Which of the following is the smalleixc r 0w+ 8y)iwq -/bt ux4;9kjsttgj8st unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of watemk-fnce;, o (jr by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referre:lo vwy:x80- b*ne1hdwxn g p6d towyple8xg0 d6x:n:- *1owv bnh as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. );eaij.i-v5wn oa a77kgcr f8 Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the wa-k;jn5 7 i)8fao.cvr iew 7aagter, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends o 3qzw1yvlb ds;)) ro(nn

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial vomnek f d735x c6od4kh.lume, and then it is allowed to edh e3675k mdnkf4. xcoxpand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inte(. l- ec0w;ktg1+dnkny:lwq yrnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is t ooe;eh-,pu4(5lyhexr0w x1j hat

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific h8wp l0 *fjn l:nbympbvb ew9923v4z6ceat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal mas6w 0benbfjz p9 2lw vvplnc3* 4yb8m:9ses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot 2;c lbpt so /ntm0)402aywzutpiece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heapl);cs/yz2 wma btntuo204 t0t during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to t2q bif*e;zvb iax)o4 bdpb46/ 6qg z2khe liquid state is re;xqfo 2/2zag6b)ki epzvb 64b 4 qibd*ferred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from-d ew8yd4-lwg the liquid to the vapor state is referred t4wyd d- le-g8wo as the

  If heat is added to a pure subst5 ur c6ow:zoiyj:k(p0xe2w b9)g af4f ance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesd,:wv d8cv ;sz unja5)

  When a liquid evaporao +hg5dqhn8o9n0y2 te)9bbb ztes

  When a vapor condenses3.r)d3gba cgw

  In a cloud formation, wate44jk 4 1bv q9dkkqy,rir vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and,1vd4qqbk i4r9y kj 4k bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under :rxq*wy r-x 2ua pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wateyjx;q8 c;l cj/r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means 6yx0h i,,sui nof molecular collisions is referred to ass 6hxi0n,i u,y

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron baris-j r/ y 3h dzs)tlzazud a68g-c4l-fdc.* 0z become hot when the other end is plac rgazzlthc 3icj-8d)s0dzlf.as4 *-udz6y-/ed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch 1(yrmh5keat-)o ,bnfr-k 2 -i u)nwn4v mvwg)than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the folln5 - nvtmgw)m14wh r2eu)r - io n(-k,fyabkv)owing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built fro3nxwvy/s7(v g+ ,gfy)754y fi wljk efm a homogeneous material, the rate of heat losvx(e /i+4f)yjwflvf nk5gwy gsy737,s for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a la2pq1. /;kjzxrj5 fmcfyer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective t1j. pm2q;crzf/kj 5fxhermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the x1qgvuf oc b-0 *ko qd+0ax:xry)u6k+mass movement of molecules from one place to anotk +gqorq1 okf0cud 6uax:y xb0+-*vx )her is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfsuc) mcp.opf 64( a cdg/ )h3n( zxeyoin2u46uer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurhofq2* /a ud(m

  Which of the following b;1): igdbic5 y* txy-glheu7nest explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable hxn7li5eg * ct:1yib)-;u ygdbody temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelerationxi(vl9 rs vf8j0ce5s: of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an elf0s 9sx(c rj5:elviv8ectric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materia;nln7e*im j 6mls. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat wouldeni; mn7* m6lj have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by whe (pjuk87kq:ru:ac5g at factor does the radiating power changee:k5 c7:qkrpu8u jag(?

  The process whereby .ijv/ 1jj iy9vheat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sunpn+mdx3 a4 g x pt2l41)zajb5n warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivavi+gywi+ e8a xsc.r75 lent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wo k gd376xjuc/jrk?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raisemjqgg-83,je k7z3/mqifbe( a the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added tvjw v8lmrc3-:o 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperatur-c8v 3jr mlwv:e change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block 1re*kyepa ;4p4d+b* lqp ;c;udlgm ,ois originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature yd2ux32 ahla 6of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of watn,m h8ll-d ;rier at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 05n;h*twaqejl e-4 ,lx.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the tempq4jelw* e;naxlth ,-5erature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated toe )ceie.:g9x*j iv :bk l aw)-mbaed9r8k-e*w $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initzv ;6v(rfaly4 h1k u)kially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material (a/ouiln 6 b.lat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isola5ted*/h b 1dknted from its surroundings. One object has annb /* ehd1tdk5 initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to ex*xtxm2etal 8av 4p9*n plore the relationships between various forms ofntx 9t*2emv8al* p 4ax energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drv2of.2(c/ ymtobh ldefesu q cnt9+6kk4)/i :ops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal ene)c2y/fi4oq(lk2: tv tuc9.kndm +b oe/ eh6fsrgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how jt2dqd 6*wh-a 7q,le ym s0ql1long would sl y1almw, th27dd0j- *qe6qqit take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water./txx) s lls(b: How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wa ls(s /b)xl:txter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, :,b l)e+rx(8ejc4oi ms9nu zxw2vh 7x$c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific a (/pr**2 xom-xox wfpheat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change ij :1+fvkl3k72 ktrhyh t to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. :s jr, 5)blaas(ijo(ziwy/.t How much heat is required to melt 200 g of iceltw r:o.ai,z ys s 5bj)a((i/j?

  How much heat energy is needed to chad szo2(g 67k a8mt2.u eanwu,hnge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be iir:zpc;:-ilh d 0eh6removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of 1 /g zd8w5uwzwvn 36b: fakn+bice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at :g v*+n m lc7bu2tzr0o$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at ,r sjrl1y5wf8 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is need1 qt9d hxp(d)( poux*aed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change m9isn/i2ei5kpa6cj t8-k3 l - 7eijerone gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to c6q+my4:jf1vu id tc(mhange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, ini62q64l wemii zd 5cog,tially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizatv5 u(2kyds1zm /sd-usion is 207 kcal/kg, an/ dks2uv z(-smuys5d 1d its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity opfun5fp4n3z ax 8e- x9f concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluanqlh g r:t)-li t()6f) aw,slminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and rat ni6)wlhf r)t):g-asq(l l, adii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick h7 .hx.oyho :p:cyww9i as dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperat i9ohw y h.y.op7:wc:xure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of. qsnz 7w/ljj8,1b cqf 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempera7jcwb/zqn .sfj1l8q, ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m*c-c.(f-p e lmo/ibzwf(r;9 *u zho fn section of concrete 9 z*nlro( u.cbihmp* ( f;zw-offc/ e-($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to tq9 nmh* (h9tdaransfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside dg+gvi 60/ls cqj 6z1bsbo( :stemperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, thv, fdkw-8b-e p.(wo ese temperature is monitored by measuring the rad w -eo.be-df8 wk,(psviant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating eu: nf*ej y ip2yl,0pdzr*-;fwnergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection ares y601fzeq cpp uwk653a of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.