Which of the following is the smallest unit of h33ml g)iv/s+opwi )e oeat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary t* ccdyyt9 *w0/we0r;6e+vys l(ddogao raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the a:o zmg0xz,w s)verage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to as gzz,) m:os0xw

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool ofttk8nq ; ;.yhccx9k)u water. Compare the temperature T and the inter.q ;h9) kcuk8tc yxn;tnal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends o l w w 0d7nd*)kazwpiqz6x(::in

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its vo54w;dzaw ed 3;on yi9vlume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperaw4 9edoi3;5dnwazy; vture constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at 67u yupr39ozy $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do.c gf79e nur7*xut:vw not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has ;agsp zy 6s 6:iygr(sqyn*5* va higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, y gs6prygs ; ( **isnv6:azqy5is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a 4;ra 6jcph.arhot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reachjcar;h par 4.6 thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the sol1nmiug7uc+wsv):e v7e :ee0 h ea xy/,id to the liquid state is referred to as tcea7nug0e e:s) + :vu 7iv x/1hwey,emhe

  The heat required to change a substance from the(xw9)jj5ptu7dks5 q v liquid to the vapor state is refj x p5t(9duwvqjk) s75erred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rate.07q iy8q vgsl,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze.ia0l ;zf3*cwasgj4 5;l (bs nrdmvh1s

  When a liquid evaporates v0 +.8xuifp+ qb2uc4zrvp g(b

  When a vapor condensem( e7qdi yvfp 1t.l-9os

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses zmpru7v1-u (-us- g icinto water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the u(c- sir7v1 u mp-gzu-air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of n9g2i , shgo;hboiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at vt bx/d 2)n:o.ons56dv sb/vo$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collision/vtb1k3y,bkwr y 7ss-s is referred to as7vsyr1s 3bk byw,-/tk

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar bpt2 j5u8zlb(toxa /mw e.,rm6ecome hot when the other end is placed in a flam, tu2ta 6(epo5.xj lwz m/br8me?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to tpq d+6 ydty44whe touch than a piece of wood. This is due to 64yq4dy+ w tpdthe difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from ady,s b wbochc9 -d- ev 0i0x7:i(th/da homogeneous material, the rate ofh-b,axwsd- 9hdi( c7 yotde0b:v i/0c heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layoi7,kkuv lek(;qs50/n c qlzcjv2s1 )er of another mj5k q7 kosv v;c1qll),/ze k(2 sunc0iaterial of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from onb+1ekxm8 xxh1 e place to anotk8bx+h ex1 m1xher is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanismr*y.uurh2l vw12im1p is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur 3j /- nj17sht*l cwumn83nrei

  Which of the following9 li9og0+zuc y best explains why sweating is important to humans in maintainingu9i 0+oz9l cgy suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where9 9muhxljpm48t4ry q + the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated8u9 94xyr+4lpjqmt mh by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. O *- 9a 8tdzzgx,h/kmwog:yu/z5tjs3 i ne of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperatuu3d,gi x/s 58g* tza-tz9z:myw j/okhre on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of ajl(*bs g.kl, xk9z/oa radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power .xolsz *a/ kjl(g,bk9 change?

  The process whereby heat floir(mv nq88 ltw)x(;j arlq 1p:ws in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm y;6bprdbe;rvol 1r*/n 9e6w e the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heatb.-yqaagn:0p q v78iq?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivale* ay3ig0y f tufh/mhsv3zf ln535 o)(ont to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperat f:q;crvf ky);m-lhc( ure of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, w4 dm h:vxrlih.u0z.(eq9oy 8 what is the resulting temperature change?.ihze4q(y vrowd . :l08x umh9

  A 4.0-kg aluminum bl x*2 4*mdagi)rv nznr9ock is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises*;38wdh7bzp 4 mu*htx,cf a ng the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her baoip-):4 nu (mbp0*2fti*y( zfjtvxlmth water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron anrg y3+zg-j8o sx8p0md d 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature incrgr sdxj8oz8+ -30mpg yeases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated 38 pd* dq4limhzxg;4x to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, is 3lniu ;gk/vb 3b2o+fnitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at nh k;; m:ss rn*cr19na$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up gjht x5l0t7a ,a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has , 0t5l atx7jhgan initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explor b0g 8t r(wpy(;pguy-be the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expecu 0b pty- p;ywgb(gr(8t for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dista(nq b9 g(e*zkuwm/*hm hl0hj( f( cfq2nce of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by (j/hzmw2g 0ub nmcf9hh*( (q(fl*qk e what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater z2 *) yym66k yxb+d3ue1jhw9bfg p;s duses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take y*bsdpfjyxd ) hy3w 9 ;b1m+266gukze to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to r f6q9 f- l-1rz7cgyckheat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of watfz 7r-ck-1 lcqyr6fg9er from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle ( irdn2x;qh v nb;j2v;*mass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel x6iusws 8+wv,9ka 2+m,8 zcu /ti byrtknife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chan6xrv 7v1(rhqlge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required9zfe 9+ 8b a:i0 myf so,-9dpgjmje*qw to melt 200 g of i9smfz pe9 jgy 8j *-o ,:fwmq+a0die9bce?

  How much heat energy is needed to a b)l 0l()tw q1)c,he9 ipbkcpchange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be rtry;s:w 6q :q6eul2-m sxd s yu;*sqx0emoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 pi6/0v 9xt c1r9 caefgg of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water i)r0*uqtfi 5 ebnitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at )av 3xtczizqf04:i: b xu.fe)$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change rr4v(0ph2ie2 i vc7r*b 3pxxq10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gramsiq2d j:,jlj +o+utf t01 mm5d of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required cz-00ecd .p khto change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addzo+5f h5(iczrkvea 3n 08ly9 bing ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 20h g g7mgv704w,as2b kzder9w)7 kcal/kg, and its melting point rba m972gzg7wv,g4 )0sdkew his $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity o8i qc*x3trv7 xf concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivitsq k8xgg8itan8* 2ju9 3-xoe vy of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal co q8s3ajnx k*e-2g g xiv89ot8untact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions w7/ts . gnn5xeof 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturew/nex.5n sg 7t is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. s0(;m a-2 dsvpzfqo8i If the outside tesp;z-v0s 8a2 fq(dmoimperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of con2;gr 6e(zy mwlbb1 m8jcrete ge1; r8 (ljym wbzb2m6($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throughz7ff ts,owz+ : a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost t7j k2p-e nz/zphrough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is cmq6 t+u5pxgiu+9 1w2rxcs;cmonitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holxgc+;+cc 5u pwx u9mq216t sire of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body v; -fjc ln6vt,radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective colltt7)y0- bn gw-) y*f*jzjlmijjma7 3 vection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.