Which of the followib;:m0ee,z9;sl g; tdwzby9 j mng is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat nln )qqt f gl5/-b-f5kyecessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the averag-h m2ez4 vfy ncju440se kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to efc v4-y02j44 mznhusas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a 5.n7okz)di xs swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the inter7 xdi.)zsnok 5nal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ide)8h .mnvn3h ex 7aw8rial gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initia4v(jns1vfp3 il volume, and then it v1j3(if nvp 4sis allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal en5 gzpv ixgn4)8ergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturesnya4 hsd,9ds(8l+f 8s objm9 t do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific /)mos5wz. irj8 8:gv+wbah weheat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and ironz:+ ) 5 wo.jibswr/hmv 8weg8a that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot h)wark 7:hgga 10su1npiece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the alr) asa:hg0wu gnh11 k7uminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substant1*2do d nx9 mx.k7lhzce from the solid to the liquid state is refer.o7z dn2l x*mkxt1h9 dred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance fromacv663p d1woqjsd)a obycl yt70i6 zh75;k;k the liquid to the vapor state is referreykq7)5zcd vho7t;ok aw;bs36 dycp1j6lia0 6d to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady ra.gted t eqwc4-v) /3qvte,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezei5ooju5p )- ugs

  When a liquid evaporoi vg5hx3nc.wdl*.q 2 ates

  When a vapor condense o:wtxsr.f9 *ws

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water dropj4gyy, -c 6rzqlets which get bigger and bigger until it rainr-c y,qyj4g 6zs. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of bo/sgf tx+u .f.0mxf9khiling water causes

  Equal masses of watega:yvi)hh w7ih7u mca 84b72ir at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is refk0 t7dkz4 j:yterred to as4dt 0j: 7zktky

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iroy.s +j :q cy*to;0geyln bar become hot when the otheryqgj y*clset0:.;y+o end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to tt eq -9qeu9vc dea3j(;he touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the fole ja(t3d ;9v qe-q9ueclowing physical property?

  If you double the thickness ojdileoi ** w-ihy pnjjh;/*: 8f a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature d w*jh/djin ;y*i8-:ij ple o*hifference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a la: 4ihr+bid :dt s)pe:cyer of another material of thermal conductivity:t+4 ichred is:): pdb 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of mo*kgz3,ql,yobj-9h v ulecules from one place to another is referred t-3l j kzghybq9* ouv,,o as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water he yyb m sx3jg:2h;g9s8tqe h/9wated on a stove?

  Convection can occurta.no5y0d g2sa b9 3ex

  Which of the following best explains w9f3tpafy4 7og hy sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperature?p4t 3a9ffgyo 7

  A spaceship is drifting in an e u+q,9v k/qnndk00bjqnvironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection current dq +u0k9bn/nqjk0qv, s caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboru5ku7 kqf x0fm17gopi*g :yi-w rf,r.ing rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the le:f5p gyku uri-* mf770owixr1 fk q.,gngth, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiatorcgqksb2.n 7r:(we1jf is doubled, by what factor does the radiating powe(gwesjr7 fc12qk.n :br change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absen.x 3c45diihk 59wpxxl ce of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer6.2 3p vwfl/sygznywp3 jb56l mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equc dave6n+ 0az1ivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mvex(:z*qja8 yjz: l h-uch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is need0fdga+l g7. 5 pdinb2med to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting tempu; a*3xc dwn7herature changeuhnd;37 cwax*?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at llhgwlra:4u 77i; ;m38 dbxkn$10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2. )vb v5o6ew)tolxcsmh0ul,rk ,s 5m;r66 ve 1m0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L mqvnnu gb5j)s:b; /,fyw w,w.of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kgt86-yha68tn ;8xu 7b mw t):nijb hyms of copper. How much heat is added to the gear im6bt6 t8) bxhuat8yi:j7y nhwsm8 -n ;f the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated t5 q(; c.cgu+c1wazobuo $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initi ;f7ok:sphf(hh /i8erally at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at v:;gt;rk1q q+a;pm9c vhjg)n$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surr nzoo)9y ;4miiilh1v 5oundings. One objecth1)ivi; zno yo 45m9il has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships bea:k9. zwh(qkbtween various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertw(z aqkb9k:. hical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distanx3alk : 3/s2cif eb3 rdk26rqtce of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal enert 26exsq2a:/kbkfldi33c 3r rgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, hhd9 ka9 7r)ajrow long would it take to heat water in this dhj )9ar7akr9tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. Howu .cn:.rnobt4 dnq.r3 long will it take to heat 20 kg of wateb.4dnn r3.uq r. nto:cr from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (+ crhr,v-aram pww-3.d mes +(mass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (spec 7hdjfihgb.2 65 b-nvgific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to changh bbmioj9 z.,m7-+k.fiq-9 i.cua awwe it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required tov/l t9wlbp64p melt 200 g of itlpv p46/wl 9bce?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 koi ,cc7 :h+umwg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remove6rt zo1tbr02sd from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kb8 zhq6e(chk*)k* uvjg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ini:j-+ +7 sznjq v.l,nj-wulytqtially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a 80d1ab kaet1st $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed 7sr 8jx 7xgek1to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to changjb:l7 );gu 1ilvo(n oke one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required(ojxlwk6u:-9vd m0 f c xo0i*t to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tex x6ee9*ne2s ma, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9y8rjia9xm bt 9qes v:;6p .q/l kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, ijq.9b eqr8t9 :p/ymx6av;sl and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrwm5 r15-fatmjky6zz4ete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is t0c wv r uc+,ii0)n/ s5.ttnfmlwice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the o,ti0ft+w svc5. /n0)uci lr mnther brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1x+5 lbdos1w g0r/+ay m.5 m. If the outside temperature i5ldos1mw0g yxb +a+r/s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.*v:sx 9m2ck4whvnnv, )3pi at0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperat* n),2a 4svx tmhvwn9: pcik3vure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of (p9h5 24nd lc7lt0ae55cqzlrv.czxs concrete (r qp(alx5s7 cldzv.2 59zc cen0h45t l$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat througpp6ljlqq,6 .o ep/v+k h a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of hvawr z bl5w okj1+951fi-kt7uui.zs 39 +dr steat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperatureb l8 /cpfz nsigpw*3,* is monitored by measuring the radiant power efnc/g8b*3s pl,*izpwmitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body raz*.15s88j*y3jkqa t 5qzvm2 m vheu nodiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collee.mhdm74 tvjw7 pdm 5*ction area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.