Which of the following is the smallest unit w z5au 8hftl.8of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of :eay5bzh7j xm:fc*q: water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of t f2i)tyuzx f21.wz,w individual molecules is referred to attyxfzwu w122i )z,. fs

  A cup of water is scov0+ h.qwwkt8 joped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy .q0wtvjw+ 8hk U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends or w(s 44vyzna:n

  An ideal gas at STP is first cowh/u.l0prj o- nd1:gampressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allu .j/drl wa-0hg:on 1powed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internals l+::b c:fc5eyg q7(xvm0uzl energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures d7ix ,a cfaoe/8l2*e8ao/ hyp do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water hz2spk 6 4ju.joas a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in therma4psj6z.o u 2jkl equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is madea. 1wgldof -e4:ps;ro b5eu87cb w+df up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copcoea w bog;uwpsfbd:e8f 5-d+.r74l 1 per; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the f ivz743lj*zn solid to the liquid state is referred to as thz f*vi3znj47 le

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor nn2znsx+j )m.q25xbh state is referred thnzq5 b+x22x jsn. n)mo as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a stea) (lnmpvw1jl6 fwy:q;dnp4 jy2 yx8l3dy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesubgi *p/;fxml7+*ck e

  When a liquid evaporao snrm x:1yv7 bg9t(m93hjq2a tes

  When a vapor condensefr7d1s/ m z)hds

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses lse, c(:xzdm7 rd)s4m into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause)4:,rsm lz(7 dsmcxed the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilinxk9l d2 zjna:3g water causes

  Equal masses of water (slmki.3h yskb8 q(gkf f44l 8at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of v:b2;rnst a8imolecular collisions is referred to a:br; 8svnta2i s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron baryv cr9p. e0m8a become hot when the other end is placedpe8a90c . mvyr in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch sk (o(xso6wl7u 3v (xxthan a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical propert ss(woo k6u3(vx(xx7ly?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous mat rmeeocr-y:5 ,erial, the rate of heat loss y,r oe:e m-c5rfor a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductiv8o86e pn(zthnid3xy 0ity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the3opd8ni zhy608 nx(et effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heatjsa gat-nm 0y28p4 gf/ flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred t-f8/ng ym2ap 4 t0gsjao as

  By what primary heat transfer mech ia7ck+pnxa b)w;g)fdz 16f7eiz) 9svanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur x15t+yevk 9*l rxjna;jqld8ytk6m9 5

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in ms3jlr 5q l-7r;5b2ze xyvws ud6g4gin: ra:/raintaining suitable body temperatuxrn 3/7awrrbe;rs2l:s g546y d:-vj uq5zl igre?

  A spaceship is drifting in an envi fy9uret5d u5.r+o7pa ronment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection curreu fp 7r5u a+5te9yd.ornts caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. mywm d+ 21s6bqo bgq0(One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold damqq6( d y+w10bosg2 mby? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature o x)o*m-li ; x7powuo)j09zqt df a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating powerup0*m zoo i9 do7))jlw-xq t;x change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is r3vq)a(d55 77 obn1toyqek. wu vmc7 kxeferred to as

  By what primary heat tra9lgskw;y d h:y+ z:j17uj /;dvbt n/tcnsfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalelpcr5nf h 3v4-nt to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wobgd3 c)wg 8(mo(1f4ua by:fcyrk?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed0 ci 5um3dhzb 8t7c vlwbh.)g- to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of w*g urzcyn6 /1kater, what is the resulting temperature chancgk* /6nr1uyz ge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally pi*p ah;or+ a31p*eerat $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kwb7lb*h x nzsu5g)8f9 pu2/imxx ;l)pg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat 00,xe+bpg rm6 (ppvjuub7ef+8o/ bqpup her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron a.,ah9k- z5j f8rm9.fmnetstgnd 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increa-9tfn.5t 9 m.es8 g,km jazfhrses by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hv(vuanm 8n)i;y g 40xpeated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initial( a1.ndqs d1k2oez3/ n jvypw(ly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material j29yzfez)5krskm. -b at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated2cq jejk*/e,u from its surroundings. One object has an init2,*/ ejjqke ucial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, Jame7 no6 r(.ojcwfd2 n2ols Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temw2(nj o26c d froon7l.perature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. - b/w-zvar zh7Assuming that all the gravitationalhbwa 7-rv/-zz energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long wou12a-, nhcwts i(0rrewld it take to heat water in this tank froei c a-1(20wr,hrt nswm $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long whmz5mmo m: toq/626ubill it take to heat 20 kg of water from 5o m /h62m6bzmt:q omu$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,v ub:*s; xn5wezs ab*hs5d8 6l $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specifiaveg6z5 q j4prb *p,lmuuq, e7w9,ck3c heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to changzn 2a+fqgd( w;e it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of x-vf4,+hz6j js zyjqd8;d-f s 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g ofqjjzsffs h- d;+ j,d4 6y8zxv- ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to cmu e-z(xghu)/ hange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs tqeyto7g/ras)a4. j ,s- nvs4p ,i,vsio be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kceu:tx9d-g t nvq,,5 lual/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ikpj-rvk,w 8y5kf v1o7vck3 iwvb+ 8hzz*si5+ nitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 9 xrtnz2)5k/c j oakext f;17q$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of watedkr+.mmc .sd;a2tdar 7 7r(e yr at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change oneco b11xl j(ygq,2p6gm3biovj./5pk x gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g s6krv 5q1jtwvri3d6,3 +gujpof $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot teahx4 cj3 s8-5 asp.uibv, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of),w6j/ fh,hngkj uv 9g lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, nf,jh /g k,u9hjw6v )gand its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity tr.nl zxxus: hm411+ c xpx1l1of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one a1 h6gh )aluhq2luminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained uqh2lhg)h6a1 at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.s2woby r)p*p9 1joj2g a 9 -ydoy-/vx wls-w*g0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatuwwooy 1 p srj*xbsv 9 dpw*9-yo)g/ la2g-2j-yre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick ha fqq64 ,soxch1 evy -k+09vnzfs dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tem4x q1c,-f0 9z+fn y6eh sqvkovperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section oxpt4 -) y:qgmjf concrete q4gy tp-jm)x :($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,00qkjs;+ruokz + ly m. odcz,1rudy-fz(/t.5y 40,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperat) bxf1 .k ;a4ew,yabe 9r4bswqtx-/ofure if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for rfkiz8cfvg w4*t:1rdhre :;y7 efining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuivh :fckzyw ;7r4tr*f1: d 8egring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human*spsqlol83/8v 0k73 u ngoh(tx: upwd body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effectiveeh4na:m*/nsom b v32y collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.