Which of the following is the smallest unit of hea0 fcefr33g6+m rt1sye b sheh;)tye c;;2c0 bst energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of w5go8 s)plbeha.a9 m7 aater by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual :1utviejma qj4/6- qvmolecules is referred to aajt4ieuv: q1/mvj 6 q-s

  A cup of water is scooped up fr;y t.7uh3e 8(o ah8hbnupfnn7 om a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both t;b8n p 8anh eouyft. 7h3(nhu7he cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of ac/q;c+m*zx. j-due sxn ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its dx (lwf+4u/xwpa yir.bis,) ;volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal ene i;d sr(x /+wyi.4bx w,plfa)urgy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internjk e -5g21eep rcch/+aal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is that9nwb i)uu0( vp

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher speciv.z 6 qy,j233aezdjmf k1 sra:fic heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amoun:jr. q z16,3aav2 me3dykzs jft of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up ofzd vp 7f99,p-qiqx3ii a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the timex-7i99 3qii qpfdv, zp the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from thm hpd402e 0he4 v:u9j3dpkuzqe solid to the liquid state is referred to as thvh4j h4ueqk d:pp 3dm e0zu290e

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vaporwk.vk(3d1. hcy0c gn3fq1m ib ycl)/d state is referred y1vn byc3m c.flq)ik ck/.d3 dhw1g(0to as the

  If heat is added to 0ao lqa .r)vbq*g6fc.m8 olk2a pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezese 86/)fhox jbd

  When a liquid evaporate bw:wl6-uys4yjkr + q.s

  When a vapor condenseslkyut 0m08 qdyy8/s bx t8.k3s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condensetb s0c+a;mbo: nh:g*cs into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause thtcs:b0 ho;na*+gb :cm e temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame undet 7d /e 1e2wnb,i2td ujfo*xa7r a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at ( 8)jffg5iaji $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by meacn:5afq0pmf8 ns of molecular collisions is referred to as0q:n afc f5p8m

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become m538eu)84j k 14auoiujzebrshot when the other end is placed in a flamerb ae3k8ze4jso18i) 5um 4u uj?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch ths5czzh9 k01m7rwa0p bnemkg:m 9d j:4an a piece of wood. This isjdm 0 975wcg0a h: 9meznkzmk pr:4b1s due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homoga 1-5gt rcb pqw.l+d+ieneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thick baltwcdr+1.-i g5q+pness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on9yysi 2ldsf*- a layer of another material of ssd-l2 i9*yf ythermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat ;rwyusx :5i -6ttv db2 9pv.mvflows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is rer svp 9i6uvvt5w x:m2td-;by.ferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a p/3ej6c ol1 qilot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur:b2/zy- oa-ea imlpt+

  Which of the following best expz; :svo21zuxdm/ n)b flains why sweating is important to humans in maintaiz)1 x n u:dzv2bm;o/sfning suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration ofpb3pbmxwv(fn5d0 77 p1z ay:n gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric h3 n(a1py:7vmbzwf50 dpx bp7neater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses builzjex +vels 9/rz8t0-dt from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat suppli/-ze t rxs0z dlj9e8v+ed at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is do 5o zev: r)9d/;p8wagobajhf +ubled, by what factor does the radiating p;wo/v:+zf8da9jrg) bh 5ao epower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absz*:gb qeqx9 jt 4rnc00ence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mec(tf.a m(rz mr*hanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heatt uc e49mz6qt;?

  16.5 kcal of heat is eqwwkbf l0 c4+m-/enlr1uivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise t81 5ngf u-t+lwu g wg-q4k:snkhe temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of watej(x2 e ij(*y mzshcj*2r, what is the resulting temperature changemji** zyj2c x2seh j((?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is y*, va, kh ,;( rv twxqh+mv8;ftcdzn,originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises th -tkz2 0 y9qyc) blpcoyyi;ay,2d 0.ume temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5gkj fe+0ywc ;f 0:8wsu.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists oq .eu0p/ ig1mpf 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if 1i0/. mpeq pguthe temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated tfl,k1s sxf)q2o $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, inzhjr(;s6cs gkmj m m ph,/-bf)a;m6(w itially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material pg vcj8 82lgw(at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolagma, dzcq3a*9s fw- (wted from its surroundings. a -wa ,9qdfgzs3w(*cm One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joulb: :jqa39 wlh ,ri:jyk*mvw(ve attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the r y *hlvmi(:jkw3:jw ,raqbv 9:ise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Ft- ewm:blk+v5 +)(e8vip ipii ,oxc;malls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the wate ,iv:i cikle m++miot85)bp- ( ;wpvxer rise?

  A 200-L electric wateru0i90* y okwsx9,41znt0 cmcrd nm 2qz heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it c 0yn q2c99w*di ,n01mz4otksrmx uz0 take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat watqnl r(dxjj(3e il3j:2er. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of waqj d3l:(2njei xr lj3(ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10009-c*vveh3jkywey+ w1/c4h w20 m tows g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific hb5)s v .xy*s by6bk.rweat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam toch8 e8nkf2y,.x lyi3z change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How mucde f(mz0mlp:l(-xk a.h heat is required to melt 200 g l:p -f.z ek(m(alx0mdof ice?

  How much heat energy is nee *4in9*wl0ginqd8vh1d5ctr, .tht z k ded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed froh-q guwh:i a3q,zn.2ju2jc/pm 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/5i5o0zepkzyx 4ai*q01 f/a5ucq ddm6kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially w*vqn)k9e 6poo x).u0frp*e d at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at o-:o v )zu uo7ov0-fpu$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needenh - o8x4 3anw2qs)of)50:vwjrtjoz cd to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gra7 z cbg64ohe q4mv/n.am of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to chan)rbiy2l))4lfrk1 5la-nwp v tge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hjytqe) k0gpmjw-k1 * )ot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is d4mtoxsei,0 gv/7lxy,/ n(em207 kcal/kg, and i/omseg e ,vy 0(dlxixt7m4n /,ts melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is f6e2ki ts3iod :rgl3) mq4aw 4$0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivitykhrs d. *5sp mgp9yb:5 of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The:ghms55yk9bd*s pr.p free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside t4 v. y-*gj ,gnqbv( c0dc4brw3 xcqn8femperature ibvw b4(r0., vgqxjd-n4qccygfn c *38s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3qen5o2 x+-- fnskg1rt .0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tonf ek-x grt+52q -ns1emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of cop x5:t f fhklkv*+ o7npir95 1jhom52pncrete (x 57+fkk i*orv mh n5:tp1phpo9f5jl2$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take+oq bjq:1q6* daiva1v to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost thrspt vz8zo 7lmw5 q0 +a1;eigz.9ngo/lough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature i c 5+urvun9) j(8odrhis monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small iohc+8j nrr9d5u() vu hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human vkt 2 .lw2,ycxc2w6yjbody radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar colp y6wwfzq;;6slector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.