Which of the following is the smalles1 t pu7xagbz;n g9gutc5(w;y .t unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the 9q*-jjcuel4c temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual mojt8l 8jml.f: nlecules is referred to 88f j:n jltlm.as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool oq:ot svr 1p;r4yhz,2b f water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the c4,2vr hby z t;o1prsq:up and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal1g5wo x n9da0f gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed rr 4b:(;ybh-.q rqziy)cso0vuntil its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal ener) c . 0bysbvh iro:-zqq(yr4;rgy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internaljo im kpr/1d i0epk+3jv7fn-xpm.9(g energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean tempj9mb2dd(mujuc q( fu5l *;4mieratures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iro ejnayex0t(e f,mul,0;q)s rs tf9u06n. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is ade9fst j 0e,e0u 6;q xa m,flynuts0)(rded to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold pifld bd 7:nux1s, 13rxlvi )iw3ece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during) xb ,7 nxriidul13s1 w:v3lfd the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substanipcujsxq jy):vs.y:y z)r3 k2j/9z 0tce from the solid to the liquid state is referres :0p)zy 3z9yiscq yjjtv r/k ux).:j2d to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor qsouq(,2dle g3 37 3 ddpfqfj61 j6d/reokqu/state is referr/d7 do3p3dj1jqe6 oskeqr( q ufdlq6ugf3,2/ed to as the

  If heat is added to a pure subst7 jtgadvd(5r6ance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze r(5mu pv:o)a+tjqpqzo4+fkt8.8 f zls

  When a liquid evaporatesdk e.71 y9 w:i;f4z hwb4vxlku

  When a vapor condensefn. .wchch 6xp48z9t95, i:v olylt vjt7 a)jbs

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplet cgk f7ft nkb6o/f50x,s which get bigger and bigger ux6 gno/ ,t5f cfbkfk07ntil it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water ca/(u num3wt(bl n/)o mruses

  Equal masses of water7ph1j ahctxd 3) n6)nn at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat+ 5 32g7.ik9ksks copsl2hxle flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to a923lsx52 +kh l7ic pses. okgks

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hotoa 5r8p6zmuqt1jh*d83 wxq 3x when the other end is placed*681pxzmworq a53d3t8x jhuq in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch t59gjx,mz+xto- n- ,c hvx pz/ghan a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of thcotjx/,n m-x9-5+ vh ,pggzzxe following physical property?

  If you double the thicknefmsdje 0qr*3)-- uiwmktm47b7zw. wr ss of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperaturesr qf7wz uwmmd-03tw m4k7.*jib re)- difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating k6 j:cdwf2cb0m))qf v material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What d6b)f0qj) kmvccw2f: is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of mb7 vr1.ohz3u -ajonw(olecules from one place to anothu3ovo -(rbznw1j .7 haer is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a st7 t7alt3rgh) kbng8 n 4+bdz4aove?

  Convection can occurer(.yv-2j c*lsx zhv09:ighkbe5) ga

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is imporh/u bg5 gh4d9i1 xdpk;tant to humans in maintaininxb/ gh;puhikd9 gd 541g suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an enviroe 6 cqkw93b/twkigt+- nment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is ce3iqtb6tg/wk - 9k+wheated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same8-+v) / ju 0vxpl+;th kgzuquj materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatictu u) v8hqlkxp/g +jvzu;+0-j conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temp4;4j0cwos2 *bjgih w perature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power cj4 2gbiph;40wow j*cs hange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as mbeyf.+i6gh 1

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm .r8fzma f+dr2ol5h 1 6gpn2xxthe Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivzz6bgd)vm0(l k ms(n5np 2bk 2alent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equ62g/j0m yv,dmpckw 6yivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g 8l chrow awh, a-tt)c b pu)5wb+f:)5hof lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of wajfdyv 0z(/ ;xgter, what is the resulting temperature change?/ vdg; xfz(j0y

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally /dtixi)v nu/c h0h sl; ;/ hn2xp31ro*b1dqnn at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises thep22d)o) zr) oelvro1w temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat + njz1 rgmmj06il*v;af(k n)fup her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. H/b w l8rl-s0t bqjj+s5ow much heat is added to the gear ij8ws l/5bb +qsjtl- 0rf the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal isp 5zv (l.go;sf heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initi+w7cmrlpyex 1dd -p j9j(m5u *ally at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material arm zca:xtm;me36m18 it $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make upy 6taamxl;00uk/1.9sot ra*q qzz5xt a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature of *yo;05t z aat 9x1uaq.t mqlzkr 0sx/6$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule atte pb9wn4q-rj, kn3r0 gbmpted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fall 0nj9r bg-,n 3pr4bwqken down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagarar rtl3 3izp3i2 Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what 32i 3rrlzp3it temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water hej d1+u1slk *g o2 u4qhmd5bie2ater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take tl+o 1h 2b4j2e iumkg 5dsu*qd1o heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 2 /i4nph 0ly1-mj li.vy0 kg of water ipy y04lv/.ih l1j-mn from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 102.ko 6coi ms, f6v:ltqe7* tex00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific etez44 sextu4puy wsk(.* h8*zw*w4 yheat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to l 1 ihyecw5+dhct64l(riquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much hegwfgifo6 mf4u0.4 s;xat is required to melt 200 g of ice?6mg4sx0wf;f.f u4igo

  How much heat energy is needed 3aegl0 5ox ro0to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to bd t9hnn2/mad(2y+ u nge removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kgx64g zw2bhh3ckwdx5lb;ca ;6jg.1z a. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiaym5a5,ixra0 i )+k yindr q8u4.kq*bglly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atqs 1l-dox1 n5q $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10j/ bshd4ubzj9/vu* x+1 t w7wdwq/c9q kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one g)p tl:b hv;ou-ram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 gc* +ocyr o c6f6f9b2kd of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kt6* ; /u j0ta(xw chrfx0jw,,shnv5arg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead wnbguru-if .:ck 9 ri,m) ur89is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poinrrfbg9 w-ncru:m)ii9u ,8 k .ut is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of 1w-v7r/q *x2otwy;lkr nnowkflhz)7 phv7 .. concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is t9 +lek 4ow4bd dphdi9;wice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in ex9h;4wopdd9 4bedli k +cellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensi1a luc- (mn/a-gd 0xfoons of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temper mxc1n(-ldfgau- 0/ oaature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1ykztau69h2q*qwrv y-/w3 u9 a .5 m. If the outside temperature is9avqa2zt ky*y-hwru6q 39wu/ $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 2 8n1b1k c yhobi+*exm1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (i8k*cn+oe mb 11 y2hbx$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take tof d 2us6d)vt+0jt mu8d transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temppv u rrba 0,n*o:mi/4ferature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is mo) 6t5tuj(.ttclcp;m k nitored by measuring th.ct;5 klp(u c6 mjtt)te radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating pl px:mqwh7/: :r e +sn;r+l93dzco ceenergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area8/d i+)ahs jonmtqj 76hk g;1b of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.