Why does a child in a wagon seem to fall +-p ovu;gh( 9+ fib hzqfib*y)backward when you give the wagon a sharp pull pb yv;+iq9f+)u zg* o(h bifh-forward?

A box rests on the (frictionless) bed of a truck. The truck fz b2x9lm* sp31wdzr)driver starts the truck and accelerates forward. The box immediately starts to slide toward the rear of the truck bed. Discuss the motion of the box, in terms of Newton’s laws, as seen (a) by Mary stanl xz* 9s3 pw21zfdr)mbding on the ground beside the truck and (b) by Chris who is riding on the truck

If the acceleration of an object is zero, are no forces acting onr /i7l kto;llui( :zt7 it? Explain.

Only one force acts on an object. Can the object have zero accelerater9ja4ik-mt+reg m;5 ion? Can it have zero vel g4atrm;+k rji9-ee 5mocity? Explain.

When a golf ball is dropped to the pavement imwulk9hy:)wa. )bjl/p(c3 9u :yteo, it bounces back up. (a) Is a force needed to make it bounce back up? (b)m.upt b: w y: ))ka3o9yl iwh/eu(j9lc If so, what exerts the force?

If you walk along a log floating on a lake, why dfh ,,mm yh t l-i rev9y3)mi5t,.r3ueyoes the log move in the opposite directio,33)tv-hh mryei t5ui.yme f ,,r9mlyn?

Why might your foot hurt if you kic atx (238fetz )upfpkm8sm;:ek a heavy desk or a wall?

  When you are running and want to stop quickly, you must decelerate quickly.cvdizb+; ;4br7 shh q4 (a) What is the vbhz;4 dc;s+ih7bq 4r origin of the force that causes you to stop? (b) Estimate (using your own experience) the maximum rate of deceleration of a person running at top speed to come to rest.    m/s$^2$

A stone hangs by a fine thread from tt*y u 9ih,hnzmm4 ih 4vs3v*/xhe ceiling, and a section of the same thread dangles from the bottom of the stone (Fig. 4–36). If a person gives a sharp pull on the dangling thread, where is the thread likely to brea *itm ,hzny4hi mus3 9h/*4xvvk: below the stone or above it? What if the person gives a slow and steady pull? Explain your answers.

The force of gravity on a 2-kg rock is twice as great as that on a 1-kg rockjfbks-4542h(.u g3 njmmo5p 4qvm dwt. Why then 523w4k 4su 5j.4n(qvmo m-t gm hdfpbjdoesn’t the heavier rock fall faster?

Would a spring scale carried to the myfi/tje om)*(4o 6+;iyzs pm Moon give accurate results if the scale had b4my(*mpf yitzom/s e 6)oi;j +een calibrated (a) in pounds, or (b) in kilograms?

You pull a box with a constant force across a frictionless table using an att3f ayan+2m w /m(xgv8sached rope held horizontally. If you now pull the rope with the same force at an angle to the horizontal (with the box remaining flat on the table), does the acceleration of the box (a) remain the same, (b/ (n a 8axfwm+2y3gvsm) increase, or (c) decrease? Explain.

When an object falls freely under the influence o9sk9gv r8cv g8f gravity there is a net force mg exerted on it by the Earth. Yet by Newton’s third law the object exerts an equal and opposite force on thcg89 g9vrvs8k e Earth. Why doesn’t the Earth move?

Compare the effort (or force) needed to lift a 10-kg object when you areov c sb 3d:r-,lbu.5ny on the Moon with the force needed to lift it on Earth. Compare the force needed to throw a 2-kg object horizontally with a given speed on the Moon and osn ly,bodu5.c:v r b-3n Earth.

According to Newton’s third law, each team in a tug of n86tzw(k ;x wywar (Fig. 4–37) pulls with equal ftwyw8nz 6(k x;orce on the other team. What, then, determines which team will win?

A person exerts an upward force of 40 N to hold a bag of groceriep bfj60 b- 7xa0cuiayas2qc93s. Describe the “reaction” for0 a6u3cjbpsc9fa07ibx 2qa-y ce (Newton’s third law) by stating (a) its magnitude, (b) its direction, (c) on what object it is exerted, and (d) by what object it is exerted.

When you stand still on the ground, how large a force does the uxqhlkvzd*b y6x6sg: )1 8 6zgground exert on you? Why doesn’t this force maksxud zb zl:v6yg k*h6 )qx861ge you rise up into the air?

Whiplash sometimes results from an automobillit)e oyy94 l-e accident when the victim’s car is struck violently from the rear. Explain why the head of the victim seems to be thrown backward in thytel)ly4i9 -o is situation. Is it really?

