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习题练习：Physics Unit13: Temperature and Kinetic Theory
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 作者: admin    总分: 86分  得分: _____________

答题人: 匿名未登录  开始时间: 22年08月07日 11:04  切换到: 整卷模式

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1#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State the zeroth law of thermodynami,vvy5a 4rr4kx( xuq fs0vi71fcs.
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2#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A bimetallic strip, consisting of metal G on the top and metalxm)p/y 3/m1km j-yqqr H on the bottom, is rigidly attached to a wall at the left. (See Fig. 13-1.) The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for metal G is greater than that of metal H. If the strip is uniformly he /-x)mkm3mr1q jyq/py ated, it will


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3#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  When the engine of your car hea92 1h+uhj3r *ctr(ycqbhl4 v5(pjg qo ts up, the spark plug gap will

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4#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Consider a flat steel plate with a hole through its center as shown in Fig ys4btq:4o6iez(t je. . 13-2. When the pl4(y4t iz eqt:oejb6s.ate's temperature is increased, the hole will


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5#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The coefficient of linear expansion )271okdv+ybg 2 5vriylbgn7 z for aluminum is $1.8 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. What is its coefficient of volume expansion?

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6#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The surface water temperature on a large, deep l. c:89o glv3sdhohzy5ake is $3 \; ^{\circ}C$. A sensitive temperature probe is lowered several meters into the lake. What temperature will the probe record?

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7#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Which temperature scale h;woeoi0bg3e t() (qi never gives negative temperatures?

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8#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Which two temperature a*.*gvt il ,,:xjq(w qx ek;cuchanges are equivalent?

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9#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature in your 3m,n vo hj.t- v;ea4yyclassroom is approximately

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10#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Boyle's law.
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11#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Charles's law.-a0xbj/ kbxj4b0ko r0
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12#
 
问答题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
State Gay-Lassac's law-* ezhz fctav).v- )nh.
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13#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container of an ideal gas at 1 at:3ryxka+ .nv8wgu2 mo m is compressed to one-third its volume, with the temperature held co8a.+2 3 yo: vnxwgukrmnstant. What is its final pressure?

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14#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  If the pressure acting on an ideal gas at consztfxd:(ym; *zx(xb f +qh+w*jtant temperature is tripled, its volume i x(wqjf*(z;x*btf+yxz h:m d+s

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15#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  According to the ideal gas Law, PV = constant for a given tempe5qginzeh q32 n.i3hf+rature. As a result, an increase in volume corresponds to nhfg 32.3nhqi+ 5izeqa decrease in pressure. This happens because the molecules

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16#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The number of molecules in qvuhh9 oz9g / iqk2-knz6/; 4enfxxy;one mole of a substance

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17#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container holds N molecules o 46 05tafbcq3t*xxt uvf an ideal gas at a given temperature. If the number of molecules in the container is increased xxv cqbu t*3a40ft 6t5to 2N with no change in temperature or volume, the pressure in the container

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18#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Both the pressure and volume of a given sample of an idss,) 9t288 kmp;,9eb vu*dvbl jyrthneal gas double. This means thatdv8 h9)pty8u2tn* l rv bm,;je,s9bks its temperature in Kelvin must

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19#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature of an idea:d jv*6th cy 4m-1pddnl gas increases from $2 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $4 \; ^{\circ}C$ while remaining at constant pressure. What happens to the volume of the gas?

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20#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mole of diatomic oxygen molecules and a mole of diae gdzi.heut 8s-+ 90automic nitrogen molecules att -.uea 8s uhi+de9g0z STP have

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21#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Consider two equal volumes of gji ;i iw9ix9v*as at a given temperature and pressure. One gas, oxygen, has a molecular mass of 32. The other gas, nitrogen, has a molecular mass of 28. What is the ratio of the num iiji w99*xiv;ber of oxygen molecules to the number of nitrogen molecules?

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22#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The average molecular kinetic energj d66 38 d(ibiyo(h2rvzezip, y of a gas can be determined by knowing only

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23#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of an ideal gas is slowly compressed to one-half its original volume wibq 4j-:m fut)xth no change in temperature. What happens to the average speed of the molecules i4tjx)bm :u-f qn the sample?

