Which of the following is the smallest unit of hey;15aiof* gypuvf9 bp ur5 45aat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gr,o:.) j:x kj 2acbxjriam of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of 7dm:g ccw9rz/individual molecules is referred to ad/9m:g 7cz rwcs

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming1yf0g)1fhog o nzjh ;7 pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in f ono)hg 7y;j 0zh11gfboth the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an id mt ,dd+o8xux.y(h6px r(0k gkeal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until wlhn;+npv 9 b6kvp*.bits volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of t +vpkw;96 pb *hbvn.nlhe gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with intelg aoky7z13qt 0c8r e;rnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do6v0/kk1.mf2qhven j7 8 rzwp x not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity)y++ yi zh)ix iiz5g7y than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which sta gx )iz5hy7iy +iz+yi)tement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a4v cz,sm49ycl 3 mlhrkc(3qk( hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum 3l(9kk,c mqcmhzs4 r4 vc3yl(is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance frdcrix+z.s;0 gom the solid to the liquid state is referd;.rzgc x 0i+sred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is re j-;3+ksq.6h2po eiynudc0cdferred to as th+ -sj6 k0 yid2ch cuqp3ed.no;e

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a st 1o0,ro+ -o,wpv5-;i0 kkbp untocjgheady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes9nsi(1(hec9lil mi x .

  When a liquid evaporata* *xh: s;wxytes

  When a vapor condensec;(l/b, kjz e9a e6etk d9q+ius

  In a cloud formation+/rn m9dd-xykc4o k(k, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause tk-cd/ k (rx4+odnmyk 9he temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilin58ufyx 6y-6q19oy hqaug. xe rg water causes

  Equal masses of water atepvf2 v *w05k eyt 0ncwi):ew4 $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flowy6 : f4dcbbal(s by means of molecular collisions is referred to as 4dyb (lba6:fc

  By what primary heat trans91*mex07sen s yq5xb afer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is p07en9y51sxq x*m b sealaced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touchox ot0*rkgrkt*0 c*ic 6ff(lx2pp,8z than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the f0p*kt8l 2, 0fz 6f*tgcr*xcp(ix o korollowing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a h 03fdujz ada(rqop:9 2omogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thicknessu dq093zrj(d: a2pa of will

  A layer of insulating material with ther1ff -d,zzqyh ;mal conductivity K is placed on a layer of qzy-fd f;1,hzanother material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass mo2kc(w6g sas )2amkmc: vement of molecules from one place to another is referred c 6m)(2sm ksawac2gk:to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of watertbx* trv1 fc;yvivcu+26/9s v heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurce 2jlocp10,x;y z4litc1/dd

  Which of the following best ecdfpa4s);f9 tg / 2hvzxplains why sweating is important to humans in maintai/ hztp9 cds;fga42f)vning suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting incy/tfdqv 4(2p an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection dp 4q/fc(tyv2 currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materia4l(fs8b uzx q,-akj.b cu81qbls. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the sbfbuxs(8abu,j z 1l8.4q-k cqame inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor do bf6, ;g8bkjh)q+ppog es the radiating power cg;8)bbp pjk+qfo6h ,ghange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referr icvgc zvmdk;m* 846d:ed to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanislzc9wgn+6: q5emo qc:m does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how vptpz /ya.-) xtkv9(lmuch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to rj - b1s6d6ob )hljgn8how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead (b mv hf7/ /5-jbywjg3l$c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting te mo e1d6(kdq7gmperature chq6 d7eg1o dkm(ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally me,(2:h4s au xqn 6mizjel6c;at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises gtg;w yu2(7qm the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of watet. i31ssku xvo2 ea:.uhy-sdx i6-nk*r at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How*a.w 3vo)sdxzo;uob3 7 ble 6p much heat is euo3bovx*)673b dpwo; szal . added to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is h qze4-eab )f(ff:x rdw/ ir)(heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of c+3jzz bqd,k n-opper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ati:lnm*jd (.kf rs6arq:vch;: $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermt:d(nm0t1nr5juckg r 5idbw 3 d4- .jpally isolated from its surroundings. One objectdrptj(jmdg:431ubn-r.k5td w ci n5 0 has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between va6ffjar5 a /-bfji7-e(, jvpi arious forms of fr,7jfe -6j i-5/(aj fp aiavbenergy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assumib k- sfq (ciki9 ei;ia sx9/y60:(vtjfng that all the gravitational energy is cos9e fj0;: -sci (/ktvqb(i6 iax9fki ynverted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kWbad 3t+tkkj 6*. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heata *kt 6k3bjdt+ water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will itp;wm.cjya(z;k wsco y*7 z(le /t6i1g take to heat 20 kg of water kcp ac;w1j/ yzsimt(e7( wy6* o ;g.lzfrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 gj;o,;rjnrpy- auri2 ea;iaj);l59fw , $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (spg ,drsm/o5 1.okx2o ucecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from sterr1six*;w8 xod3co (uxe r -9ham to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. * *sq:*u8g v mw0zsxqb How much heat is required to melt 200 g of gq0*zs qv*:*b8musxwice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice1 6uddxo0s5jy zw0* qc at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from*0 :lu0 tzaqth 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. W6 v(lt5wvgh,jga )o8+mt3h ojhen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initialltn su +pt+pa9z1 g,5o, rxo0vky at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at: usr:*hkfnw7 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is neede yd.)ix:t e k2jt1q;7aj nv*zmd to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requ ql;-.o3mnsvu ired to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to guzk*:2ow v27c i4om.kxqd.g change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1r(z4nr nj5jf+.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg,tl3 spz *0ni4u and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/usnzi ltp 3*40kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete isaotm 6 uts1l;/ x;qawe 4(ej-x $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two)zx tw5.pzzz- rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of zt.zx )zp-w5z the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thbjin)7+2z8y 5qz zsgp ick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temp zypzb)5q7n g2i8j+szerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3. bptp+g:ilj. a p,br-;0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatur.pbp al ;p:ijbgt+r -,e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concr3* e*,cu gfgzagpd12gete ( *,za*2 uggfp3g1cdeg$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a8mzf ;9o(mkl8;zjgzv6 ag4 uy $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through nvuo4)h1d 8 ula $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel ozd2b;7bw* a,a mv r,ixkkg.6, the temperature is monitored by mdk7 2bg m; xbvzwao,6, ai.*rkeasuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiatihprmtz y/6k( /m d/fz/ng energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists in/ uh jh *kb+op2irb4.zside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.