A heavy crate rests on the be;ljdhgff i zas4xr/8u8w2 1+td of a flatbed truck. When the truck accelerates, the crate remains where tg 8j /u8h;+iz lsaf4r1wf2dx it is on the truck, so it, too, accelerates. What force causes the crate to accelerate?

A block is given a push so that it slides up a ramp. After the bwn8v,b .bh,;0ns br hglock reaches its highest point, it slides back down but the magnitude of its acceleration is less 0.,b, swbn; g hbhr8nvon the descent than on the ascent. Why?

What would your bathroom scale read if you weighed yourself on an inclin2y,0npim3c c c62x6rx dtxv *ued plane? Assume the mechanism functions properu2y cmtvx*rn6ic ,3xd62x p c0ly, even at an angle.

  What force is needed to accelerate a chlvtg;mnk x9bd ;(y0u8 6pd(q tild on a sled at 1.25m/s$^2$?   

  A net force of 265 N accelerates a bike and rider at 2.edwp7g79*lop2ucoc0j xtl w6f 6 / d)g30$ \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . What is the mass of the bike and rider together?   

  How much tension mustp a;sox 6dud;dw/qm l4/;:xof a rope withstand if it is used to accelerate a 960$-\mathrm{kg} $ car horizontally along a frictionless surface at 1.20 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ ?   

  What is the weight of a b;7s*how8s hx $76-\mathrm{kg}$ astronaut
(a) on Earth,   
(b) on the Moon $\left(g=1.7 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\right)$ ,   
(c) on Mars $\left(g=3.7 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\right)$,   
(d) in outer space traveling with constant velocity?   

  A 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box rests on a table. (a) What is the weight of the box and the normal force acting on it?   
(b) A 10.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box is placed on top of the 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box, as shown in Fig. 4-38. Determine the normal force that the table exerts on the 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box    and the normal force that the 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box exerts on the 10.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box.   

  What average force is required to stop an 1100-kg car in 8.0 s isp0 o +ceas.haod:)e5f the car is travecs p0eod+5.eoaa sh :)ling at 95km/h? -  

  What average force is needed to accelerate a 7.00-gram pellet:bub.l9/:qs z;le7pe sfq li. from rest to 125m/s ov 7l. ueqll :b.9szsb;qi:e/p fer a distance of 0.800 m along the barrel of a rifle?   

A fisherman yanks a fish vqonr1k m:7cnnp -5 a5eertically out of the water with an acceleration of 2.5 mk15a n7pqo:c -rn ne5$\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ using very light fishing line that has a breaking strength of 22 N . The fisherman unfortunately loses the fish as the line snaps. What can you say about the mass of the fish?

  A 0.140$-\mathrm{kg}$ baseball traveling 35.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ strikes the catcher's mitt, which, in bringing the ball to rest, recoils backward 11.0 cm . What was the average force applied by the ball on the glove? -  

  How much tension musta rope withstand if it is used to accelerate a 1200-kg car vertically upward at0.8m/s$^2 ?   

  A particular race car can cover a quarter-mijvurin)sx d+l s 1mx.*b )i59lle track (402 $\mathrm{~m}$) in 6.40 s starting from a standstill. Assuming the acceleration is constant, how many " g 's" does the driver experience?    If the combined mass of the driver and race car is 485 kg , what horizontal force must the road exert on the tires?   

  A 12.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ bucket is lowered vertically by a rope in which there is 163 N of tension at a given instant.
What is the acceleration of the bucket? Is it up or down?     ----待选择----downupward 

  An elevator (mass 4850 kg ) is to be designed so th)bw14xswq4(8 a zje :sj:amdgat the maximum acceleration is 0.0680 g . What are the maximum and minimum forces the motor:asm:d aw8 q(j1xb w)4gz esj4 should exert on the supporting cable? max =    min =   

A 75$-\mathrm{kg}$ petty thief wants to escape from a third-story jail window. Unfortunately, a makeshift rope made of sheets tied together can support a mass of only 58 kg . How might the thief use this "rope" to escape? Give a quantitative answer.

  A person stands on a bathroom scale in ax1o g u*/g5drx ,mrrg1 motionless elevator. When the elevator begins to move, the scale briefly reads only 0.75 of the person’s regular weight. Calculate the acceleration of the elevator xrg r/ 15*mg1g,dxour, and find the direction of acceleration.     ----待选择----downupward 

  The cable supporting a 2125-kg elevator has a maximum strength of 21,750 N. Wk4nzi .:, pvavbx n9g1hat maximum upwan1p4n,ibagv . :9 kzvxrd acceleration can it give the elevator without breaking?    ( two decimal places)

  (a) What is the acceleration of two falling sky divers (mass 132 kg ik,84lyc: i1ml zdric 1ncluding parachute) when the upward force of air resistance is equal to one-fourth of their weic,dim8c 141lz k:rilyght?   
(b) After popping open the parachute, the divers descend leisurely to the ground at constant speed. What now is the force of air resistance on the sky divers and their parachute?    See Fig. 4–39.

