Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat energ;alno ir4f/kk2i tt8j +tt. r6y?

  The amount of heat necessary to raisj*v nu2+.jhcje the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kq qq g283-tfde5kw+f qinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to asq3+tdk2q-gqf 5f8w qe

  A cup of water is scow-n-, rlpqgr-78lm;jll gb z5oped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the j lb-rg8 pgmq r,;ll5zln--7wcup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas d 1/a a*njuiwe/epends on

  An ideal gas at STP is xzctkhs 2zd7l(+,64fsfdw 9x first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is 2ldfws dxsxkz f,z 96+c4(7htU, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy Uicb ysm5*3xi6xso+ g + at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures d69n-i6q.t/liui.x ivac5v l po not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than u4(kv) ywsi7.t tfr q/7htqj5iron. Now, consider equal masses of water an yf stukr(h)./qt5viq wj47t 7d iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a*kesdx e3w*aceyg( :7r9g;* yww bgp/ cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than doaxgwdwp*7*b;w3e(ksy*gy e/:9 e crguble that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is rumto4y-):u y 2zf qdmc/xb f6:ef6)ycx2 y ou-dffzq4b :m :m/uterred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance fr( l sxz ts*+b6tv0ebj;om the liquid to the vapor state is referredbtvj*zb(x6 t;+lsse 0 to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substanc-e2zz hf9u1ij e at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze ktkrkk.5t9,bt 0n2p ys

  When a liquid evaporatep,,)cbltj,c b s

  When a vapor condense; ttvtze+8 ltz3c/t h( o;0fals

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biujjp: imrsgwr 19/ z0m*emi8q+6t :f ngger and bigger until it rains. This will caugeftjrwu*m1 6/ijs:r z9mq0:8 ni mp+ se the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan ofoq e-3ql t -:cce,igfhl4 40b/vevx7g boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wate8n 7 tg(ws* b)3hnfcwer at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular) ak 8 yx7kq7wt75fjax collisions is referred to a7aqfx5)x8a77 t kkjyws

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar becomezn: ppmh ,tm3n 5us*)o.;e dekts1 w8f hot when the other end is placed in a flame?dwf*m8 tsoz)ps1 .t5 ,3hm;eupk: enn

  On a cold day, a piece of metal gv3:pst7;0w lvluq.t feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the fol7 q tl.v vg;0utwl:sp3lowing physical property?

  If you double the tha::d8 w*p.iu, oyucfi ickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given fp*yao:iiw8, du:u.c temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivib1syg- (n0u:lo,h qy ity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K.q:obuy ,lyhn-g0s i( 1 The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mas lh5 2r,;;ei (y0ddz 1dtc.t sb;tbjgms movement of molecules from one place to s( d1 be;t 2;ct5d; zl0d y,.mgbtijrhanother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism i0jjs m3)q za1yanv)ir4xgfe 5):ml:s s a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurkfzs60vd*cnb-v;r9 (nw6 zdae6q,ba

  Which of the following best+ta zq yw*7z52 zpl/et explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body tempztl 7e+5 z/ *2tyzpaqwerature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the ac+2xbb 5yo ; ajys5bqw 5+cs2wyceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is yw wy+ y2bb qa55bj+5x so;2scheated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses b*pv eb i+giq h--oxm ex+hjm *w0t8e(:uilt from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at teem-vjb:wq iixoph*+0 mgx( -e* +h8

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does gh ;i49yo88ze amgr(y-p0y tc the radiating pow4a0p8r-i (chtgzo 8m9ye; yg yer change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the abs rju:,d. remu;odli g / v9re*n3pyz1y8m ,m*jence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does qlvk 2u7 dy8mu 4,u+ j2 19dfegd0dumvthe Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivn (v6apb0hq (rov*ca 8alent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wagm5mx p 8pj1:3bkwt.ork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g x2d+loab( 2 q bz9fvs +t7xw6xof lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is hpc4l8gi (w 3s9efr+ rthe resulting temperature changi (s+8r93c4pl hwf erge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally5ve5lh)61.c7 jixaskz enkq,:)j tkp at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temper98h o kop.m s56eb0dysature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat utjz; 6wzd53s, e snb2qp her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of c-ggkfykt3mh )wl tq7l)n 323popper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases fgk3yklwp 3-3ht n2 7q ))tmglby $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of me4 c0,wdfdbjlb /n5zh,tal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cv/i() n0e9spi p g+cdkopper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material x-f4wks(w co3at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a sys(za7ain)kv9l tem that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One obj 7)(anavlkzi 9ect has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to/;5 4saksb harp9sdg a/wbf+1 explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall wiw5 +/k9ahsbd4s ;b a/ ags1prfth a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distph+-.u*fh,xf x gqox+ ance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature dox-+,ffh +ph*oxg u.q xes the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat l3 ai6f4 q0vdmross, how long would it take to heat water in this tank ffi430 armq dv6rom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg ofc 6/bty-w fdu: wacwu:/- yftbd 6ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 100) crp ah76o5chz tmx:p:um(p/0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific he k 0y:grmo2d 8cy1o;eiat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chan ijcy 8wqvba+9tx:++j ge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requl pfz(.29p15 m4f3 zx3yizb tc eul;hpired to melt 200 g of ic1 f4hll bp 9i5xu (yezzczf.p2p;3 3mte?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg ofq9f a (q+t.rxyb;z.dz ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 bws 7hc64jja7(v ,hufvu+0ccg of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of 6gx tnx9l7)vj ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at h):lueyg5 if+ $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at uxf2e6 +n2whn, jjtkn.+n n0r$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy qognk:.9u: +;g )nsufz :barv is needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram oxfa 1 s5sstzj./-d i0m+als,qh qh r**f $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 gfqktw)e6snbbf6-76/ j( g,al gn. qgl of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially 04xq7h biij7 8ia+hex at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207p4n0r chwz..t kcal/kg, and its melting poinnr4ph.t w. 0zct is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete isfxma92 m(+yh;6xj n *hy1d btt $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that o7+ x2xong0bil k +e*bof brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass ro kn++*0l x og2ib7xboed is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimithjkq.qol .vv/p:ur2.)t ac v.ay: +ensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature :).v . .t.lqyav uq2iro:cvp a+thj/k is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of*0 -n1ksmvl* :agoahd 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside t1 hka*lvons:0 d -gm*aemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0dz s8x awd66y, m section of concrete (az86yxd wd6s,$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it taknae q8s*huh/)fg0 -d ce to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost throd5( 7 gciqypv;ugh a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored brp4umx4k,w vz78 xvb,y measuring the radiant power kxvm4r8,xz7 wvb p 4,uemitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human dyv3j(x:8clf* hdvu (c5mi/ vbody radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (eq1 t1ls9kc/)zq9 cvl bffective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.