Which of the following is the sma36dn1vafjpcs,ixje(wy-* 9r k.8acw llest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of zh ncspege9- ob/7) pz.3nph67 pd4kfwater by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules 46kwxsb 7uu8rv0soej( q-e z +is referred to as6e7q-+4sxouk8b j vwu( 0r ezs

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swq)cr o-d0q55mn zt(ofimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimminoo-t)q (fdqzn0 mc5 r5g pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependzbto: 5 (lb0fxhn6z9 7qy.e+ go kjp:ds on

  An ideal gas at STP is tve iz ps3k3)t2jy1 3lfirst compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure )kzet1 3i tpj3yl3s2vis half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internaj cls0h *65y-i*q2r -ojasid al energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean tempes 2.bpdddzb1/x 1xcy 4ratures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that watxrku yh 1i,3k*-+r uirer has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Nkr-+iyuiu 13x*,k rhr ow, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a 8x(diozgr.o q ue1i 4tt3f*5.ld k/bbcold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reac xif8b/tdel tqd1 5.4*gok(o3u ir bz.h thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liqu, tetnxl6 .n+6q 156ob bb-hzxs rvw8tid state is referred tlh6beqnt 6 vznx58t1bxb6, .to-s+ wr o as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liqu c-1 e/1lk25g gkl8u*fuw ba tanty0y+id to the vapor state is ref0nkgkbu-8 f1*t g1 l/yce+5wu2ta yalerred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substan0dqdf7 ,z+v/9kj ocqhce at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes0p b ct(ov3d7h

  When a liquid evaporhvv k;l5 kfhd:s04y)sates

  When a vapor condens;saguc 1 -e9d3u( jqm/atcfv)hxk +/n es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigtof(dp2a gc;q /+sq7cmv. p8il8 yv*vger ica( /m cdo.+sy2lp8tv7f v8*pvq; qgand bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan o4 1mfwt0c2dgjt c52a lbw(j ul 2s4pn;f boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water4sb1ao cth-c x;fa(u34aff 3x at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular m (n x72rv1ldzcollisions is referred to asldr1n v72m( xz

  By what primary heat trosl/,*hnnjv3 ansfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is *nvh,j oln3 /splaced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of w.qlf/m6bk, ek 3 /ra(a+ bmzufood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following /6 famb 3 k(z e/mklq,rf+aub.physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, thekqf hw63 dde85lxg )i3 rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across th3) xq w86iglkfhd3e 5de thickness will

  A layer of insulating myqt5d 54**r xfscj*xy pf) m;laterial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is xtflfdy5 p )c*m*jy;54 qxrs*the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby hea mgw/3 ,:rabxn4i5i:n2)i fw x4mcd olt flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is refer2mmg xiia,xl /fno5r::w d4)c4bin w3 red to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heate hev /k0+yppg5d on a stove?

  Convection can occur//2spybe,jx j hpn70 e8aa4u b

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important b*kpakz)j-h5li+w,gug.ti lq)2hg1z.: g lr to humans in maintaining suitable body temperq )gh)ipgt.wzz-gia u. kl1 5l,h2lr +gkj:*b ature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of grav;)cjl,s;l(5,tjzsjs jy.f ulity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by th5ul) ;t ;y sjjl,lsfc(z ,sjj.is heating?

  Consider two neighboring ref+lt7 *2p gbgictangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to th fbp 27ggl*t+ie small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factosjjen2mc yq4fp8q0 6:*+ud snr does the radiating power chan+q: p6j2dc4*nfjyu 8e qns0smge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is refe p. 1z ddvli k9.9v33bqhm:emvrred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doemqn*0w1-vo,jtrvc + + dkkp9hs the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how muc0qb kve n*p4,)6ypenbh heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivjjv kt4xh-.lhz+sg 9k e:r e34alent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temu 5dlp6() tgzs il,jx.perature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resh 2bw1d64t naty zpton 83pi;9ulting temperature co239pannbiz48t1wt;tpd h y6 hange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally atp ;ldplesb ,09 $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg ob4aj r8ud,qc/f material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat tzjj7w+qgn:d5 u x:)hup her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of ill gij8pw6(.;qt +lxn4j .0zwnab,upron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if thet68lw panlpu+ ibn,0qjx4;wlj( . g.z temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal if,x *mn)+t bt v*orfp2s heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of c3w x0g vlp bkts0x6e0k)91sqlopper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material o h1 xt(/w+mo 8grw lry-zn3-cat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects ma5vz zun sz18ufb7ewn m 08xv35ke up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an inix1 0 vn3wv snz5mz zubuf87e85tial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betweql)-qydbxqpd mss *+p;0 /-u oen various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on yqdx d-supm+-qq*l/ b;0s op)Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagzf831xb, 3lc57 szxyu wn:mvy homo 6+ara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all thm33 v1ym:zosnyu x 7 8b65cz,lf wox+he gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, howfj;6chh-tee hob hs :w pg98o3: +ug0i long would it take i9 e3wbj 6ggso o 8h;+f-htp: :ue0hchto heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How. obng9bbpeya(0s (2 a long will it take to heat 20 kg of wabnao sb20ga (.y9 epb(ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 11q2g6 6rur zkc000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade 9tpbttrdyng35 j-)+.o x fa3 f2o5dvq(specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be rem gfngjcg90l 2(w7 w9h*5wr koxoved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/pk)z .q/xae 15xqc;fz5 bf0 tbkg. How much heat is required to melt 2 .f be)zpq510kaz/cb;x fq5xt 00 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is ner2pp 9l ;t,qc)k)lhtleded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g onbxg: d wf 8euv:7 +r2*sksm*df $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion ooqmfg0 njz1 5*f:g 6)x)f afswf ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at zmh)kyw(j-ho2 6 t vn)36oh lt$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aj + xaq,wz+sz1gl.58b /wg yjst $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to changeg j0.hj,sl4o9mvra u) 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required t k,tncmuzou 51 of;,,:unmq ax7utl8) o change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is require6nz(l wp9roav l dh+58d to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially wj12otkxq+ ,3xdfc55olp k9 7ny 1fqlim0 5yv at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is z cdw;w.ia )b:h 0s5wn5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its meltingi)wd;0nw5 h ac:w sz.b point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivq,qr)9on,quxwu:51r x yb.b xxp/(rp ity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twic n(4io effnlezmyn0u,, +47fp:tf:hc e that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joinedmn clp0yez en4if,t :h(4,o f:fu+nf 7 together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the oxj/6x*vl ma s- h35cpxutside temxx h /5-cp6lxm j*s3avperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cdns8 +qx5vidp z-:l j+m thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature isjv 5s dp:z++ qld-8xin $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will fl*otel/t d2 e(; dr8w 9dcrfzl+ow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete owr (dcf2 /*lt e98dlredtz;+($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throu 62xaf kyj1o7jzv4,tagh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost cerf g;i;.nx+ez//yv g;f( jlthrough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature9mcl a+ 2nln. lbjk;+y is monitored by measuring the radnb yl;ak9 m.cn j+ll+2iant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radib3: 7)zaqbu nbivaqx f-.cj*4ating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solargws+miadt p )hexf1-7hb(f-2 u+ :aat collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.