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24#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of an ideal gas is heated and its Kelvin temperature doubles. Whh( tx16 6wafhxat happens to the average speed of the molwx6ah hf16t x(ecules in the sample?

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25#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The absolute temperature of an ideal gas is direct f/y)mn:lobi +ly proportional to which of the follow fbim )o/+l:yning?

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26#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  In order to double the average speed of3k 09 k2mmrnsvgwa45a the molecules in a given sample of gas, the temperature (measured iw94gs k30 a mmka5nv2rn Kelvin) must

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27#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen molecules are 16 times more massive than hydrogen molecules. At a gixj04y0zi h qx0ven temperature, the average molecular kinetic e0h0 0y xjzixq4nergy of oxygen, compared to hydrogen

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28#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen molecules are brb c;b2y5m- r ta;5o5f evw+b16 times more massive than hydrogen molecules. At a given temperature, how do their average molecular speeds compare? The oxygen moleme2fbrc ar;tb-55vb oy;bw 5+cules are moving

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29#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A fixed container holds oxygen and helium gase9-msew .h 8x/4 c1spftchtu e*s at the same temperature. Which one of the.hcx pe ut mh*9s4w fs-8t/1ce following statements is correct?

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30#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container is filled with a mixture of helium and oxygen gases. A thev 5uak(s+)efv. 5o8ivw 4 nav i:esy+crmometer in thysa c(vev)a 5if +e5+i:v.4usn o8 wvke container indicates that the temperature is $22 \; ^{\circ}C$. Which gas molecules have the greater average kinetic energy?

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31#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A container is filled with a mixture of helium and oxygen gasems oe:ah v1;w,t.jt9 x /gl6tg -mqyp6s. A thermometer in the container indg1tewy psq:.lm m,-6th/ x6 aotgjv9; icates that the temperature is $22 \; ^{\circ}C$. Which gas molecules have the greater average speed?

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32#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The three phases of matterm ulqn n:5m--l( mhhco72ypr9 can exist together in equilibrium at the

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33#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Supersaturation occurs in air wherdetagr8 nn6 2qz: i*i+yyd)*n the

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34#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express your body temperatua( 4fts 4x5 jtgt67-whitltj-re ($98.6 \; ^{\circ}F$) in Celsius degrees.

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35#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express $68 \; ^{\circ}F$ in $^{\circ}C$.

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36#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Express $-40 \; ^{\circ}C$ in $^{\circ}F$.

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37#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The temperature changes ho tas:ro7 :r0from 35eF during the night to $75 \; ^{\circ}F$ during the day. What is the temperature change on the Celsius scale?

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38#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A temperature change g6n2 hsqd- wtpm r4-1g-d pn7dof $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ corresponds to a temperature change of

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39#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature are the nuc,/ ;,dtpppocmerical readings on the Fahrenheit and Celsius scales the sacpdc;,,/op p tme?

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40#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A steel bridge is 109)zit8qf u z/1pj- ygg00 m long at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ in winter. What is the change in length when the temperature rises to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ in summer? (The average coefficient of linear expansion of steel is $11 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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41#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An aluminum rod 17.4mi:;+ycjyaa8v qeqx:f* f5 h h07 dq0t cm long at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is its new length? Aluminum has a linear expansion coefficient of $25 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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42#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  By how much will a slab of concrete 18 m (.i. hz p biah0py5p:k7iu+hz long contract when the temperature drops fa. u(i7ky0:hpbhz+. ih5ppi zrom $24 \; ^{\circ}C$ to -$16 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for concrete is $10^{-5} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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43#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A bolt hole in a brass plate has a df8wg*h(v rm x-sz,ql7iameter of 1.200 cm at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the diameter of the hole when the plate is heated to $220 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The coefficient of linear thermal expansion for brass is $19 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$)

