Which of the following+tyy8 sitmi0np,/ (f* a/eylr is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary e bwoyam3 ny 9t*;.ecs(ix /3oto raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual mop+c+d0u j x,2pz 6uq:8avlzfr lecules is referred to vzq+ju2p6 cf+d80,pra :xzulas

  A cup of water is scooped ulzmxa-ef/ )ezk:p(; lvp jc( 4p from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimmine lz4:pac)j z-k/pl (m x(;fveg pool.

  The internal energy of an ide g8 //ba mxbtfs))p.wqal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is halfwmrau c u7s3ec*s 5n// the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. s5*7u urnsc 3eacwm//If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with interu bnta *gih6u -gg*6x9nal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatureh)k pjyox 2c.b)) v)fms do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that wa/ul/8h.2 f qoilgv f/tter has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that 8oq //.fh2vlti/ fgulare initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum anjb*ffg5rx.pga-rzgyl *)i8;d a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system t.a gf8jrx) l r-g zb*5*gip;fyakes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state wjqe ;0yr014kg 3kunl 7n rp2.isu4g;twd nh1 is referred to asw k7 ndpn00y34uwjt;k41rlh2i;1gu.e grsqn the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to thhc v5by;z ab8g,+kv 1ue vapor state is referred tok 1,ahcvzb 5yg8v;b+ u as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a st ehumel /2+n*c pvj+q9eady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes0(7w)lgc rp/;rm* 5 sef:uwfktyds +m

  When a liquid evaporatecz5 -umbspm 18s

  When a vapor condensesm/kpx*r7so 5h huy; 0v rnz7+t

  In a cloud formation, water vusmo490xhaip w1 w60go 3jgo1apor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will causew 3 xog1 isg0 o9jo0awup6h41m the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling waterad3x2hf4h5ak*-m y li causes

  Equal masses of waterguq1rghi6 (vp/t,f 0 g at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular coll+zn1)cr *phpo isions is referred to asp+ ch1 nr)*ozp

  By what primary heat ufqcl lm 7.q7f0r1b)vtransfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placedub1f fqmv707 cll.q r) in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece )sja d.-ja )0sw.f/lt phjcr*of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference la. p-)ss ta.w)jj0dj/hr*cfin which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material 2-(zuqkex4;ff7vudq s gk.: a, the rate of heat loss for a given temp4 k7 u a:gx-k.qz2;d(ef vqufserature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K i9w +rlu(bpc6u( bhy3ts placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of thebt 6(+pb(9 wh3uru lyc composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flo.lq +fdpi/pn 5ws by the mass movement of molecules from one place to anoth/pp+ n5fl d.iqer is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pnt,; rkkbf ( ;0 lb1d:i 0smqo3;puaivot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occuran gui8,(+iyr wv.x/wu- gn u/

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is importan7,k)ks i joru.4cc v1st to humans in maintaining suitable bodjo),.kk ivr1cu 4s 7scy temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is2wh5 t;f7lk1o 6vhpp x essentialfw6kx1 pp2o7lt5vh;h ly zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same matcs/ - 0iv(apg+bbaz8 verials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what/v- acv(s80i gba +zbp would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what facto) c97fq.l jlutr does the radiating power cl lqcj .7fut9)hange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium im11)lg:teihhl oei ge 2 j*d*+s referred to as

  By what primary heat t) xjm9h.un: (-gua orkny0t*u ransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to 4 wzphtj.x -v *us1 g;s5k c8dl*8wccehow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to howf0 p*dcge0 ;hpspxx7khw(m)- much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise s pbw,po0 ujt,i nia+9ty/*fn.w: mt+the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of jobf9u*.s 4fyuoe7d(tq8i-dnh/ 9jf water, what is the resulting temperature79bj t iou9f/o -*d.nuqy48(d sj fhfe change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origi)wr y(s5 llk2g8ox9tznally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kq-er 6ztbw)e * ubv;8f1 hu2fu-hm 4wlg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat upgg;r3lo*vfwp 5e q- j( her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of cdmo4pztgl4+ 5ya .w; iopper. How much heat is added to zp;t .4 i5g4wmyload+the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of jszx b.,+ban-metal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, biav z1yy47s4initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at qppw xy9gy)pa c mw:p7cv.-5.$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make wsojj :3a9 5g yrwwaikh-/58fu5-uj lup a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initialw ijj:ahs9o/3fr u--5wyla wu 558jkg temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationsho ; fysl9u,pz/+ hq3xmips between various forms of energy,x p9m+;hq / ouzfsl3y by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls dropss)rs88lce a vq 74yc8j 6q; 3jcoqpnp1 a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature d qrq8l aceo vyjc388cn7);1sp 46pjs qoes the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no hea5tst)/t m4r qjou1q. rt loss, how long would it take t .5rq/ umtr tsqt)oj14o heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. Howe) 26/ghat cqp long will it take to heat 20 kg of wata6 2)ht/epg qcer from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (m93w)dbz n-(+ae*idi gitrcb f 58 zk- xu)5idmass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specificbe wo8(rs:(/a(ah tf x heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquidn,m,c/p0mmve5 *xh nl?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. Howdu r6s7a53x,g ;apew, uuv8 ybaj pk4ifn7v;. much heat is required to melt 20a a7 nbxsiu63up.,w7;;ekd ,jvpg8f5vu 4yra0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy 4q6negf/o,v e is needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed frov )6 ujtc,vi)ym 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice cyr yuigqf47wzif(j, 1m 2d60 is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at+tn .+e,qktt x $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water anfl 9bqgb r41maeyrep7:,.g 5t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of watex0 fep. v; o5nj8mf5bkr at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chaq*5qc04 ql4cf05 ibiu7x hoca( td uw/nge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g : vri)+tpkv)aeig -jtps t;91 of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by h-t*p/ c p1o 9ofjpktoc9:nq3adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the he,wipmmi4b)0 v at of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, , i)bmw4piv 0mand its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of con26 k02ml z,onaoqs/vmcrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity oft ov2*m2:+.j..i4tvj4qtlra bsisbb g4p1kt aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths a1 t toai4v p lqi42tmk+2 jss.g.brvb*:.4tjbnd radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has diz5g)e+y)t t+d7 : hap02y xwj dbeti3emensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempera )at3dxee++ gyb2djt5: w70)h ztpiyeture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3py/x k,e;w mn..0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempe,y.ex/ ;k pmwnrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m secti()na )9uo ibv2p 5nfrlon of concrete ui))9pnoa rf b2 (5vln($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal0 e4a3afhx /ds of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal oj-n d(:bg.ekf arj (onx5c,t+z91jl hf heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, thb2-/g.cb , i 7lpe3rycz yp)bp6fn8oae temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holy83cigplzo,r.p7ac n b f)be /p2yb- 6e of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human b ymgv,56 cq9,8a3i9sw vsskrsody radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collec89v)mrcss8ms tion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.