  A person jumps from the roof of a house 3.9-m high. When x8 9md5dyo1mfhe strikes the ground below, he bends his knees so that his torso decelerates over an approximate distance of 0.70 m. If the mass of his torso (excluding legs) is 42 kg, mf9y5 dox18dm find
(a) his velocity just before his feet strike the ground, and   
(b) the average force exerted on his torso by his legs during deceleration.   

  A box weighing 77.0 N resn(c e +k if:i+)gi71baiu uj6)ood r1ets on a table. A rope tied to the box runs vertically upward over a pulley and a weight is hung from the other end (Fig. 4-40). Determine the force that the table exerts on the box if theen g )i+j)+1ai eo7c1d: fbu uk6(oiir weight hanging on the other side of the pulley weighs
(a) 30.0 N ,   
(b) 60.0 N ,   
(c) 90.0 N .   

Draw the free-body diagram for a basketball plas g71sr.k1 fg0-:pv1 eie d nvjyr+)d7ooxn(lyer
(a) just before leaving the ground on a jump, and
(b) while in the air. See Fig. 4–41.

Sketch the free-body diagram of a baseball ko(s ;l bf fygs4io6qo) 8e2v:(a) at the moment it is hit by the bat, and again ();s 24g6 :eqfoobil8sfokvy (b) after it has left the bat and is flying toward the outfield.

A 650-N force acts in a northwesterly direction. A second 650-Nncx,t2u/v99n i8l fov force must be exerted in what direction so thac9nxnv 2v 98f, utoi/lt the resultant of the two forces points westward? Illustrate your answer with a vector diagram.

  Arlene is to walk across a "high wire" strung horizontally between two buiqtavtxz5 ) 1wu8s5h 8ezv)b9sldings 10.0 m apart. The sag in the r)xa 8z1w) t9vbtu 5eq85shz vsope when she is at the midpoint is 10.0$^{\circ}$ as shown in Fig. 4-42 . If her mass is 50.0 kg , what is the tension in the rope at this point?   

  The two forces $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{1}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{2}$ shown in Fig. 4-43 $\mathrm{a}$ and b (looking down) act on a 27.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ object on a frictionless tabletop. If $ F_{1}=10.2 \mathrm{~N}$ and $ F_{2}=16.0 \mathrm{~N}$ , find the net force on the object and its acceleration for (a) and (b). (a) a =    at    $^{\circ}$;(b) a =    at    $^{\circ}$

  One 3.2-kg paint bucket is hanging by a massless c ,yfld9mh e* ig2qb55m6j4 k1qb /ibbqord from another 3.2$-\mathrm{kg}$ paint bucket, also hanging by a massless cord, as shown in Fig. 4-44.
(a) If the buckets are at rest, what is the tension in each cord? F1 =    F2 =    (The top rope is F1 and the bottom rope is F2)
(b) If the two buckets are pulled upward with an acceleration of 1.60 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ by the upper cord, calculate the tension in each cord. F1 =    F2 =   

  A person pushes a 145+uf uiu1 :ewb.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ lawn mower at constant speed with a force of F=88.0 $\mathrm{~N}$ directed along the handle, which is at an angle of 45.0$^{\circ} $ to the horizontal (Fig. 4-45).
(a) Draw the free-body diagram showing all forces acting on the mower. Calculate
(b) the horizontal friction force on the mower,   
(c) the normal force exerted vertically upward on the mower by the ground.   
(d) What force must the person exert on the lawn mower to accelerate it from rest to 1.5 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s} $ in 2.5 seconds, assuming the same friction force?   

  Two snowcats tow a housing unit to a new l7y;ie 1zymv*(q gmsq3ocation at McMurdo Base, Antarctica, as shown in Fig. 4-46. The sum of the fory qs*;m(v egmzi7q3y1 ces $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{A}}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{B}} $ exerted on the unit by the horizontal cables is parallel to the line L , and $ F_{\mathrm{A}}=4500 \mathrm{~N} $. Determine $ F_{\mathrm{B}}$ and the magnitude of $ \overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ .$F_B$ =    $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ =   

A train locomotive is pulling two cars of the same mass behind it, Fig. k annpdnb.sb 5w;30k is+wj4c)tz( uz2y(u6y 4-47 . Determine the ratio of the tension in the coupling between the locomotive and the first ca s) wkd4yjp wzzb(n0;kcn26(sy u+ bn.ut 53iar $\left(F_{\mathrm{T} 1}\right)$ , to that between the first car and the second car $\left(F_{\mathrm{T} 2}\right)$ , for any nonzero acceleration of the train.

