Which of the following is the smallest ucy/oqaj /:f-gf. 2bnqnit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise tv j3d:n0(jp nvhe temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinev4)pvh , k nw5dfydi2+tic energy of individual molecules is referred to asydi)hn 5pd v+2w4kf,v

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tempera*y1t lto- hwbmgu2a1r o w9ko8dz ,*w7ture T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimm1t khob *t8 wdg7 o2l19r *wumyo,-awzing pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal ga eq lsal:av2 5ql )wsv/f-(*ons depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its0mtj/,crrbag xe/o.m k+p2.t volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed.ke/o02tmcxbp grj/.m r +t a, to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with intern e+f:*8agft+guev a., 9yufkral energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary d/xj6 zf zptw6lw3q3a(rastically is that

  It is a well-known fax8 ):vc gftiv*ct that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water gt8xfi: )cvv* and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a col/ w3ka;qtlo1q 3(av qyd piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of hea 1qq;ot/l va3(q3wka yt during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the soligk ndf8 d/4-j) /eymjjd to the liquid state is referred to as th/ 8g jem)k-4yf/jddn je

  The heat required to change a substance pixdp 8+):p 9gmig4szfrom the liquid to the vapor state is referred tod8 px:m4pp i9s+iggz) as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at anal w)5f*h8,nuum4m ic (vxm / steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezezg7b+);cz(j v( tkl pcs

  When a liquid evaporatess9 md sk.:(6cyw o w)t+aoupj;

  When a vapor condense18ph* zzvgi5v:kt fl+ s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigg eoxsntt*p(c+mju x5(:t:ig7rw )d+zer and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouxs5m t:odtz+ ji:)tew*n (cr (upx g+7ds to

  Turning up the flame und/xo fk1n6:yhher a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of watermt ohfa 9ju8si x299z(/ ea.rl at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is re2i5 33euq 8qwabo9yuz ferred to a3 yquzb5aeu8iwq 3o92s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar becid2tsi. sv(z( ome hot when the other end is placed in a fl2stv. di(zis(ame?

  On a cold day, a piece of 0f2rsvjg-.re721kv ue8yzy c metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the fok201s e 2v. yy jv7rec8ufz-grllowing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the :n.bm xn.i4bjfn v0iqm 5vx54rate of heat loss for a given temperatu.5ivjvnx0.f bq n4:m4 ix mb5nre difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed.jc gmc: 3gwd4., hasz on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effe,:cd3w hg4.jmgs.a z cctive thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass mo8w4 j,ncr,; (he nkmiwvement of molecules from one place to another is referred tkrie ,,j8cw(w nhm;4 no as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated drlmpa 2*p *a0:cjn wqd+9b4qm*(diuon a stove?

  Convection can occur zpo s,cng)a g3kc64j)

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in mrhsd 308rczqt d;zb ne.9zu((aintaining suitable r9 (s .e ndr; c3bqztzud8(0zhbody temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the l;80jjbaob3 u acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection curr38ljjbo0 ;au bents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from; x.cxyl+ ,n1awy 92nlpfwva, the same materials. One of the houses has twice the lep1a ycnlv. 2 nax9w,wf+l,;yxngth, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by wha ln+: w knbmqb)1ipbf j1z:8;rt factor does the radiating power changeb1i:8bp) jz+ lnwq;:r mnb1fk ?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absencl.sws1 sds 6)2vgwi aiu0r6t.e of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat tranuvdedor, z6l595f z/tf4h+s csfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat?xsdri.a3 n2sd)4zt 7g

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivale xps.x01xk8 vdn1g5vxr+q3hc nt to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lespkuw 18 jm0;aad ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of w -ioljn29 8lsdater, what is the resulting temperature change? ijl9n2 -8olsd

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally atm/- gi1cd7odx $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of materiauif4 pfc ts dn0pna0u+0e,m+ 8l by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat uf5sj j/5wbbp +zw ng;;p her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of co6t j4 f1ogdzps9tf53ypper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increaf t5 94ozf j31s6ypgtdses by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metala1pn : :zws fbl7aq(t6 is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copx0q7* ksp 9a8i.lzec oper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material zbay e 5g ,ns1m 7lnya6n9g,q8at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally ua 9htxyngpvjm.f +7 fcu6y jd(:2;bl/ y,b 0gisolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial te/7h jp0u.9mylf gb :u y(x2gc6;tvybf a,njd +mperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted h p4s4hbc; 3esn;)n ) /a+ov6r6hj juytl 7bexto explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a 3 h lvj;b;7h4x6npehstejr )o) by6asc+u/n4vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a diad c7bnyk7p/9stance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitationalbpy ca9nd/7k7 energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kWhql (ea9uu a;k;b:5 z qk5qo;f. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank f;kuqzu ;e q:5ako;l9bh (5qafrom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kgcp):kfjak ,zh2,m g 3vgm 3t:(k4rapd of water fzp(p f,ktkv am : c3dr,4j3hmk)ag2:g rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, --.p iv .yqo:sn zvjd-$c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (spe,3m2elr 2dzfq6 mkb; icific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquid?(iep c*c)9 jau

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How *x) 8q1dzqh0 ,dcz xgrocd9llos82- vmuch heat is required to melt 200 g o r*-,q)v8l12czcdlxdh8o z9xq ogs0 df ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kgub1st+)1 tfdk62pyni of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 ge s:b gg41 j8lok1w6jwe;x g9q of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whec f 6qy2kuhge 98ijs77n 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiallyqvz4-.uoj rg) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atrr(aw dyu8q-8 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is neldy k6e*5 8agveded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram o4b7.to/dxet (hp/9rlr ea2jg8 (hc fhf $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to 7n mhw(lbvt( 17 .sf;me6p rdmchange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding icom7x5d o8mk65reuq 0n e to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of leab 1sjhu+ o(c9ed is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, +9uj (sceo h1band its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of conc f7gme*cw8u8 ars -r;.e2m3sgkk /uba rete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twic ;maxkq c)ytmo2pub55e3+u p/e that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal/p55e +pxamou2kb3)m cu;tq y contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensiog: ceiyy17f r5.p3r kgns of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temper igr3 p5gf1yk7ye r.c:ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the ou6fi i 0+ie.fy+ms)9(spove ng :cibped0 ;z 5ctside temper;mevci:ne bff.050)czgy+d9 i(si pseo+pi 6ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrdu+rj,e o n3,wete (u3nj ,,ow+de r$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,00*jwom2 oqj5f )0,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 400l;7lyc- 8 knd:dda1dm0 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace usl6r f w o.rif8q(7m7yd:efie,ed for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measl8,7fqrd fwimeeir6: f7yo (.uring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiatingd va-d-n/zj-kkmf8:g energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a 3t:k3 hbdq/ bbkhx)b8 solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.