Which of the following is the smallestd-g 1+ipbg)wbuw 0-y offj/swo 4xg 56 unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat ne:zh awryz-:9 6wuf 5qn1dyqw -cessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individ:q97bn30qfos;9e dqe* m*r t u;fqaxmual molecules is referred to en* u: st;eqm fmq93orqfx0 q7bd;*a 9as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of watez udti 7(mq0xed ye+,+o:/onxr. Compare the temperature T and eqzot/ nu(x:xi+ed y+7do,m0 the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas87:dvmfnay 6 c depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initialmhe9l:*hfusi 7)cm( k volume, and then it is allowed to expand unti( eh)l9uimmf 7skhc:*l its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internl 2)4e5fky/w x75o spd c:f4v q:gzvffal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically i4t6thzwc86xov dsnp ku7 . c9u89bb 6is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity thani qy; )n/)nqao iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is addedy); aion/qn)q to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum andg o hqtb.f(eb(,cr-+u a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes , q-o(eh(tc+fub.br g to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is rewvzpg7 c6:j hlss/*v6s m.op mhb31a+ fv s7sw/goa1:6zjbph.vhm6 p l*+m3cs erred to as the

  The heat required to change a substas /ziteu*4yj)* qasd+nce from the liquid to the vapor state is referre jatq*ssi+)zyd /e*4ud to as the

  If heat is added to a pure sub1hy2rm/it a, +lq+vz astance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes+c o;(zxr crt eex1 h5(*jvgb;

  When a liquid evaporatess7t4 wwjji7t)

  When a vapor condenses w b/3i-ocfp,o6 exr5d

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplb /hn ne0rou))fi)fw5)ijpc2 p kp4* nets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air nkn0 )poifcb )p r uw)5p/4e*hi2f)jnin the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water causejjxf05; bxg4ohinrj 1 5d3: hds

  Equal masses of water at nl.6un su/q .obf4:lac0ox3 y $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heath-zdza2 zr5n) flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to asnz2z-d)r5a z h

  By what primary heat t-k, qfhxi23ltransfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when thexftqh-lk,2i 3 other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the toucbo hnint6d2b* *e:bz *h than a piece of wood. This is due to the differenced:6*b*znt2h *no b ieb in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built w;fqije:g;-h 6es+qn from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat-jswq+qihge: fe6 ;;n loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with 7-l ykih)*xx kp1xcvok gz3.1 thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal con.)o 1hvy*p cxk-ik1x k7zgxl3 ductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one placeud ;jx4n+ub6(9 nr .iysn 64j 7h*jgsbpij0wj to another is referriju0uxjp 6y*h4 jw6sbns +jrngb id4(n7j ;.9ed to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism ij b9u6q9bj j1ds a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurfzs*ly50v 8b x

  Which of the following best ex 9rf5c3tj qnirz k5.;y9d)zdp plains why sweating is important to humans in main3; ).zkpc9r ndyrt9 jzdf5q 5itaining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where th;y6lm- 7 :vei)doql yre acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true ab 6ryq7;evmlod )l: i-yout the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses buifa.5elmmth4t 32h,5l x-ubb ilt from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would ne fhbtl imm4-. ul 5et5,a2bx3hed heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fa*oj,m/2 dyn6l ks ktc9ewu07sctor does the radiating power ch0o6/n 7k9jstukde c2 mls,y *wange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred toyg aq-**kq jh nit55-d as

  By what primary heat tran ,g;* lzrw* 5 om/ouoyy*xv:l/sde0ensfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to h on02py l* kdmzx:x 32pbi3tw/wjq 4)xow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to hoy q*8y qi)-e1-as0j4 pegbpqx w much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperatu 16jr1vgom4x08v wwe zre of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is tz tt74*kqn,q ghe resulting temperature 4tz, g7kt nqq*change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum bloc jfu 6e;5t8temk is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of maters fbr49mqycxa5s m 68oe,ik-.ial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.04m(9hb cm*k fh -dlg,h L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consistswh4+pq8 kna /y of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the te8/ 4p+wyhq kanmperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mwnljgl:2b 3k6 etal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper,o4nw g ooroet36wo;7 . initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a i3 giqgt*k:xm7em4/g*fxg f zy4jt,8t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system /m(xb2t bh:s(rbey a+that is thermally isolated from its surroundings.(b+sbeat :/h mr y2xb( One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to exnzn ,7flfl w7gpo.8a.plore the relationships between various forms of8nllognf7 .z., f7wap energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distan 7em 5n-odnm1laf,ri0ce of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature doee lo,a01mr mnfni5 d-7s the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assumingxriqd+8qm.z z;9 e2v w no heat loss, how long would it take to heat w + x2zzw;eidv.q9 rm8qater in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat w .-b,yjbv/ g)ky6uivbater. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water f bi-bbukj g.) /,6yvyvrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mm138 8aoutfud l :gm5hass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bla hq),gv x(u)b b:wloidq/a/i9de (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be remov3wjq/ st4vkwf v(q85eed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How g6w im u(eh+8 d3jx1axq6ve-dt6hrt -much heat is required to melt 200 g(hht+m gwex d6-au3- d 8 6q1ixjrve6t of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kga70dqy l ew38r of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be + +0t bbc205csgwwx2srm tap6removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg.b) iyb sv*c.18 cql*dp When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially 9j 9ve)kwinkbk 3;usk. ej2/iat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a qk;k;sb 3r2 m)kmm6njt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to c qh:sn*he9 04t;dqf 9hdr:tgsy v1w/x hange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change ph: kva ko1z51zlww ok,.9u31irn+dqone gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 a 2a7zf/7atub g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ichvv xrjhoc- l/35f,5ke to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 2y /eeyqc3afx*4 pc tq4i8* y 0j19qvir07 kcal/kg, and its melting poie1 4ef*qc yc j4/9pq0 yt3* rxivqi8yant is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of 2rj*0 gvdrx:t ka1dl4y41wn kconcrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum jh2 hcnkcw46m72r/k zl j-bv2n*9lcj is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are jjw9lrnz6hc c7k 2mvln/2-4ckhj2 j*b oined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has h.mbi m5fp97j +ttqb.bx8 )kh dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatft)khjmht.5q 9m +7bbi.xbp 8ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensu3dkgbk2y n 7(n+0kni vpem, hu(4j1sions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is evuhnkkk n(2nj0g1(m,bsiu4+d 7 3y p$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m seb9 udp+zsk(mp81 5+s7 ftd4hmais )cection of concrete (c1 et(k+z spd) issm+bp5m47ahd u f98$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take tohk /2ot8jx2ug h+)hox transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside ttuy(;c3j)p j mk7p3mremperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monira)vc/ 9,ctdta qq0mpzque s --2.t/itored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of areaiteq)c a p9dqa-srt/vt20/qm-z., uc $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy wbus xr)x obdwa(; sn:31aar x5-az;4phen it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collect:p.6qnrg ldat q8io) 354x7e dz8iswxion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.