Which of the following is thkl7 8 fvg.4qmgvr oo-ts/el dz);g,f4e smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the hzi(v-ns75jg- akcd5 temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of0wc fb u wmcr55:7i,gf individual molecules is referred to ac0wbu7c,5mf w5 :igrfs

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool agzq qr+f, .3w./nbux of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energyqabx/ngu, .qw+ fr.z3 U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependsu xbp40aw0 g3bx1q:o j on

  An ideal gas at STP is firsxbnu-z 0 s).t;xu4qwpt compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done whzw.n0p4 s-x;q )u btuxile holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal ene-w as.( gm4cnxrgy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticallyfjg /:w6d 1i4n*gpi2i o yur3y is that

  It is a well-known fact that water ha7roxh,v:wuxh w+ *cs:guyoq (1r( hw-s a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider eq7ovu *,:rw :(qhxw syowr hc+1hu(g-x ual masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alumij+y wzgi45/2dw qi4qknum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal dw2gi5 y i44+jqkw/ qzequilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the son2z.gwek f(+gpu9-wb lid to the liquid state is refeg9 ww-(enug2f.k+b pzrred to as the

  The heat required to cha1n 9igbnct*5n nge a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referrgn9 ci1*5nt bned to as the

  If heat is added to a p28kxvmqt6y) oure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezev ;la zn.)xli frrr+pl6pl:4qq4 y- g2s

  When a liquid evaporap+f,zuelh/s 3 tes

  When a vapor condens (umt o3+o(8+ s pwuzj+*dusbles

  In a cloud formation, water vapor conda)o h8jq *.mwdenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This o ).mad*qj8wh will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water causesk;q9y1 utyy + 0kkko0:ehcb;s85t jt n

  Equal masses of water l wxw4k;pf pk kg;7)1psc37ebat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of moo sk+tgf50evv9 w(w2blecular collisions is referred to a+s059 wo t(evbkg2fwvs

  By what primary heat tranxwu bmvx9p09. )s.wbksfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is pla wvsx9m0 .u w9pk.xb)bced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the ty1x)stjl 6*nxxu, ,zq ouch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in w, xyztjul *6qn x1,xs)hich one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous matrsb1 pw qw62a,v+f2qu erial, the rate of heat loss for a given tempv ba,sw12qp6r 2ufw+qerature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layey w9* x r)*7w3ozdp:am)iwfqwr of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the w9) mwz)pr w:xia oq7yd3**wf effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement oi- cw398oe(gai+ uq; +pl4cpub rk4ko f molecules from one place to ano48ob+pe(w+ klgq;auri 4uo9 cick -3p ther is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mecha4z a+dq0 od )tl;rsdj*jp9)ky nism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur chig0: ql+kr4 vjt:1g

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in qwx)(:obtp u jq( q,)umaintaining suitabljt ): (,w)oxpuqquq(be body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environmen9v 2 4 h6k;j nho1cds)gdrxi.jt where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true 1 9.4; ds ijkcrg)x2jhodnv6habout the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built rkmf8m n5o 23kfrom the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the sn5rm8k32 omfkmall house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radc,ysmqng0 v x0*j0ogcy: c 8g2iator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating ,s x0:cgy0ynm2jo8*0ccvg gqpower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any sge3np ;:83j :ige bysmedium is referred to as

  By what primary heat n ne6vh.p 5nbxq n+;c;bkz4 e j6yz-9ztransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to9 nes:*b* ++hilte e-vxde 48tbwgr1i how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent )pu69stl03edcb0 dts8fse) 5zwdr0/ dms.jr to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise thj-8bolz3t b-cq8 nt b9e temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of waj3vsiuxz vs.+:5 - o(eoh-g ;;nfqlcg 3vnwe7ter, what is the resulting temperature nfqu3s;n e .zve3 w;xiv-57ls oo(v + c-jhg:gchange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block9qezuzz it1m 4cl-: 4p is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temper krux zg5yqqt( .j)5:80 mfpvhature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5., + cvsxpl0 ow;(qh8hj0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of x5qgj (wlore2f5.-al zy qp*ta6y1n5mg( 1 hb0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is ad* o- w qg55 ayz(m5x p6hbfye.1rg (lnjtalq12ded to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to ;3 wb32p rtmfk$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiaj8e) jvq8ux -d-0x3 cx vpu+sally at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at -assdgi f :/*m$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolach-vtw.7lu s8h e/j q( iwq9g)ted from its surroundings)7w -v j hshiq8tuqe wg9/.l(c. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joulcq)qut. h lxw, *q h4-vq,c,cne attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?4tqvqqwl,hc)c .c,,qhux*- n

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a diszyurn+ isu,41v;m7 c) jr 9 28cryjexqtance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature d y),q714msnu9rruer 8jczy+ jx2 v ;cioes the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assumfsy1e hh.*p1rgwgwtgz*9 ( 6 +.l urwming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat watw wz *wfh.yerur1g(.g6s gl1 th9*m+per in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How 59:k8ydzw qb5gv+b i mlong will it take to heat 20 kg of water f 9k:+bm5v bzgwq 8diy5rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass zfil ;r)uxx*: :22f1 xbsv rbt1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bpt6v+5rhu /tt ;vpqq) lade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chan xkog1 lom (mv0dlw z4w/s0ghea1-;-sge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is r1pkflb )tjc: -g prf3s47e7txfd 3t 4required to melt 200pcl:j34-fsx tt7fb47rfp r d g)3e1kt g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ict-3d.fb wu cp0e at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be ru h4: wp4g -pmnumw,xbsn8/9kemoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kzy sl0+b1.xai/ss) grg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of waterjkh; ,alfg ;ps o12o9ly)sw8q initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at l;kqp*fa6 af9 qfit 7($0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy8av 1m 1 1qglwku9r5ym is needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to crh-c k6(fee 2thange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requirre2 zq pm;agg86 x2ghb u;2x7a93ftkbed to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addi8vrm e s0y1,ping ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vhs)vk *bj6 /w8sp2ashib 1cf ;r. nhj(aporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its meltingc2s hjfip 8 1bh*6 arnvw b/(jkhs.);s point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity o7v3spbzk 2 b 8gsaez0/f concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass.wfgd7f*i,x x gixezf: peksiq23 --*) Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contaek,s*)xf3: if* w-qzf-72x iipxe gdgct. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.50lqb6iej *:9pai(sae:ko 2-l fy kdi9 m. If the outside temperaturod::kay 9-b*9 p2e(eliq kj0 lsfi6aie is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensionsv l1v oh.,e3xm5izmm0og/d y, of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatov,ym zl.0i1 gh/3 ve5xdmo ,mure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0tn5.m4hc(yp43qu:l;lc9 3z kvnsv fnes6 ml. hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 6zyn 3cfl9mslu(:;lh.nv qsn3km5 4 tep 4.cv($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take toq cs mzr /v*iuq;q8-o8p 20pbx transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temp5d kp(e,*jb:uk .w voewqa9v(erature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperatui1-h 7ld *bntm 0zgi.bre is monitored by measuring the radiant power emgh- z1 *ni0bl.m tibd7itted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human bodyhy (kz n. 3vv9g :rldu1 ux5,z:mqsf:m radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar co5 g. y0wc; 2cqom(fuumllector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.