/iacrcok in helium gas equal to(5x;icl2akr/ic io ; o $6.21 \times
10^{-21} \; J$?

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81#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature would the r q2np0o/wpl n t)kkkl-v8q:,r ms speed of $H_2$ molecules equal 11,200 m/s (the Earth's escape speed)?

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82#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A cylinder contains 16 g of helium gas at STP. How much +2j+jvngsm2 x energy is needed to raise the temps+xm2+gvjj n2 erature of this gas to $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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83#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  If the temperature of a02x 8bx z3z+p5fhcha a gas is increased from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$, by what factor does the speed of the molecules increase?

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84#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A molecule has a speed of 501 h;-usi3a2y,m tf-xyk *zwfgq;* tkp0 m/s at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is its speed at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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85#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The molecular mass of oxygen molecules is 32, and the molecular mass of nitr g+ qi/agtd3(/is.g rzogen molecules is 28. If thtagz.g3 dsqii// r+(g ese two gases are at the same temperature, the ratio of nitrogen's rms speed to that of oxygen is .

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86#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The molecular mass of nitrogen is 14 times greater than that of hydrogf.yido;mq;ae:zv y 88 en. If the moleculeadi;.;yqvzfemo8 :y 8s in these two gases have the same rms speed, the ratio of hydrogen's absolute temperature to that of nitrogen is .

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