Which of the following is the smallest unlf;i-kz *o+dpit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of khtcnejz* 2u3.9x2 wwwater by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of ind uv+stfrd -,*xividual molecules is referred to asrf d-,u+txvs*

  A cup of water is scooped up fr,cc.)n a( eq *zf6kdxzom a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in bqcz *6)n. zceaf(,dxk oth the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gaslklzwb-fxq )9e6 q8; n depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its vo-mz)i 1 o/ e4h 6pdi5fncu:onglume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pn6i hpzdoi o1)54/:ufgenm -cressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with int u webnv:ux /*mi4d6 c5ej(7 b(e0peydernal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is3bar rlv)jo v1o1 ubigw62(y1 that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capak;,9; q(p*i lnmen dpvcity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equinpnm;l 9 kpv*i (d;,qelibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and 6lo6log5q;e3 i8 y pcfa cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity 5l p o6oefq; 8yilc6g3of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to qnnv:fj g)swo4 9 y-w1the liquid state is referredqww):yf nvsj4n1o9- g to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from kr/w.odf0 / tbthe liquid to the vapor state is referred to /rw.tobdfk 0 /as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady ra7 (lqd4mkhfd b- gnu9:te,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesfsdel0km+ y-n o+9ko(d 5e r7o

  When a liquid evaporatez vm(m0qo;*(h;(dvbl e 5tiazs

  When a vapor condensesz28 a1kemu nw9i 5(jsj

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplet i :*43eywwkuuh;pw3 ts which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the htpwe4u y:w3* uw;k3 iair in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boi5 a)02eucmk)nw * njcoling water causes

  Equal masses of wateezpw0 lo/ppa /b vm-:9r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular col(uw. qq;if 6 pqq0xkc ib/)u)qlisions is referred to as. wf6q cpi) ib)qxq (;0ukquq/

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron 1rqhza+gqip - e*qn3:bar become hot when the other end is placed +-gr*3 q 1npq:qea zhiin a flame?

  On a cold day, a piec+e7kz 4g0van te of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difvga nk 7tz0e4+ference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thicknc2 ;3) i*cs7iruoiwuress of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat los wu;)*crcuois27 i3irs for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating mat6dna+7 dym( 8 se8avr e8ujm1lerial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity n18jadv76d y eus8+mlra8 em( of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement ofpnq fpr:ej,6cjc: 0t4 molecules from one place to another is refec6ft,pr pn e:jj: 4qc0rred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pek3laqcat6x 5a5hy8q x4zw13rqdb20ot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurmjfcwe1 20fx: pf 0(p42wbww j

  Which of the following best explaincf x.hlhdw(3 2s why sweating is important to humans in maintai h2(. dxfhlwc3ning suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity,(0 g zb whqpldiv-eu(p0w1gk5:g*h w is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents causedw:,( *hgw0z5kp bglp -0hqid(1w ugev by this heating?

  Consider two neighbo+ff0u *w owjlyeze: 41ring rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical clieeyow u0:f fz4lj w*1+matic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiatguj6f zx;gfv9(zq: 6cu580m94y he p-i p kexcor is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power chpef 46 hm9y8c(0 ke 5c:vzxzqx96g -uugjf;piange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the abseni -k0)sdk,bx.jtnv6) c qu4hr ce of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mech:vtg/s 2kdna .5wund+ anism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heatnqg -x)-u g-50 ced(o2urjdv r?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how l)i xisk59 9mimuch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is nee/v24krjfrmsmb6 , 9qq ded to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperaturmm9zu+v,4+i ssafp-ecf 31boe m 3uom1z efbasscfi,p4++-v9change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block ii--gkw/b fy /jfa9 w*p/k1bstqwf9) c ynv ;+bs originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg rhc -fs*5z. mnof material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath wat grb6co*m67u/ 01bc sh7xnsk ier by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.15rzl.lf q (7lt) dy4tt6 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if tf7lt5)ql.ly tr4zd( the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metaod,mwrv. a -mwscibe(3,l5l6l is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copzty hv(+b o*c /j7 7c/i-wuutwper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a+bipx3 g;w ,ztt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is the-w.;gx i2wsgwo92/tbf6 qrq h rmally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an ino 296w.wrg-2hqf ; wgtixbs/q itial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempgpnjpq +ii4q 154v7,- z)o:zvwj dgmhted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water whicgij o-vnhi4 qzzjqg vp,d:7p15m+w4 )h had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls dssph1t /jt9vcl2i6+1xnsq v/qji .w ;rops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all tvx ci.h;vn w/qs /q 1p2ssj69t1ijl+the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater2vk0n)hb5nlt uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water 5vnh)tnk l 0b2in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long willric w y uyntfk5,z;.:7 it take to heat 20 kg of watewcif 7:;uk,.n5zryytr from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 /hx zr*e 4f fs1bs9b9ug, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific he iizb),7l*ipokyc)6i at = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed ffd4)r;isz+ rcrom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg2bq 1+alc5e;h4xz1hp fg+ e og. How much heat is required to melt ;hlcg af4x1ep2e g1+oz+b5q h 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg 4 b9ib /xbims.of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remc jzm/du3*yqg. u3rb6oved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of i,umvsnu; 7v(ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially pu 4f)munay+ki 5m0 h+j98 lxgat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water apqf;hwm30l :/ wo2rkb kv j0w(t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg o7k/.fcz ()uqac9ol ingnb0c 2f water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change on4-. r/t brqpyee gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is require*zhfs1k r5 cd.d to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to cvw-jk vb7 n+ 7u9a.sm1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization if h4usc(0d ,fqs 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poq 0fs hcf(du4,int is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of c :t4uynmj sd.ejrvxz2h1euhu/ 5*9 v 6oncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivi3p-k(b cu0 ndjty of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass)und3k-b 0p c(j are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. Ifddb )(+3annve n;n:r sim00obieu)5w the outside temperat rsn5ione3mbb(wa)0 0: i ;v) +nendudure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsidecca .bxa,h75 r temperat.arhxb7,c c a5ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow ind l5-yp/ (z+6zxvud nxd5c8ap 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (nv -l5( dd8 5z6 xcaz+p/ypudx$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat.z 0tbx: oqf5kb +*uh oyg-i0i through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kc 7rnkvo p2b;4lal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the teq lr5-,jlb/7cm;lw9 s-*vmdkl3 y mhamperature is monitored by measuring the radia-l,a3h 5yl9k/*cl vj;mbwr lm7s mq-dnt power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy paz p9(1w8al3 jq0kh uwhen it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector 5iw9*f3wc uh(yulaf3(effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.