Which of the followi.2 cpt-v+huol ng is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperatuzm4d.vtxu5e8v6/r c :2kali vre of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual0 z dal84 v/h2: fa4tx(gg*ga9ikowb f molecules is referred toab:* 2(h40gxd tv/afz4 g9wfi oak8gl as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool ofp i(0,ii romg*n()ujt water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both th)*i( t0gnio( i,mrj pue cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of ani o)k/kcu2f7n ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initiaoc5 grac8scy/k-0slw k.jb (/l volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holdingcb(y scsw/j5g8 k- . lock/0ra the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energ9 /9q1nrnnj ypy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vuk f7mv6b)5/uvap 4peary drastically is that

  It is a well-known factr3kz mtn6 uj): that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statemer:njtm)u3 kz 6nt is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alumywt-r+0 ti1r:sw s 8wwyd9y v7inum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capaci8iwrwsd1wt09yr -w s7 +ty vy:ty of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substan5t0 hjd2n )k/guqnf7 kc((hl nce from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as t2kn tjh7hk5lg(/0 )qc (nn ufdhe

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor+gh(x8jtaiok-)b u2 z state is referred to )k2to +x8- ghi zbua(jas the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rate,r)i -z9v ez8rn

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze4d oeuvw(7tj o ,s((l zdyl96ps

  When a liquid evaporat0 va0py(6 h(g efqm9hzes

  When a vapor condense y ijb4) x6s;qx;d+bhus

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which gex ouhh7)v 8xvpl:o1fh +q;ol8t bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in qxoohv :vh1ll ;fu x8hp+)7o 8the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling watem i9onc3kvg.nh3 ). esr causes

  Equal masses of water3 7xeyhcny t+kn-l byvto23j ++afe8( jmgz.2 at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions4wq *n bzb1qn- is referred to az*4wq1bbnn -qs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron ba9yf*k0./pl5s9xkn-ejsdx h br become hot when the other end is je/s5bl9 -n*pf. dh9x x 0ykskplaced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much c)p p 5yfg-xf4esyf -0kolder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to t)fyf5s xp4kf 0-ye- pghe difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickn8s fowby j+n,9ess of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference acroso,n8ybf jw 9+ss the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal 4.9je3uizs 9cjyjl:r,*5cohwthz.c-: angw conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layri. wz.jewh9l9nyg*c z4:jco,3hs 5 :jc a -uters have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby 8hj:idp-ihu+ heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred t+ diihu:hjp8-o as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of w+ la ewmq/a,cjd.gs.:ficsi6wu0 z) 9 ater heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur *pt.8m.v xulp2-ff pw

  Which of the following best explains why sweatinrf 1k07 m co0v3vre lcq4x 3wf3jsr*)cg is important to humans in maintainv3rs7cv03 lmfwf ccqj1*)0rk4reox 3ing suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an enviff1a+,bgz y g(ronment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heabz fyf, a+g1g(ting?

  Consider two neighboring fwypga vcg hhc0g/- o0:99y*p rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identica9hg:0 9/pyvofggc0 acwh py*- l climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does tge66,obons7 the radiating 6s7g eo,t6bon power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence h90 bu6f enfr +qn6k:xof any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eg 0jm7)qj :d ie3b9s0kquwb*1,h bc enarth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mucrshx m-jrhhff) :x5 u f+yl+-+h heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent tyh*uy1me348ky :pl zze 55dhbo how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g ofmxlucb9b do0( d2ev ahv0t;/ 2 lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resw s+ wl7or la z7-c+gbme2d:*wulting temperature c wlwlo+2-7zs7: d*wbc+ a gemrhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block istb3rc) z,f1mgl nf)y:5qir .b originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kgw:6*d.crs qxk,k+s kk of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of waterqowo qv6z)szpm+6 (1o at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. H;2dcnua 5t,9rnm f.cje47l y gow much heat is added to the79 dlaj t e4;52 fng,cncymr.u gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatedokk)l( zoe3(m )i3vso7g dik4 to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppi,5hi h /u,.a)dbu cwuer, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at 42t ft/b9 qogb$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects maknjew,qzg 4dpc ou,q,4 - p1zj5e up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial t5pd4ow-4g1 nz,qc jep,uq z ,jemperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempte)pk:e f727minal4qrp mj6syl(:91jy2 l six vd to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of tempeaj(n2 jx :e lfr9q6i p 7y2llssp)k4y7 i1mv:mrature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fallku +y/9/+rok xgs7 5snni1oifs drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is conve/ g ionkk7u 5+fo+s1y/xirsn9rted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long h9w;2xnx r zw9sgr.yt1t /ln-would y-;r.thrnz /l 21wwsgxt99xn it take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to wei .wz*2 kgg 7w/+gwgheat 20 kg of wat z+wg. 2wg/ik g*7gwewer from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masgn + um/* dh+(1kpsunss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (s,xl kz -qp.mh5pecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be remk:lnap nn-m1; hn:svx 89i z9foved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much hdjl06qu+fdbbzy 8b,k f)9( ybeat is required to melt 200 g ofzu6f lq8)jf bbby0 kd(+y9db, ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg o433upjg eq +wbo1(l vci bh/2gf ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remo)dapqx ,8 q8fived from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 ga 79s)xcm 4 +/gmgbbcv of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water inicm5; g0(iglk+ jnxxe8tially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at j;td d h2qef2nqsa 6o-;9i0dw$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg o4ux7y0ikf3m 7qr ni-t f water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to c. p fg8e7jboh-hange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required cq071 i11ywfa )ri 6g b-ztny2xlxku9to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by x98w km,x89z6st v vnkadding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization iz9oa28n3 qi nss 207 kcal/kg, and it3z 9n28nqsoai s melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of conc:q 5o9ht:gjky rete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity oe-pytxck i-sxiay:7oj) 3xq 8tl.:x5lkyb67f aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rod7xxjx-ic pb78xy)sio.yq- t kl l::k 5ae6t3 ys are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If ;w:6;c rwlz-wdwb( w z l3ruy0the outside temperzr c ;rw6uyllz3:wd www-;0b (ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by i,l(0u(ayar f1.5 m. If the outside temperatl( u(ia,r ay0fure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0j xzxy 2i61n3a m section of concrete yx312 zji6nx a($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take 1 vw-8vubq mvcak(q,/to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of exb5iqj5t,osza* )2st*ejn* heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitor)yjkvh1j72pgd( z xv(ed by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole yx(jvz17)vkg hj(d 2pof area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radbng b(x553+z2n 7x4)t jbr pw7sa1zkhql5hgc iating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (ef*w*h58 v rsgh+enp2o-k2q vedfective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.