Which of the following is the small5*qhk7 1mpj elest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempera b,-a xb3+8lb uj7hpdmture of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individua .ai8g :noccyh-4qpc 2l molecules is referred to asioc. hn:-4 q2acpycg 8

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of watzp z2; bznq+2uexwz8; er. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimmingw8;n +pzeq buzz22; xz pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gqbmw4utwvpit8e)74 r7q8 4xhas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compres2co7c9ay ha)i a d1;wesed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature c c2dwi91 hay a7e;co)aonstant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with in 9c9zr0,v/zc dav9qkfqeq, q;ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is *14/sf pqagl l.ab e(uthat

  It is a well-known fact that water 6 g7o*xqd6.2m s7cxhwo 1p xhwhas a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equil q6o*.1hh27 gsdxocxxw mpw76ibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alumintd2i+9m o3lmmei6xso*w 0sxgu + 8qn8 um and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitudem+i ss02m 9m 8xnlew+8*3 oxtugd6i oq gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance tv-kq/ow/2 d*x-jmeyz hr:y /from the solid to the liquid state is referre ork2/yd/ etmz y -h/x*-:jwvqd to as the

  The heat required to changeleko .e. a2u; wic4:yf a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is refer. kuowy e :a;ilec4f2.red to as the

  If heat is added to a q 0m)vxdldq2 6pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes k: simp-fl*0d*2 qqmzsel p0+

  When a liquid evaporaqmtr9g m8*: rl(l8az nqg 3z.ptes

  When a vapor condensesezgzp. xma*t hwq6 -g2w0vzgrr+:- -d

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into waiu khef78 ;u-8z y5z8pczsc/vupm; y .ter droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause tpzcu.i h z kvfs7yzm 8ep5/u;yc u88-;he temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a x r-wanvs v)ee 7y*+8lpan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water6 1;pi0w (k st88ud)ymgwce px at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by meanorcp gm*s*/e6 idu ecd+,ze;zp .p8k:s of molecular collisions is referred to ap u8c *,rd:.6d /meeic+z *epskozg; ps

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot 4 fnjvtf4.(xx0xaj0x w x(4jx0.jtva f0fxx4nhen the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a px*c5mki/xpc,e)) p (celbt;d iece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physic ()t*d pcc;elixbp,x)5/ ec kmal property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, thm8p s7rn8z+ 5,m aclbve rate of heat loss for a given temperata8cnz rsmm v7pb 5l,+8ure difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material wpkuw-8fomo zu y,e 3-x:o;)w nith thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity z-wnye8pfo-m;,w3 ooxu u )k:of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby h gp,x+df *r2rjeat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referrx*fj+ grd,p2 red to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of waterbi0w4,0z9 nkeuv;/chuvi6 d q heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur;qy np 7f)ja*c

  Which of the following best explains why sweating i )j5), boz(uox2srk dts important to humans in maint)kj(tz, )rdus o5x ob2aining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an enviro wm 0j-78zrscrutv6*f0cih r 7nment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated bj6t u*08rr0w7v zfh-cism 7 rcy an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular /*3:p3tpiht ae*in cihouses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the sam i3ittpec :3n*hip/*ae inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is n(bmr+a1zmp nr3iz+o3g36w 4py q3t r doubled, by what factor does the radiating +nwrz6 rb3 im3g1 rz3p q+4a(nptyom3power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referr4 p1 7sujv2llred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does thg2 hrq.of 82qwowz i-5e Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalg55vt3tfd6 +wyea )y fent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equiztha-c0 ume 2,*ony0qvalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temp78t1u69,p zjap mjlj perature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what isxrszx)d4g x 45dh2uw . the resulting temperature chan)45z.xd4w2uhx rgs x dge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origi1s.65doajgz0y s l c.znally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperasb5 i-pk, 8lgyture of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding vo,elm+s)k7j ky/ qs25.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists8rkn :;ndua gb345n/8yiorl4x) w sp d of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is a8owlxy rud4;n8nagb ri) :k /sp5 43dndded to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metan3y h -n:fpoe/tp :p*hl is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiapso obb7v0. fgj:rbz g(1qc1x 1tu:7glly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material x6*r7 mi,p+ics5p vahf53v vjat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is 0csac9 8llrdu 7angg;(tr8y( bs l,c9thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object ay(0bg8td sllr9gul9( nr8c; cc7as, has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore th zph:mo0w4q 9y,wrb x;e relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 mp: ,0z wwr9yx h4mqo;b?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops 6 p gp7ppwq;+)m0cdoar a7y35 i2bnpla distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does th 7pq5 dp p yrncpawlm6)307+;gi2bapoe water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heat29t y.qn( *gryhcqb0h er uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would ithqh9rycq*0.b(2tyn g take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heal mzau7)i62 tjka q-b9t water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wat-tjkz26q 9l)baa7 i umer from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (ma1yps 1g0 locy*ss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (sjzzva9 so, 4z/pecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be remot+j-7w7i bhbrved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heal; cy/hr-+ vflt is required to melt 200 +hcy ;v fll-r/g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chatjyw7 ()0t tkwnge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from pwb l8k:q(vu3100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g w4g yzfp v4l9at)/d*i of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ihenh +vq du;yg55* huh731u gxnitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at qz) gkm:)ip7s, k*fwt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kgtlim) 26r/q v-ik( dke of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required toq5rsa; x9q8 j 6njx nn9hju5.e change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 hhuc;nu;7z58 n ntum7g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially o-.0ls11; cwa jv q7wjmlnzm,at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is fm j3))krz w8k5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcaljmz )fkwkr )38/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivityl),ji4,;z(8s,*b bpkzxroftee( sa n of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of a v439. zf67gtmg m1hjesu-uiexo6 /xtluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is main .efzs3- t tuh4oji gmxgex91 6muv67/tained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm th41 7 he/ryztwxvw d66kick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside t6 derwvy/714kh6zx t wemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. Idch51 wk0mc2tukmj k c i oq+tr0f*75.f the outside temperatc1 t57kw+oci0 kmrt 0 k5dmf2q.ujh c*ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 me (skt*t- jq5t x 2.0 m section of concrete *kq-t (tt sje5($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of hm)7 v5 4b.ayt1zkzg vl znt+y)3et+8j6uzk ngeat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temp--c0,0nj hw rny,vxlrerature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refix1 n(ujta7am0 gv9zr-ning steel, the temperature is monitored by measur9 zt-(nga07 u1m rxvajing the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when;)3.3b0v8uo eynghw*sg u,u z el yu0y it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collectorsrm4v uws qoq09.iqx j jzy,0( a+5.rf (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.