Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat ener,-dzeb/ jg x45ql-ix5o bakj ;gy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the .*pqacqa7v( wtemperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic eniyy/qr+/vdnzz ,:*s r ergy of individual molecules is referred toyd r/ sz,i/:vyrn+z*q as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tempf vsk4yn+j;9vf 7(k,v l0hae berature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both fb (;ly4 ah,vj 0f7svken+k9vthe cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gk/p4p 2/,,yy doxgjyd gih(0bas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is u1o3,b tje5yp half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant.e3j byut15op, If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy ;g- hc0(:zufhrm vhz; U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperawe5h-+llmlu)she17d l xr,2atures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water mkpjj8 vx;i.9pi3 /ru has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses ikxv; 3/rp8i9. pjm juof water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated systt 0zewklp h7tsh83kscp/2n93em is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reac 0elhztcpsn3kwp89/ 37s kht2h thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the s eh-(2gz+rs4d51cg dyha t/sp olid to the liquid state is referred s+g zethpc(2ds1/-4 g h5yadrto as the

  The heat required to change afnlv.zr fz:m a1*n/e + substance from the liquid to the vapor state is refe/v+f nzr n mlef:1a.z*rred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a st4 9s 1s)iux *4xqe9ymiq8 +24akhyxahjdr ol7eady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezey 16 uurqnsv8 -vcg12os

  When a liquid evaporafz+t,8 i1vg fbtes

  When a vapor condenses7w69w b:k.+zm/mts cppyi 8:*ocitrj

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get b7bn -7jmj8 rvv mcn5p9igger and bigger until it rains. Thv-7jmjv7n8 pc5 mn9b ris will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling wat, jm kqk0.ycnc9f)y j0 xhb/lion+gk) o981cder causes

  Equal masses of wateaywjm 2b-;6k or at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular coll3c/uzwfb,r* qk9 e )etisions is referred to a/rt 3z9c,ekeqf*u) wbs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot e8gd5akv42 nkwhen the other end is placeegkv n a2d8k45d in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to bmz+;mu, r6om the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in whicmm b6 ;+r,mzuoh one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homog(5sar2e4f cg--k-d hnoj,bq+ l jn,kbeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a giveb-qc4ajk+j-eb ,hngo5lrks2 ,n(df- n temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivi .tl6350yg5 evkrxjdz( x qz-zty K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers h63zz 0xd gek5rly(-v zj5qx.tave equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one plaw0o(wkmsy-w 7 ce to another-ykmw(sww 0 o7 is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot o3d2 r1 6ydug0dw1p ierf water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurr+x elv5c*6 ( y38)na0xql pijv/dcbn

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans inz.d;,pz al+c l maintaindalpc.zl+ ;,zing suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleratc6iw.vto 4l+4 1 vahnoa7wim/ion of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection cuat+.ohv4wo /4l ii cv wm761narrents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the salb6h:gl 0fj4xo 5,xk nme materials. One of the houses has 0 :l lx,khjxbng4of65twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is double -nr77nkqfdu 1d, by what factor does the radiating powenu-1 r 7qdnf7kr change?

  The process whereby heat flows in t+jjxj- y0tz-; r hejzbpc1;w/ta27:cst0wfk he absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the E)kb0vk vwbc (,mn9;0 gmvq vd4arth?

  1700 J of work is equivalenhz;j3xn 8 /q-h frynu6t to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mrf :ag 2lsy imv2.f15xuch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperud,)g 9d e4tvrature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the r2ihqbjb f +i*l,x 2xt3esulting temperature xilj xbf+*i b3,22thq change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originall( zwcwd450etn1r,fy py at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material bl-e3/fb6nrc- :kgbmz2vd c5by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath watejcfn38vh3cs kwm2 ,n :r by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much h/i(dg oyd) 1wpy21m vkeat is added to the gear if the tempeyi)podk g21d1(wv/my rature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of me .hu .:ngd /3t3xh)*hg lttrkadx(7x ttal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, ini)df9mp +x ce4rz90 vndabs/r9tially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at /aktdo qv80 k*$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objecwd2(1ccgijc v )5qr.v ts make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundq1c)j.i (v 2cwcvg5rdings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationsdlk w6q 8:it:8(dn0e,vk6dotu t wq*ohips between various formsq0dqw6tki ( l8 :t8todk o,d:*6veunw of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fa ln urb*tay+l-b*h6l6nyvq+u gk1oi(,xk4w : lls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by wha4nyavux6nlbort q:+k g+i u-(1*l*ywhl kb 6,t temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no h f tm5l2qjt-,+a(;p10sr5l b+pen;rk rtlcwleat loss, how long would it taml;jc (kl5r05rl2f bpwlap n, +sttre +1t;q-ke to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water.+*b-qjpmt,fff spz -: How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fr: qf-, j*fspp+ btf-zmom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass h-q d6p9vgnl /1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (4oaaixi sx 8p5+x:: kispecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be remov+o 4tx *,g;r rodebkaqg* z0o8ed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to zis(ii7r y 6jnz /8ej3melt rn(zj/i yi63js 8ez7i 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change zw9 m +g(aixzbd :w+7/u nfmc:10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fr m 0 igu8i zew:mo02l:h,lob/bg.p,q tom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 l fz,4))ptkag g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially aatd2( wio :79kkchnw3za fvbi4rt2-)t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a6v 3 th3rd*fdkt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is nees-u h3q(z -flpded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requireggs0wo*2j:wnw 5pm-un b:tlzq ;4e2 rd to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required tg67xu);uis; n4 mua ruo change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by e(m inoi1.x, fhjly x7t58 gc5adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vapo +(+jgejxm 4wv)n jzuje*8tf hgov 2+/rization is 207 kcalv(xf++ 4o 2e)nzv hu *+gwt/jejjm8j g/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity ofy -muijpu t*3a ,a8/pa concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is tgp63ue uw7wbx n; p43wwice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end tgwwu;w 6p 3pb37uenx4o end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions o0n(b+r6 (me7 quacw:q 1vy rmof 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature isb6vq (mnwu1 rrm0q7a+ce yo( : $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thicfoyi8 s7c wli.4.qfu :,h*jsmk has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temper8jy:cuf li7.w,hq * 4osi .fsmature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 mcg( 7e;hj0am mr)dmvjlo; *6x x 2.0 m section of concrete (6a jlrm d(x0)e;m7mog hj;vc*$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a )t)z,fchs3f5t3k a uh$2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 400zy*8znpbxow +s,8o7eu .p (7fkgev /o0 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperatureu9rou fn i ;v,);:wqgl is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of 9g qluiuw:vor; ,;f n)area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it mp; ip k1dm9/m r /5da61ehpndis at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collec .nmv co/gosqzxs9 m+a20f4i;tor (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.