  A window washer pulls herself upward using the bucket-pulley q,r1-c eacn -yapparatus shown in Fig. 4-4ca-, r-yce1n q8. (a) How hard must she pull downward to raise herself slowly at constant speed?   
(b) If she increases this force by 15 % , what will her acceleration be? The mass of the person plus the bucket is 65 kg .   

  At the instant a race began, af* 0 wkw qq.vhioz..kz.dh,.a 65$-\mathrm{kg}$ sprinter exerted a force of 720 N on the starting block at a 22$^{\circ}$ angle with respect to the ground. (a) What was the horizontal acceleration of the sprinter?    (Keep one decimal place)
(b) If the force was exerted for 0.32 s , with what speed did the sprinter leave the starting block?    (Keep one decimal place)

Figure 4-49 shows a a , g,knrmin3x.w r:eeg.-4rsblock (mass $ m_{1}$ ) on a smooth horizontal surface, connected by a thin cord that passes over a pulley to a second block $\left(m_{2}\right)$ , which hangs vertically. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block, showing the force of gravity on each, the force (tension) exerted by the cord, and any normal force. (b) Apply Newton's second law to find formulas for the acceleration of the system and for the tension in the cord. Ignore friction and the masses of the pulley and cord.

Three blocks on a frictionless horizo ;sx7 -(7+uss wyf0xg aongjo u7+y20oefi ,qzntal surface are in contact with each other, as shown ixn sojx(-7+a+ 0oeg;u y0q yuwo7,s f 2sg7fzin Fig. 4-51. A force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ is applied to block 1 (mass .$m_{1}$) .
(a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block. Determine
(b) the acceleration of the system (in terms of $m_{1}$, $m_{2}$ , and $ m_{3}$ ),
(c) the net force on each block,
(d) the force of contact that each block exerts on its neighbor.
(e) If $m_{1}=m_{2}=m_{3}=12.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ and $ F=96.0 \mathrm{~N}$ , give numerical answers to (b),(c) , and (d) . Do your answers make sense intuitively?

  The two masses shown in o7:vip0d; fcw Fig. 4-52 are each initially 1.80 m above the ground, and the massless frictionless pulley is 4.8 m above the ground. What maximum height does the lighter object reach after the system is released? [Hint: F i7ow:0;cvfdp irst determine the acceleration of the lighter mass and then its velocity at the moment the heavier one hits the ground. This is its "launch" speed. Assume it doesn't hit the pulley.]   

Suppose two boxes on a frictionless table are 3 lo y5ccnicxnb*r ,;2connected by a heavy cord of mass 1.0 kg . Calculate the acceleration of each box and the tension at each end of the cord, using the free-body diagrams shown in Fig. 4-5b c2 *c5n,inly ocxr;33. Assume $F_{\mathrm{P}}=40.0 \mathrm{~N}$ , and ignore sagging of the cord. Compare your results to Example 4-12 and Fig. 4-22.
(4-53)
(4-22)
(4-12)

If the coefficient of kinetic fri .ymed*.z 0g- tru m m8*fwf;ss4km.kzction between a 35$-\mathrm{kg}$ crate and the floor is 0.30 , what horizontal force is required to move the crate at a steady speed across the floor? What horizontal force is required if $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}$ is zero?

  A force of 48.0 N is required tju6 c+5t3 ,h1yw+p-r cfkf dhzo start a 5.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ box moving across a horizontal concrete floor. (a) What is the coefficient of static friction between the box and the floor?   
(b) If the 48.0$-\mathrm{N}$ force continues, the box accelerates at 0.70$ \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?   

  Suppose that you are standing on a train accelerating at 0.20g. Wh)c39wm jwd2sz ps*jv.at minimum coefficient of static friction must exist betwm39jvcw ) sspz *2.dwjeen your feet and the floor if you are not to slide?   

  What is the maximum acceleration a car can undergo if the coeffia9n ve -y,y+7 cp ifcl p4pfq(x36fo5edvmt*6cient of static friction between the tires 4q+c mv5ilpyp 6o9dptyf(-6 * 7 exf3fen avc,and the ground is 0.80?   

  The coefficient of static friction between hard rubbd mfk*ak7 avx58j(7bne0-s xver and normal street pavement is about 0.8. On how steep a hill (ma70njba58 xdvakmefk 7*-s( xvximum angle) can you leave a car parked?   $^{/circ}$

  A 15.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ box is released on a 32$^{\circ}$ incline and accelerates down the incline at 0.30 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . Find the friction force impeding its motion.    What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?   

