Which of the following is the smallest u:m,wqmov.b1gdv )yyl a;a* am)y7hr 7nit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gramwmlp 2ahsb ;28 e7/jhn(zy g7kwd,ux. of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kin/few pn4h+,hii./8mjfu y )qsetic energy of individual molecules is referred to s ijq)fp/+.nfuhimey/8, 4hwas

  A cup of water is scooped u yt 8 zgfty+ti7gvz4;va7lo0;p from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal ener;4ty;gt7z7 iv+gty lfz oav80 gy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depe;*xm kvv,ie/ xnds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until itsj1h, ((mghbh3o ds:ii volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, th hbijg oh(ih1:d 3(ms,e final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inter* oa1 :x r,nd 82vkfe*o;wfx,;wtgt xnnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not varpm /(td;jc: hk(*rirky drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than irot .lr1 fu g2kwz6 u)cptv)he;0n. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amoun0tr u2ftc6;evkw) g.u z)lhp1 t of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of a4bmfe( )q g s8 inhwh 2tgi8mn(9.h6xiluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in t.x 8g(i ihm)2bsig98fh t(4n 6hnmeqw hermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid/yrdhzo5v;dl0 2eff : state is referred to ao/0zl fy 5dv 2:hdrf;es the

  The heat required to chte4kt+ 1 b, punz+*lr1ngf*o eange a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to ,+ezlbu+pt4g*o1nf 1 netk*r as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance 5) ay9yzsgis :at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze.7gh2nl srp1fm ,wptk3.4 cfds

  When a liquid evaportdq:)*z bsqg)ates

  When a vapor condensmzngmsf6 h:+g1bx(agg d 0k)+es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get big rqnm+ +js) :ivtt,px8ger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the t:v q)it, +mt 8rxn+sjpemperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boili 2fmw7 x/vx rs) ic4):khdwg/ong water causes

  Equal masses of water atgj(f je 6vcya dx)q4)t(z+ 3ql $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred toap9vxkec7 (i3 9.pb qwpr7tg/ asct /qpiwb7 .3 aegv7pr (k9xp9

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doecgg q0tu// i l 90qjnfgd/(4tps one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flamegltif/jqg /q pn0c 0gu(t/49d?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal iypv(u* s mk44feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. Th ip(4ku*mv4y sis is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the t0zy 32pghh i(xmejfb61d( u4rate of heat loss fo(ybgud40 2x ih36z p hfjt1em(r a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal con nb1byp9bg(bq. s y8h ocn:-sh l5s2*pductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thicknesohs .8 9b1p qlch p5y*2gy-s: nbnb(bss. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mas r. i1mnl;h1vjs movement of molecules from one place to another is referredhj1;i v .lr1mn to as

  By what primary heatgpx*3 rfuv90a nsjtvy5rhg(m a*) /+p transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur- lnm0gjd3w3v

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans(a betec1.sm;p 8; l6(y hqutp in maintaining suitable body ( ;pcaqhums(le; t8 b6.y e1pttemperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where thef ev:4/e8brky2nuhv b+i:k 7b acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection cu bb2/i evu:ve4f+nbh k :8yk7rrrents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials.y1 ia93 f)njwj One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside tempeaj1jw nyif) 93rature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute tempe*x i(apq l10 l*ybz+ps:n 2dzkrature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power xld *sq+z blyk(pa1zi:*02p nchange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mediu,f ziq9 d+w;tgyrb0 j9m is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?n5 bu 6:*d/fdz,dgprn e,g/br

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat?i13n*gq; cnxfu4 qu ,n

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much woysr 3: m(,fn )qps/unqrk?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed topecuz- ,u0twb p1w 87s raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat i6n 1iwca us8 .g./ha ll)onv9v+qx x,ks added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature changelnvq8w+o. .vcul61niha,x9 ) sg/ x ak?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is o6vl8a1kpkr5 ttt3p 9 yriginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature izlyo 2/7d 1yzgsy/l;i1 hcvbw0i (q 7of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by addingjs(ho i/+xrr.6 b z-p4y u8vgg 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consibz)k12* i8:gvzuem j i n+bn8rsts of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if gbuj + :8v2)m ikn1*irbznz8ethe temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to 6 knd4rfu83myjr7v: e3 ii:ce$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initi:miha7(:h/p j2 bso iually at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ag i v.fzixks35vnvg5;x/p rkakacv j1m *,8(* t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolar e+g.jg ohtc;- 2r)wkted from its surroundings. One object has an init;wr. t+ g)okj r2ghe-cial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships beu8di5 aeusxx xw+ r:;3tween various forms of energy by measuri+r5 x xwi3a;u8dse :xung the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fallf +,j.c7m9qk npft/f qs drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise tkj9.q7p+c/ fm,fn fq?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. A1mp b6rfxv y+3ssuming no heat loss, how long would it take to hyrmb +p1f63v xeat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is use3cu 3 cotyf),i( ;gbaeuh ;h:od to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water from tu(fue)ga ,y;hcibho;33: oc $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mas )4 88ztv,h*lm wkklab 2pe+rms 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel k 2 vsv9h+ g9b1v*zsxfrnife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chantcn(3ftrn0 ; etqj,1l ge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusg6)dj6z4x) wk2-jcwr0wry g mion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ic-)dg k 2 06cwjwm ywjx64r)gzre?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg oh9 knt 3h4+cegh r1uy9f ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be rehnc8ixx))thrhp ke ,re*+-p 5moved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whenzvzkum, m76 m7,i 6oejp9/ngn7 em9wb 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initial l5gj 6:jz p-xgmoti:+ly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ate*o,u k+qqs o *tkh;(a7e ,vxy $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 k z4: r cqqn9b w7y5cufe19kp9ng of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change onew y af-,j4lbs (t0ima8)dc/gb gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g of 3payle3:bm , r,s.jgaw1 obe7$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially0 r0)bp:971 u g5xklaili2jl h-yyi i/(pzmk x at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 2.fn. :ee9td y/ dk:ipm*rhq6f836xq)pmeez c07 kcqr dz8fe.edk:ct yqnp3i:.me6* 6 hm e )f9x/pal/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity 3 xgb:rq9 ,o9dzj*lk aof concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of alumejb;3(p4 ( 8fto x e ouo5c.v*c)a k1b3xjqrhfinum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free en(qj18 uv.ko(eof;bft ojpaxc5exrc) 3b43*hd of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-jegkzo ,to ka xc206g8h*99:7qt elktcm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperathkjg ekg2xazto0 e :7q6cklto*t98 9,ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has p-rxelt* wr1;vy5foaq ee , 9km;f7(m dp4e.cdimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature ;ewpoe- rmc* 9;qm,fy. ek(r45dvx a7lpeft 1is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hl zk)rz t3h56jour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (j6z) 5 hl3ktrz$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat t( end6ho ubhxar5/8( bqhk;l9+e6 baqhrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal ofh2x ( opp8a.psnq8 x9-qv(bqc heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is moni 24pn.eofwv u0tored by m.p w0vuf2neo 4easuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiatinc,82lfg v am0rg energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection areavf.qf crw 8tt80 z/2y3re iwv9x q8u/s of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.