Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat;x,zj.- vbki1bu. xke energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water2wozq e3i ik*35pfn+w-a ( b9 vrbql9s by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of indp, qfddy;nq4 )ividual molecules is referred to asdn fpdyq;4,)q

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the j1n3e gp*g 6xttemperature T and the internal energy U of the wan*tpxe g3g j16ter, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depenc klxp-7p xbd+o:ac9qo4 -3cids on

  An ideal gas at STP is first comprxrp; hn4bvm f4p0(m 7vessed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while0v( vxpmm 4rhnbfp74 ; holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal /,ffh2 8uxwbxv-,qi jenergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do jrk07vt6 j;v5 q;y 4e kqps.eanot vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specm:*p2jk) mc8i9z jc 2st xdi)bific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which stait c 2m9bmipz 8j*c2)d)s:xjktement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alumir4 87lj;nkbpetrq 4 (enum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum ap8rk4qle (j4 nb7er;t nd the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chkn;rb7 z-c ao7nc0gmi j,gu1 4ange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred1;co7 7,-bngi4j0 agrn kuzcm to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state a.s;l .lca -n utjglyt ;a+4o+ gw5heu0i3;nais referred to as the.i 3ag+0hn+ yulanawjl5os ;;-ula ; g t4ce.t

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rat/kt:d ra,ukw 7 t xx5;u8:agdge,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes9b c 9 zjw39j7gp j.pwa-q.jwa

  When a liquid evapore jc- -vf0b;vgates

  When a vapor condenses2l s+cqav-ar-jw kp0g/8q*qmkm6 n,y

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses intodoq,..mdzb o0 mo74 oc water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in th.dbz .o m dom,4c70ooqe clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water caurfgnj ,jf5 wi :1q/dx)ses

  Equal masses of water at ( * c(;etejtb67/s jeb-3uup3cdoa de $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby a4ii0 *t6z*7s4woaz vcsh4wsheat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to ai*47 cvt*asow0h44zsw6as zis

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one u.jq xxfb 20jkbjt.111grmx5 end of an iron bar become hot when the other1.f qrmbtjg1uk.jj5x 10x xb 2 end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much cold;a:adp9fs sh 2er to the touch than a piece of wood. Th; p2safd: s9ahis is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogenek8nesq +l v8a)ous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the th asq+v )8enl8kickness will

  A layer of insulating m9jf /3ihnjkz3w msj;8 aterial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective t3jmjhn9j;ki/wz f38s hermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heatvt(q7smrn (s8 flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referredmsrn7( qt s(v8 to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heatede/c v /gyl;9yg;jn qn(zof:( tsr5x8 y on a stove?

  Convection can occur-/ rwx7zqsglpn3 9rs o/vxs- 6

  Which of the following best gw 8(:xnkqua +1g8.vmrf6oek:mh n(bexplains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperu k x8be.gngv( w6kmq (ah8nmf:r 1+:oature?

  A spaceship is driftingn s396t0q ruds in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an el309 6dnsrusq tectric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangul/po.02f5jmkcb gr n zm +k65hlar houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be tbc50m/ nrgo f6kkjz5.p+lm h2rue about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is double/o)g +dxf-tx ld, by what factor does the radiating l/d+oft -x)xg power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred t-+sflnac yfgdr /;c72 o as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Ear/ urlv;azf q6f0.x 3hqth?

  1700 J of work is equivale v8 c)h.yzb8xw-76acdwb4kz fnt to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equival)vef j v/;iq+vk/by 9xo fm h/qa.1,uoent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raisw fs-vni4mou xea4+++ e the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg oiex34era;,mxgsq p24v dk s51f water, what is the resulting temperatur1v2qd rkesiex;4a 3x 4,pm5gse change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is oril2aktfcm2 p :6ginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature obga6 ahbsq1 : 7ay;0agf 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water b osap :xwce: +s)epwe5;o1-any adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. 8h 5eljweor x*7u vh6/How much heat is addelw* xhrv7 5eeohu j/68d to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mex.zty -t 9zcxiixdu,54 dkk(4 r0y3gqtal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppok4lj uj.52 irhcmp,+ er, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at.p 9ck(njg;7 wmca,y j $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated froppoz0*vld 2v *m its surrvp ol2z* vp0d*oundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betw2x(j 12r; oqd jjkf.dteen various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a verti 1rj; oxkjdjdt 2q2(f.cal drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of kfz.+wrb6v w7q; s: hq50 m. Assuming that all the graviqzb;wkf:.ws7 vq6 +rhtational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Afv:cg7bp g7w )z: 1bnassuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this ta:cwg7z:fganvb1b p 7)nk from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take y yr9 q)gs30(xpqbh ihs: . /2e,m7ry3lffwld to heat 20 kg of water from0,dlyrqbp.fgih 2:wqsylhr3/9( fe 73)yms x $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass vb 2u y:qmrr4/mt9yrdkw 75.y 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific h lmovuxo34t.a:7dn -v eat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be r:x (q e2u)ib yn5o7 eosge5 gyw9oa/-femoved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion kr,, qxjx 76rke+shvh6, t .peof 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g hvxt eke,rx6k7 h,s ,r.+pjq6 of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to c9buxr r*17kr ohange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g oftt r7 0ncto0;z $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 ((antvlpo tn(ba t6 z2eap4tej648vr9d-h 6 ug of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water iimci ne/b+)qr-lgy 09nitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at s-ss/ cq44xawj mcb .9$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kr x2;kq6,agmlob l /7qg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chw1--tb cys4 2wir gr.fange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requi(ejy+ma 3+2sls w2,jk*as lbz red to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot bpg./d o67q6g laf*rwtea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and thhf5dzvi5 6wy onr,n2ty* coc 1/xz8k;e heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and nr5kc;52x*f,n cty6 do8z/iz w1hvoy its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concre temq:fa)i5jn/h ,pw-te is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum( o tb0x-6fuqr is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joinrx- f6(bt0qoued together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensio3b ujm/ )gee7y0ru 4zkns of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturgz)u/ej47rb0 uye mk3 e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the ou,ms4u)u5tdo2q v;gmjd 3w tq+ l:+sygtside temperature is:tdm;+qu 4 qs 3os+y 2wm,tv gud)gl5j $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sectiox) nmucc ss3v pb02)+yn of concrete (x0 sunycsvc 2)3 )pmb+$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal iduud, /.vdr69j 5fv kb:c4kiof heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperat-1 b7*lahgxhb e+klw0ure if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is p*rie a0ud* 1 dzwkw ss3py52+monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holpr *3pwuskyaz 2*+1 dd0is ew5e of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human b3e--2os h0qap.,tcv8. fxjigjiu(mmn8 e4qy ody radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (h v 7*z :fg )x*eq.-k9dnpyytqeffective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.