  A car can decelerate at ut7g1 (w kyh rrjda-7* -4.80 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ without skidding when coming to rest on a level road. What would its deceleration be if the road were inclined at 13$^{\circ} $ uphill? Assume the same static friction coefficient.   

(a) A box sits at rest on a r ce5y/ihr+m *3gbezw1d5p9soough 30$^{\circ}$ inclined plane. Draw the free-body diagram, showing all the forces acting on the box.
(b) How would the diagram change if the box were sliding down the plane?
(c) How would it change if the box were sliding up the plane after an initial shove?

  Drag-race tires in contact with an asphalt z3)5 1pswgyqqsurface have a very high coefficient 3y 51wqz gp)sqof static friction.

Assuming a constant acceleration and no slipping of tires, estimate the coefficient of static friction needed for a drag racer to cover 1.0 km in 12 s , starting from rest.   

  The coefficient of kinetic friction gbs 0 k8ve-,,o nx,khofor a $ 22-\mathrm{kg}$ bobsled on a track is 0.10 . What force is required to push it down a $6.0^{\circ}$ incline and achieve a speed of 60 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ at the end of 75 m ?   

  For the system of Fig. 4vij4p; gx/+ te *dy+;y 89rjgctu y9ef-32 (Example 4-20) how large a mass would box A have to have to precd*jx 99eprty/ f+;8tu+4iy;g vygejvent any motion from occurring? Assume $\mu_{\mathrm{s}}=0.30$ .   

  A box is given a push so that it slides across the floor. How far will it go, q re.e brbp(y/mghx 2u3r5p5vq/uz)6given that the coefficient of kinetic friction is 3ueq5ru b/r2xp(pyrbzm.56) gq/hev 0.20 and the push imparts an initial speed of 4.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ ?   

  Two crates, of mass 75 kg and 110 kg j)fp: x1 ifs:yjvrxg/ 6*0d yt, are in contact and at rest on a horizontal surface (Fig. 4-54). A : ify) g*fjrvpt160xx :/syjd 620$-\mathrm{N}$ force is exerted on the 75$-\mathrm{kg}$ crate. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15 , calculate
(a) the acceleration of the system,   
(b) the force that each crate exerts on the other.   
(c) Repeat with the crates reversed.   

  A flatbed truck is carrying a f.emplz5)n+ x heavy crate. The coefficient of static friction between the crate and the bed of the truck is 0.75. What is the maximum rate at which thxflpm.z+e5) ne driver can decelerate and still avoid having the crate slide against the cab of the truck?   

On an icy day, you worry about parking your car in your driveway, which has an 4na:wh2lu *n w)ccl+ wincliw) llhc :24nu+w ancw*ne of 12$^{\circ}$ . Your neighbor's driveway has an incline of 9.0$^{\circ}$ , and the driveway across the street is at 6.0$^{\circ}$ . The coefficient of static friction between tire rubber and ice is 0.15 . Which driveway(s) will be safe to park in?

  A child slides down a slide with a f2z*gnzkt4t1aty )t3 28$^{\circ}$ incline, and at the bottom her speed is precisely half what it would have been if the slide had been frictionless. Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between the slide and the child.   

  The carton shown in Fig. 4-55 lies on a plane tilt ,uito(n9kz grve1efjp/jm t uv3i p4/-/.u8aed at an angle $\theta=22.0^{\circ}$ to the horizontal, with $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}=0.12$ . (a) Determine the acceleration of the carton as it slides down the plane.   
(b) If the carton starts from rest 9.30 m up the plane from its base, what will be the carton's speed when it reaches the bottom of the incline?   

  A carton is given an initial speed of 3.0 ,fa e/ jcgr6e3$\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ up the 22.0$^{\circ}$ plane shown in Fig. 4-55.
(a) How far up the plane will it go?   
(b) How much time elapses before it returns to its starting point? Ignore friction.   

  A roller coaster reaches the top of the steepest hill with a speed of j.lh60 .m 2lxueudsi, 6.0$ \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ . It then descends the hill, which is at an average angle of 45$^{\circ}$ and is 45.0 m long. What will its speed be when it reaches the bottom? Assume $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}$=0.18    km/h

  An 18.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ box is released on a 37.0$^{\circ}$ incline and accelerates down the incline at 0.270 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . Find the friction force impeding its motion.    How large is the coefficient of kinetic friction?   

