Which of the following is the smallest unit/c9 xtfodw(waalat 90p 9. n8x;9la/ ip; xcrq of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to s csji,aj7m o*c7b4*x raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the a e9u ayf3y :,*cs872dzo zjlgk6w8cblverage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to asu6f83o w8k: c ezb2cl,yy9g zl*ajd7 s

  A cup of water is scooped up from ak+er7kmms- )q/w;p r e swimming pool of water. Compare the temperaturekw rs)+/em7qk;mrp- e T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of anqbdj 1 5s/:5/uzdl cla+8 itvd ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first comps8k552 kdqfume7b 3km u-- c )zgbify0ressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial prfbc5uyemkgz k782bf- s 0u )3ki-d5m qessure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enerbv l.hb:kj-.n gy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is thatwwmpi)zt 0 0p .8qcl-lsajj6 ar ,+5jc

  It is a well-known fact t t *;0/*qeudlxksvq8j zdf07lhat water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibriumvt*8e07l *zdq/fkxu0j ldqs;. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is maw pax g/0e,y1gde up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experienw1 ygx0g/pea, ces the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liqui7q rvw9 kzt,jh0jvn,qto sk+*q v3+ 3ld state is referr+ njz+ kwq*30,qqvltv ht97,rks 3joved to as the

  The heat required to chayv q/i/dfxa1 2wj ueh /;0o*h -qbau8gnge a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referr81auwv/ -ho; 2qu/yxdq/0ig j aehfb*ed to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at ahn2m4i2c)j fdpmgv ify a3)276 ybs3y steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes*uuz)m g2 x7wz6 sfcd:

  When a liquid evaporv.j *0hbi6y( ez0 axczates

  When a vapor condens2a(td- copng/es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses intodjh vai 224m;u water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the tdavu;42hi jm 2emperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling vehhf 2: u28mzj-z)n1vm phc5water causes

  Equal masses of water as 7dwtfio7 ,8zt $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is ro*9pn-cp cj z+eferred to aon-j +p9zcc* ps

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of anhen/bn3t 3g )b iron bar become hot when the 3b ng bten)h3/other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch thann3g+5l 91viobhinz m0xh5ne, a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical prb3xvh5gh l 0nn,eni+z 1im5 9ooperty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material9c-;zzkz;d )ztmwg: g, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference-gzwz:gz c;; tdz 9mk) across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a l,dq8sfec - yngxoy9o ; dwq 5oc.aw89;ayer of another material of thermal c 8foe-qy8ow9;,5q9 g nxs y;.dwoccadonductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one plac6qq 9+cjb1 jnqe to anothqqj n6j 9+cbq1er is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of 8jenbpx -h; +lxi) *g 1zjn6el q/olp(water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur tfoa5b : y7stwu:x:t45hl(lf

  Which of the following best explai .9paqn)b2z l cg+0cupns why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable bodylq)n+bc9p.0p2c ag uz temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an epo;m.owj8m o 2nvironment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents co8woj mpo m;.2aused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses brip4 oevnosg;c* ep (ark2/50 5rh7mtuilt from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditivrehtes*(c0/ 4 g7rp 5ir2ao;nomk5p ons, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the 0 lyy/n5kmu ,dradiating mu5lk/ y0ndy,power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mediumiwz,b 8q/j0db 2 4*wtyn3q xet;vqpk8 is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the *f 9m/h*r7zcig/yva mu -c6c hSun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to :aaglyq7h6 hz)l5+ j:c o+ofbhow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalen+c1mqb2fmxw xdl* 2 ec nw62+ht to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the t:l/p asu8,u lyemperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of wa:oxkh: f wa02tk3og1uter, what is the resulting temperature chanw:kx1fuo a o20gk:h3 tge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block iw0ynw 4ss n7n4s originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperm41-ucyt*pyv + 4t2h/ pb unfrature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 ,zkj:cp tegp 7ib:y/, L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copl0. jnl),ypkvcju3v( per. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases bpcl j(y v0j),3.uklvny $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatedl hbp fp1q.,0o to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially a/ b wfdnk-g sl(42lsbism g*38t $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atv.mbbjpw 6ms9 8s,p fuq/g50b $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its szz* 3( sqepa/5cjkwi7urroundings. One object h zwk73e/pz*q5 (ji csaas an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationshi bnj eli,s.b+,ps between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical b sl,j,neb. i+drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over6m4rdueh0r3r)tvg5mu h8klnkz x0cv 8mt 96 ; Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the wat 6 d4e8mh6k3;r9mxgc zt5u8lvhn0ku) rv0rmter rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, 1lff5 3uud0t ssr n 8 ptiwjis,48gv7(how long would it take t0lj4up7srf f(u583 1tv 8d gis,snitw o heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to hea d3fx17-srovtw. 0kl it 20 kg of wate ov7f-td1kr3s w0xi. lr from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,jdp,d lpqh *y;0;l xo, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specifigt2sfygxr4+ k t0hi0 xp111otc heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be*3i;rz utc3vl removed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 8m/hgwpiuw4 qhz e4 hhsw306;8 0 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of icz uh iwh4m340phhq e/ w8g;6swe?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 k fim.xgl nvhgjm22669 g of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remov1rz2vrzj q c/p1fd3+-p)w uvzed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of icatktcu-gj:g 9 5/* hhqe is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ini96f; t*;fntb7wj t6 m/er qadgtially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at0e u;/ fgyqzb pyj;w/7 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to cha 7gvh:dh o*9snnge 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one oon3srs3z-t ehb-)0o gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is reqb v )w l78*da:+h-u-i oyhazduuired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, oiv: 2--mb,xzh w*ayd 8+ngj*bne dc/ initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and a7c4/g 0d b xo;e8imjmthe heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg/ao0j4c m dme;i8b7 xg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of conco bo,,nq9xauxq4wim+.fwg lac7mv.u )o;x10rete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity ok nhd0a hv6mz/*v wz40f aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengthskwzda4v 0hv 06m z*hn/ and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thic;qu dt z ibq1 vct,7/q/hfs3m9k has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempcqsq/;/mh93tzu1 , iqftv bd7erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-c0kh - rrmxi(,hm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatur(0hr-k, hx imre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of cpzjit ;r1w( y)oncrete ;z)irp wj(y1 t($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of )u5t8/nso wj6:bw:gazred/ /7mkw qf heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of0rmg jk6/aa6xwhj- pg:19s va heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the jhvf cea*yil )k06.l;temperature is monitored by measuring the rada v l.kj;fhc0eil6*y )iant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating pispxqz ,/s+ 3:dul) wenergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effeu+nh9 o ylfyi09b 35cak4csw; ctive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.