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44#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  20.00 cm of space is available. yc(js2 zr;+tb How long a piece of brass at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ can be put there and still fit at $200 ^{\circ}C$? Brass has a linear expansion coefficient of $19 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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45#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 5.0-cm diameter steel shaft has z*ffpi t /+bcz5b i.m9ycszr(cu n5-9 0.10 mm clearance all around its bushing at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the bushing temperature remains constant, at what temperature will the shaft begin to bind? Steel has a linear expansion coefficient of $12 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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46#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $400 \; cm^{3}$ of mercury at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ will expand to what volume at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$? Mercury has a volume expansion coefficient of $180 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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47#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  1 L of water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ will occupy what volume at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$? Water has a volume expansion coefficient of $210 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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48#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The volume coefficient -zm )o.tzk-rt9tz sw) ,uobu -of thermal expansion for gasoline is $950 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. By how much does the volume of 1.0 L of gasoline change when the temperature rises from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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49#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 500-mL glass beaker of water is filled to the rim at a tuhwev bv9qj ,5rv (y ,sl09nt.emperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much water will overflow if the water is heated to a temperature of $95 \; ^{\circ}C$? (Ignore the expansion of the glass and the coefficient of volume expansion of water is $2.1 \times 10^{-4} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.)

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50#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  For mercury to expand fromxd t7m0 sa.zl* $4.0 \; cm^{3}$ to $4.1 \; cm^{3}$, what change in temperature is necessary? Mercury has a volume expansion coefficient of $180 \times 10^{-6} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$.

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51#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mercury thermometer has a bulb of volume q+l -/jw-lr0cfb / mzg0.100 $cm^{3}$ at $10 ^{\circ}C$. The capillary tube above the bulb has a cross-sectional area of 0.012 $mm^{2}$. The volume thermal expansion coefficient of mercury is $1.8 \times 10^{-4} \; ^{\circ}C^{-1}$. How much will the mercury rise when the temperature rises by $30 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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52#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $^{\circ}K$.

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53#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}F$ to $^{\circ}K$.

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54#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}K$ to $^{\circ}C$.

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55#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Convert $14 \; ^{\circ}K$ to $^{\circ}F$.

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56#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Oxygen condenses into a liquid at approximately 90 K. What ,k9rzf.qjtq;v h 8f,h temperature, in degrees Fahren fz8rhqj ;t.,h9f q,kvheit, does this correspond to?

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57#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupies 300 L at an absolute pressure of 400 kPa. Find the a4uy+8 lfv9-nq4w5zs m ls cq0xbsolute pressure if the volume changes to 850 L and0+ qmu yvsqz494-wl5cf s8xnl the temperature remains constant.

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58#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfect gas agiz8xnie 4li+he(0 8x re at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the number of moles.

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59#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfect gas are at,zty6gl8m d3 d $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the number of molecules.

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60#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  Two liters of a perfect gas are a-(hmu hg b.5xmt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1 atm. If the gas is nitrogen, $N_2$, determine the mass of the gas.

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61#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  How many water molecules are there in 36ru: h -.3r fgysm76frs g of water? Express your answer as a multiple of Avogadro's number NA. (The molecular structure of a water molecule issr:h.r sr m 3fg7uy6f- $H_2 O$.)

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62#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  How many mol are there in 2.00 kg of copper? (The atomic weight of copper , rf3slb w-x0yis 63.5 and itsr, x3by0flsw - specific gravity is 8.90)

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63#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of a diatomic ideal gas occupies 33.6 L undersz 20c*4r2a-p peqvqt standard conditions. How many mol of gas are in 02rtpec4-vz2 * s qqpathe sample?

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64#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a pressure of 2.5 atm, a volume of 1.0p l8zk.l hn2.gi8u7e q L at a temperature of $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many molecules are there in the gas?

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65#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas in a container of voluexh uyk*)(s:c me $100 cm^{3}$ at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ has a pressure of $100 \; N/m^2$. Determine the number of gas molecules in the container.

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66#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A sample of helium (He) occupies 44.8 L at STP. What is the eo )s1.4 r-m9bccjheksd1bh4mass of the sample?41hesmbk-9co s.r 1e )djc4bh

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67#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A 25-L container holds hydrogen gaw:1y)tr.w da(b u*kj vs at a gauge pressure of 0.25 atm and a temperatj.*wd w:(vrky au1bt )ure of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What mass of hydrogen is in this container?