  A small box is held in place against a roug0w v y;qk9ypb8h wall by someone pushing on it with a force directed 9p;kv08qyy wb upward at 28$^{\circ}$ above the horizontal. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the box and wall are 0.40 and 0.30 , respectively. The box slides down unless the applied force has magnitude 13
N. What is the mass of the box?   

  Piles of snow on slippery roofs can become dangerous proj7r(03+borabvcce kr9 ectiles as they melt. Consider a cr7v3arrc9k ( eb0bc o+hunk of snow at the ridge of a roof with a pitch of $ 30^{\circ}$ .
(a) What is the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction that will keep the snow from sliding down?   
(b) As the snow begins to melt, the coefficient of static friction decreases and the snow eventually slips. Assuming that the distance from the chunk to the edge of the roof is 5.0 m and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20 , calculate the speed of the snow chunk when it slides off the roof.   
(c) If the edge of the roof is 10.0 m above ground, what is the speed of the snow when it hits the ground?   

(a) Show that the minimum stoppin5y3knzbjh 6rr u 8g4o+g distance for an automobile traveling at speed v is equa y8nkrh o654z3ru gjb+l to $v^{2} / 2 \mu_{\mathrm{s}} g $, where $ \mu_{\mathrm{s}}$ is the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road, and g is the acceleration of gravity.
(b) What is this distance for a 1200$-\mathrm{kg}$ car traveling 95 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ if $\mu_{\mathrm{s}}=0.75$ ?

  A coffee cup on the dashboard of a car slide e9f1xcq nj-59nikm8txa it;zmm5:d)s forward on the dash when the driver decelerak :mt9)ftnxx5q9ii15jc ;mde z8mn- ates from 45 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ to rest in 3.5 s or less, but not if he decelerates in a longer time. What is the coefficient of static friction between the cup and the dash?   

A small block of mass m :fasp931vdysm tho -1is given an initial speed $ v_{0} $ up a ramp inclined at angle $\theta $ to the horizontal. It travels a distance d up the ramp and comes to rest. Determine a formula for the coefficient of kinetic friction between block and ramp.

  The $75-\mathrm{kg}$ climber in Fig. 4-56 is supported in the "chimney" by the friction forces exerted on his shoes and back. The static coefficients of friction between his shoes and the wall, and between his back and the wall, are 0.80 and 0.60 , respectively. What is the minimum normal force he must exert? Assume the walls are vertical and that friction forces are both at a maximum. Ignore his grip on the rope.   

  Boxes are moved on a conveyor belt from where they are filled to the packing -,2 ,3zjoytl 3h6y6 aghmzlfch+uvy5station 11.0 m away. The belt is initiafl6v ,hz- h3thcoyj a m2365guy lz,+ylly stationary and must finish with zero speed. The most rapid transit is accomplished if the belt accelerates for half the distance, then decelerates for the final half of the trip. If the coefficient of static friction between a box and the belt is 0.60, what is the minimum transit time for each box?   

A block (mass $m_{1}$ ) lying on a frictionless inclined plane is connected to a mass $ m_{2}$ by a massless cord passing over a pulley, as shown in Fig. 4-57. (a) Determine a formula for the acceleration of the system of the two blocks in terms of $ m_{1}$,$ m_{2}$,$ \theta $ and g . (b) What conditions apply to masses $m_{1}$ and $m_{2}$ for the acceleration to be in one direction (say, $m_{1}$ down the plane), or in the opposite direction?

  Suppose the coefficient of kineticq vb5.q4b hbi7 friction between $m_{1}$ and the plane in Fig. 4-57 is $ \mu_{\mathrm{k}}=0.15$ , and that $m_{1}=m_{2}=2.7 \mathrm{~kg}$ . As $m_{2}$ moves down, determine the magnitude of the acceleration of $ m_{1}$ and $m_{2}$ , given $\theta=25$ ?   
(b) What smallest value of $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}$ will keep this system from accelerating?   

  A bicyclist of mass 65 kg (including the bicycle) can coast down a* y668zrel ;qauml7ho 6.0$^{\circ} $ hill at a steady speed of 6.0 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ because of air resistance. How much force must be applied to climb the hill at the same speed and same air resistance?   

  According to a simplified model of a mammalian heart, at each pulse cuti-j6u ;pu x5 1rae/approximately 20 g of c- reu5u xp/ 1iatj6;ublood is accelerated from 0.25 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ to 0.35 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ during a period of 0.10 s . What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the heart muscle?   

  A person has a reasonable chance of survivijo0j le 2dulzlm:g(.;y ++v- t9le vrdz o*hr)ng an automobile crash if the deceleratiole t ;lo0l +(vj vzludy-rh2* :r9g)z+dmejo. n is no more than 30 " g 's." Calculate the force on a 70$-\mathrm{kg}$ person undergoing this acceleration. What distance is traveled if the person is brought to rest at this rate from 100 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ ?   

