Which of the following is the smali ier8 v z-bm5za9l,x9p;q, uvlest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperac-(pu)+j n+jxle 7jjv ture of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kvk3tvgvtn8 hazf;( i7m;vr3(a 6rq-+h vvl 1cinetic energy of individual molecules is referred toml( tivnzh;t gc3a -k8 vha6+rfv7 1(rv;q3vv as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming poq9nzs fe644f7rn l jj)ol of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the frj6)n4 es jq 79nl4zfswimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideaq*3 nc*+p6e6 dhy qa4t ga)eqwed( 7ggyef3 v.l gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is ha f4oczrrhg14b9 ou(t5kw8th 4lf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal enet9 184fh ku btor45rg4ow (hzcrgy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy icm9s v8uaw31 e6remp (tnd76U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatuf hdo,ock8xt;e+4p4wl9ag s 2res do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that h esp:f s-+s7s*uzzs7 water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statemss zzss eh7:u7+s*p-fent is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hoe2; -.u-whczlj h9 mnct piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermalu nmw c; -jc2h-h9.lez contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from tngtsb7 5l 2+okarpar+/xd od4s)sf72 he solid to the liquid state is referred to as thel/d2n bafadg t+k 4s2rr+o)sop7s5x7

  The heat required to -xcbk- 42bgud change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is re xubc2-4g -bkdferred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a sto.2ucbsid*1jngfju5m6(/ o gv, *ciqeady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeh k;q/q qweh2ent;3ok mk:*o 0s

  When a liquid evaporatuoa)7i,+ ( pp fq9o t+id5p8ngx4inar es

  When a vapor condenses8zj yux fj;(43 ac 2(utmhgzm0

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into r4lb:47 k 1 8wegce8nk )rtobwwater droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will caul4r8ob b kk8ce 4r71w):etnwg se the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling wa*s/a50fbt/l 5ychy asc, p,bpter causes

  Equal masses of wate wn;d)v0lns6r3 qn 0skr at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows akv;yex 8x)mp( -o g. qxrt(i(by means of molecular collisions is referred to asx ( i 8m-yvqogepk (a.t(rx);x

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one en 2(j b-l*smxf-fogj7+jw fc 2jd of an iron bar become hot when the other(jsb-f *gx72c+ moffj -jjl2w end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feel+jzy7xt2 * h8wtau gj2s much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the differen2+jhzu7 *8xt 2wjtyagce in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a;j 1eyi5eltf9 wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a fly ete 1;i59jgiven temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulatinfm7 l3v3xqu e5ze+ol6 g material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The l e5mf33uq6 lzeo+ xlv7ayers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows b ga0kpy3nogxy,sjoiq6 - +j5 1t.l f0fy the mass movement of molecules from one place to another j yf +0530fpkoi,-l oy. 1nqa 6stjxggis referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a sts,vl- ,,m3+t lj ,y9wzzqbirrove?

  Convection can occurplop6,vrd 5 7r

  Which of the following bcvmnat7zrgf-t-cdj8 6 f2*)u est explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining s -cug*7zf8rd-6nfmt)va2tj c uitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravityoxlzf.m5c9..ywv l1c ftwz ,* is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is hy1o.flcwcz mv5*xfw. 9,. tzleated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses bzd9(4je lbf6k3ttzd 0o ul w2-uilt from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what wjzld 0et- b6k 9wd3u(zfl24otould be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factp. dr50;brsk.bf6yt s acgr4 ;or does the radia ;ygrd.brkb6p4s;tfc.5a0 s rting power change?

  The process whereby heatj8:-i: nnmuigt ioo+ v/,euzf9ur3x xi3*f s/ flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat9, afrx+eq30odpxfy33 ih v* j transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much bocvc9ak.tm/9 5f*at (z oq1i 7 ryy,dheat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to h( o -my5nf-zjjow much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lei:i-f h5m+pex ad ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg ofjn 6rqw c5s66aj5oj )dg v1rh5fr 2tz7 water, what is the resulting temperature chanz62hjfsrjt 6rjc1v wong55d6q5) 7 arge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originallyu +ri yhe .w6/fbl8g4l at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the ho*,ht3nnk5dx e) l z-temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up h 4w/hshvzchmo 7s (/z.er bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.t(2dp3u u-yrz16 kg of copper. How much heat is azpru2tu dy 3-(dded to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hett748f4yjf2skbtutl ; 7n. e pated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppeiau 7l:rwuo;ql/1kx2 gk9w8uv7 e3 vmr, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material av 3yduz2cb;x (t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolatep l,l0xd.ut,w d from its surroundint .p,l0 l,wxdugs. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to exp3wzj qves3cg.9i hpp;ph5/w(6a*xvplore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maxi*zhh. /jpexw ic9vps awqg5 p633(p;vmum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fnviw1 fa7 gv29uvlj6 (alls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature dojn1i9gv fa2wl 6v(v7 ues the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heats sask/ 9c0w,: adsyvg(v(fc 4 loss, how long would it take to heat watcss4v y,a (sgv0:kd a9wc( /sfer in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat wa9mtt-d u. 5itxter. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of watit 9m-d xt.tu5er from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mas/iw1 ze93c yxnlbvt 0,s 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific hb,ur8 1fh ,lmr*b.jwweat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change itut2 /iurj 3(qb to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat i;v+ p vjpvtq)+s required to melt 200 qp vvj+t)v+;pg of ice?

  How much heat energy is neee8v i60iuz n 30vhgye3axmg+-ded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs te: ;5(45ld uhqdyextfo be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. dy u-dr l.p7q.t6;o xc wr 34gh7wo+jhWhen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiad. q.tl 4:2la*afceyv rq l:m5lly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 7i ; *ax ol4y,fez8cjf$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energyckq+kf 4tw1iqk,v6k , is needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required6v0n 1,qkx+ee ies)iug r:pvr sn:(t; to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is req/5lkrqq g +qk6uired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1..gu)whpv(.p dod ftc421 a2be8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heacx z7,;*72lrvmgpz; cl8emeu t of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poizc78pl7 *e;gcmm , e xvlrz2u;nt is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of co wlm7 :j-o3sxmncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum isg 53vyeox *,u:lz2 kvl twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lenl5 vg *2xo3 ek,lyuvz:gths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has diqh rcd* fvonuuq3( ,k4d18v ci73lb+qmensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature3 bvq d7 8ok*ludru 1 qqfchn+,3i4cv( is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has ydr k+mubah 7*,g3c9tk02 wub dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature b7+ wh9 *atm ,uygdk 3u0rbc2kis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will f np j ken xnn3+utt86dx0a+,b0low in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 8 nntnk0bdajt nuex ,p03+6+x($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat (en29b4y fzluv(o(hl5 rlyc /through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kca 2 5/: vr,tc:o8 gpfnbp*z,fw 8amupje6 dt/ycl of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the tempett 1/hw) sagr:*xwe,aj a/f(irature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted throu/ *ahw1:e/ fa(rat),jxis wtggh a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when i s q,y*pi*dgqxv4t6 utos1*e3 t is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collectqf.vvb08r+ kr r 7ubs1m2x(u mor (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.