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68#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A $100-cm^{3}$ container has 4 g of ideal gas in it at 250 kPa. If the volume is changed to $50 \; cm^{3}$ and the temperature remains constant, what is its new density?

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69#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupie bz3ne5se cx0*.z-sxa s $600 \; cm^{3}$ at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. At what temperature will it occupy $1200 \; cm^{3}$ if the pressure remains constant?

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70#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A constant pressure gas thermometer is in4ia :qfwf v np idkw;4s;v--w+itially at $28 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the volume of gas increases by 10%, what is the final Celsius temperature?

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71#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas occupies 4 mpo8,p 0m9 3l7p-w(m kuhdq5h oejfq5.0 L at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What volume will it occupy at $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the pressure remains constant?

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72#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A balloon has a volume of0uke sl7x:j 9r $1.0 \; m^{3}$. As it rises in the Earth's atmosphere, its volume expands. What will be its new volume if its original temperature and pressure are $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 1.0 atm, and its final temperature and pressure are -$40 ^{\circ}C$ and 0.10 atm?

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73#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A given sample of carbon dioxi1:.7o*oxsnauz-/ukcb2xcj z(- shmj de ($CO_2$) contains $3.01 \times 10^{23} \; molecules$ at STP. What volume does this sample occupy?

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74#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $500 \; cm^{3}$ of ideal gas at $40 \; ^{\circ}C$ and 200 kPa (absolute) is compressed to $250 \; cm^{3}$ and cooled to $20 \; ^{\circ}C$

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75#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  $1500 \; cm^{3}$ of ideal gas at STP is cooled to -$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and put into a $1000 \; cm^{3}$ container. What is the final gauge pressure?

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76#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a densityr lpr3cmz v;6ty88r7p of $1.75 \; kg/m^{3}$ at a gauge pressure of 160 kPa. What must be the gauge pressure if a density of $1.0 \; kg/m^{3}$ is desired at the same temperature?

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77#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  An ideal gas has a volume of 9t di hlo-mq-l,) h2xz$0.20 \; m^{3}$, a temperature of $30 \; ^{\circ}C$, and a pressure of 1.0 atm. It is heated to $60 \; ^{\circ}C$ and compressed to a volume of $0.15 \; m^{3}$. What is the new pressure?

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78#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A mixture of gases contains 15 g of s.wcu7q)6mx(cl vqtqp7r v4 0$H_2$, 14 g of $N_2$, and 44 g of $CO_2$. The mixture is in a 40 L sealed container which is at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the pressure in the container?

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79#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  What is the average separation between air 7up ;-rn)fqx0yr r r7hmolecules at STP?

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80#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature is the average zme fbh x+ x,it9ka*+-kinetic energy of an atom in helium gas equali xm*efb t+h ,k-9+azx to $6.21 \times
10^{-21} \; J$?

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81#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  At what temperature wo5mvg4jk yx5pqfuq,1 - uld the rms speed of $H_2$ molecules equal 11,200 m/s (the Earth's escape speed)?

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82#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A cylinder contains 16 g of helium gas at STP. How +k5+tuefrj-fxa9rd.6 eh xd. much energy is needed to raise the temperatureuf+5r ax jrh+tkfee-.d9x6d . of this gas to $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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83#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  If the temperature of a gas is increased f5iiekxd ,x*jsj,e ; )trom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $40 \; ^{\circ}C$, by what factor does the speed of the molecules increase?

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84#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  A molecule has a speed of6lulvpdkc i8 o3ff(6 7 500 m/s at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is its speed at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$?

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85#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The molecular mass of oxygen molecules is 32, and the molecular mass ofg( r.agkb38(zgzi- a-,ai xlr nitrogen molecules is 28. If these two gases are at li-rg83gbz (k-rxaia.,za g (the same temperature, the ratio of nitrogen's rms speed to that of oxygen is .

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86#
 
单选题 ( 1.0 分) 切至整卷模式 搜藏此题  
  The molecular mass of nitrogen is 14 times greater than that of hpjf v2 oh+::bkydrogen. If the molecules in these two gases have the same rms speed, the ratiok+ vfbh: oj2p: of hydrogen's absolute temperature to that of nitrogen is .

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