If the horizontal acceleration produced by an earthquake is a , samtf p(2, qh:2):b uujcmlq)and if an object is going to "hold its place" on the ground, show that the coefficient of static friction with the bj)u:acs,m(tpl :)q2mhq2f u ground must be at least $\mu_{\mathrm{s}}=a / g$ . (b) The famous Loma Prieta earthquake that stopped the 1989 World Series produced ground accelerations of up to 4.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ in the San Francisco Bay Area. Would a chair have started to slide on a linoleum floor with coefficient of static friction 0.25 ?

  An 1150$-\mathrm{kg} $ car pulls a $450-\mathrm{kg} $ trailer. The car exerts a horizontal force of 3.8$ \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~N}$ against the ground in order to accelerate. What force does the car exert on the trailer? Assume an effective friction coefficient of 0.15 for the trailer.   

  Police investigators, examining the scene of an accident involvimc-36stflw cjp8 iu0 +ng two cars, measure 72-m-long skid marks of one of the cars, which nearly came to a stop before collidi-+fs0tc 3w i pm8u6ljcng. The coefficient of kinetic friction between rubber and the pavement is about 0.80. Estimate the initial speed of that car assuming a level road.   

  A car starts rolling down a 1-in-4 hill (1-in-4 means that for each 4 v7759oy5oneror3xt/ b ztnne3 e58gcm traveled along the road, the elevation change is 1 m). How fast is it going wcor 3oy t5 xe3bne8 5t5/nz noegv977rhen it reaches the bottom after traveling 55 m? (a) Ignore friction.   
(b) Assume an effective coefficient of friction equal to 0.10.   

  A 2.0-kg purse is dropped from the top of the Leaning Tower of Pi3a mus(*d h3uusa and falls 55 m before reaching the ground s dam3*( uhuu3with a speed of What was the average force of air resistance?   

  A cyclist is coasting at a steady speed of 12m/s but enters a muddy stretch wheh2,3hzw)6v 5u vzw pjyre the effective coefficient of friction is 0.60. Will the cyclist emerge from the muddy stretch without having to pedal if the mud lasts for 11 m? If so, what will be the speed upon emergingu3 z, w6hhvv)yp jw2z5?   

  A city planner is working on the redesign of a hilly.yz *f(v73+t nz gik8ozzbd(e portion of a city. An important consideration is how steep the roads can be so that even low-powered cars can get up the hills without slowing down. 7(n.bo z i+8fz3z*gzdvky te(A particular small car, with a mass of 1100 kg , can accelerate on a level road from rest to 21$ \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}(75 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h})$ in 14.0 s . Using these data, calculate the maximum steepness of a hill.    $^{\circ}$

  Francesca, who likes physics experiments, danglq5v6y 7r s+v2jzt5tcp es her watch from a thin piece of string while the jetliner she is in takes off from JFK Airport (Fig. 4-58). She5v+j6qtp7crv5sy z2t notices that the string makes an angle of 25$^{\circ}$ with respect to the vertical as the aircraft accelerates for takeoff, which takes about 18 s . Estimate the takeoff speed of the aircraft.   

  A 28.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ block is connected to an empty 1.35$-\mathrm{kg}$ bucket by a cord running over a frictionless pulley
(Fig. 4-59). The coefficient of static friction between the table and the block is 0.450 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the table and the block is 0.320 . Sand is gradually added to the bucket until the system just begins to move. (a) Calculate the mass of sand added to the bucket.   
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the system.   

  In the design of a supermarket, there are to be several ramq ) wk: igp;e09pjycv8ps connecting different parts of th9 yk;g:8)jc0 vp qiepwe store.
Customers will have to push grocery carts up the ramps and it is obviously desirable that this not be too difficult. The engineer has done a survey and found that almost no one complains if the force directed up the ramp is no more than 20 N . Ignoring friction, at what maximum angle $\theta$ should the ramps be built, assuming a full $30-\mathrm{kg}$ grocery cart?    $^{\circ} $

(a) What minimum force7w*tmm gis1cv)b( 74pgxl wb; F is needed to lift the piano (mass M ) using the pulley apparatub*x g71cmi7lbs mvw)4t (;g pws shown in

Fig. 4-60? (b) Determine the tension in each section of rope: $F_{\mathrm{T} 1}, F_{\mathrm{T} 2}, F_{\mathrm{T} 3} $, and $ F_{\mathrm{T} 4}$ ,

  A jet aircraft is accelerating2zr 91tia,wj s zc6sb* at 3.5 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ at an angle of 45$^{\circ} $ above the horizontal. What is the total force that the cockpit seat exerts on the 75$-\mathrm{kg} $ pilot?    N    $^{\circ} $

  In the design proces)*ud,uojjs v;4* vjt kbh/1 gys for a child-restraint chair, an engineer considers the followig)/t1*jhd;b4 j*kvoy vu , ujsng set of conditions:
A 12$-\mathrm{kg}$ child is riding in the chair, which is securely fastened to the seat of an automobile (Fig. 4-
61). Assume the automobile is involved in a head-on collision with another vehicle. The initial speed $v_{0}$ of the car is 45$ \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ , and this speed is reduced to zero during the collision time of 0.20 s .

Assume a constant car deceleration during the collision and estimate the net horizontal force F that the straps of the restraint chair must exert on the child in order to keep her fixed to the chair. Treat the child as a particle and state any additional assumptions made during your analysis.   

  A 7650$-\mathrm{kg}$ helicopter accelerates upward at 0.80 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ while lifting a 1250$-\mathrm{kg}$ frame at a construction site, Fig. 4-62.
(a) What is the lift force exerted by the air on the helicopter rotors?   
(b) What is the tension in the cable (ignore its mass) that connects the frame to the helicopter?   
(c) What force does the cable exert on the helicopter?   

  A new high-speed 12-car Italian ;no0u1vld ,ztj )z 3et5icu, xtrain has a mass of 660 metric tons (660,000 $\mathrm{~kg}$) . It can exert a maximum force of 400 kN horizontally against the tracks, whereas at maximum velocity ( 300 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$) , it exerts a force of about 150 kN . Calculate (a) its maximum acceleration   
(b) estimate the force of air resistance at top speed.   

  A 65$-\mathrm{kg}$ ice skater coasts with no effort for 75 m until she stops. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between her skates and the ice is $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}=0.10$ , how fast was she moving at the start of her coast?   

Two rock climbers, Bill and Karen, use safety ropes of sim6 plyiazz dd(k5g 6)(cilar length. Karen's rope is more elastic, called a dynamic rope by climbers. Bill has a static rope, not recommended for safety purposes in pro climbing. Karen falls freely about 2.0 m and then the rope stops her over a distance of 1.0 m (Fig. 463). (a) Estimate, assuming that the force is constant, how large a force she willy 5(zzapldic 6) k6(gd feel from the rope. (Express the result in multiples of her weight.) (b) In a similar fall, Bill's rope stretches by 30 cm only. How many times his weight will the rope pull on him? Which climber is more likely to be hurt?

A fisherman in a boat is usingii ew1rx t-l odwg9*,. a " 10-1 $\mathrm{~b}$ test" fishing line. This means that the line can exert a force of 45 N without breaking (1 $\mathrm{lb}=4.45 \mathrm{~N}$) . (a) How heavy a fish can the fisherman land if he pulls the fish up vertically at constant speed? (b) If he accelerates the fish upward at 2.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ , what maximum weight fish can he land? (c) Is it possible to land a 15-lb trout on 10-1b test line? Why or why not?

  An elevator in a tall building is allo*pgwmg r70 q+dcc 2nocim u;6/wed to reach a maximum speed of 3.5 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ going down. What must the tension be in the cable to stop this elevator over a distance of 2.6 m if the elevator has a mass of 1300 kg including occupants?   

  Two boxes, $m_{1}$=1.0 $\mathrm{~kg}$ with a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.10 , and $m_{2}=2.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ with a coefficient of 0.20 , are placed on a plane inclined at $ \theta=30$ ?
(a) What acceleration does each box experience? $a_1$ =    $a_2$ =   
(b) If a taut string is connected to the boxes (Fig. 4-64), with $ m_{2}$ initially farther down the slope, what is the acceleration of each box?
(c) If the initial configuration is reversed with $m_{1}$ starting lower with a taut string, what is the acceleration of each box?   

  A 75.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ person stands on a scale in an elevator. What does the scale read (in N and in kg ) when the elevator is
(a) at rest,   
(b) ascending at a constant speed of 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ ,   
(c) falling at 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ ,   
(d) accelerating upward at 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ ,   
(e) accelerating downward at 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ ?   

  Three mountain climbers who are roped together are ascending an ice fieldek( gq2y18)vao(iw ma3r tu q/ inclini3 tyru)/w(2mke o1v gaqa (8qed at 21.0$^{\circ}$ to the horizontal. The last climber slips, pulling the second climber off his feet. The first climber is able to hold them both. If each climber has a mass of 75 kg , calculate the tension in each of the two sections of rope between the three climbers. Ignore friction between the ice and the fallen climbers.