Which of the following is the 4 sbfnc/-,y zzsmallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempeuw)5*pasp( e i:m5(wrt(.ooc s byj cw-f;9aerature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred ob4np8- x y+k1bm,mqftoq1kf-bno 8,+xpymm 4b as

  A cup of water is scooped up frw a wngn 5y,m6c04i*bvom a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the wat,w yvw6ag* 04icnbm 5ner, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependszkgtbe) ed63miq6s- 8a6 *lds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the inr+vi6q j j1z8fitial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final interna8if1 + zr6vjqjl energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internuuqqxcgs+ e(1n d.37w 9t; tibal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vafwux*9kfm r(kmn* +0 gry drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific hed o (bj siu*np 1q2*isj91hw-.xp c;cpat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is add cxpjpojpiqn(cdsi ;.- 2 suwh*b191 *ed to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot pikuv r(z0 vbzz;o:wt*7d8 c/w tece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The spttvz; cw odz r8uz(/k7vw*b: 0ecific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a s.wq4)n*w q fg0(q mzrxubstance from the solid to the liquid state is referred x0(w4g qm)zq. frwn*q to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from th z;j+ wh 2tgistef-/x6g) g1p7jjm (0svmaok)e liquid to the vapor state is refe-g0x js/jw+)vge;gkz p6m iatomj2hf(7st1 )rred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rarsrg16( - 4fm2)pk7ae7 tnpbym/mzffte,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesp, mcb qr+* s-kev/*gkt9wj 3d

  When a liquid evaporateo5+ g1plz9j ugs

  When a vapor condens ysfuh1ew0-: hes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses im5pep2 /. -yzacdi 6iynto water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clayc2i.p/e 6 -5 piymdzouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilin)zg3l1,t( jm w4alnrvg water causes

  Equal masses of water atc8n38gch4es n $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows zk,032vd b1l cmj7 ip7uthm )aby means of molecular collisions is referred to akh p70dcmu v1mbz3)il jt, 2a7s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does o4ofh) fntzi ,4-q+rkj mf,)pvze ))k fne end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a fla,jk)ro,-fnq+zf fm 4ikz )ftvep ) h4)me?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much co; sjyhr1ul b3(fl,d(klder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the fol l3(lk(b1;hr, jud fyslowing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from +awzwphba3*+smhz 1a -rm*d 6i3 /zrk a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss f3h1b z zs am+rh*6rw* zmw3adak-p/+i or a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer -3cb *oo)skar of another material of thermal conductivitso )br a-c*3koy 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by ts; q9kims(tz0g/bapy*pf6 qu.t -w5m he mass movement of molecules from one place to another .g ubt;zs-pfm6qiayt /qmwk5s0 p*( 9 is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a vgg/ ojkc.o1 ,stove?

  Convection can occurovw 7r/o 8q x8q;.hvln

  Which of the following best explains why sweatixy mj0yz 14e tzp:a ;p8m17qmwng is important to humans in maintaining suitable body;ea1pmw :p0t48qy1 mxjyz 7mz temperature?

  A spaceship is driftingwsm 9 udjv93y)r-i 3ctf3s iu*vexz8; in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection uie;x3*j3)38 ziswmuc yfv9v -r dst9currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from qd e9p t)b,95j g,vr4jwf b:xethe same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic cop,xjv jgdbfw )tr, b594 eeq:9nditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, b6hl54k+ppi mw y what factor does the radiating pomw 5ip+lh6pk 4wer change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the abs;w9 ww.* qfvcy*k jr0mence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm th -i/x nvm; yt6j/w+ fqxkeh4z.e Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mudssp/)e /gaymzf6ye 10 8c m;:nexco3ch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wjoyh(p dni/h2iabn w ,m+h)19 ork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of .s*. urmrq ./e9d1tjqu xq)ub100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperwxsan91q j)r, ature x)jnw9sa r,q1 change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is ortw*m.yycm1t .iginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2+g/chn2t xxsqu/tw0 ..0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water atvwip n7rw6q ,4 $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kebb0d ,6. etlj5t+v m )3poigtg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperateobti )l,365mp.gb ve tj+ 0dture increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated -ax 5:xu8glqn+: us wpto $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of c*tno-wmx) 89ms (3* lfubhhx ropper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material dv cs0q6b1e2a g xp66wat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from itqoh i)j15yms.w g(o 7ws surrounding7wjg )(1oom5q h.isy ws. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to7tqhq)jzxlv0jj5/ sz yv,ab25 a9 pz2ld7;io explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of t2p52q7s;0vj7dzah)9i,lt ox jqzb lzv/y5j aemperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance vrr/xfdig): + of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy,+dxf/r :i)r vg by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long woul - ::bxah 1hjxy2qwd7rck;tu1d it take to he7:x 1:qu;rb tk-hywca2hdj1xat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat w6om5arun rbz tv79*f i dk,*0vater. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water from kfam nzou69*, v7rt 0i5r bd*v$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,2kuju,;9n v-,tzh7 vtk b) kva 7i.tat $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (:lqq 6gct8oxswc: h ,+specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed fo.1n*w90xk jomjjjkx vi h5 4)40;5hzov o wujrom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How dw9ltr s;rdc3)jjc,2 much heat is required to melt 200d2j3)dr ;j l r9cst,cw g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 gk7(vjjd : x8uy:zd* nkg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g o*i 45l-jy+ph j z,iuvaf $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When6+w m p3brvo(4zbzpudd l++m--2e u ab 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially ar.kl0p+s w k:stlz f 2tt*std1sx )t84t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at +n 3firm*c* wtdw:8zkl6k;n pkl31o v$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to changesc6qx4n r6d6i 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change vs wby *nrz4okx(72518sx drnf8 8qlvone gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to /md gz:y;g/,cmng v0om,g6s mchange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tfn h 0/9sfvye0 -8 n6:rcrjuotea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5pa-z7ghb 8 jx).9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and ia b7 g8jz-hxp)ts melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is8ee v 2jr 2gxm*5atx)t $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. T*-c9of, b w a1)ob:j;f acojle+uy.xqwo rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together e ef*x wb-cbj q ,o.oy) jacufa9l:;o+1nd to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. pj1 uwocx09*ipxle s1q;-rb-:x*jwt If the outside temperatu 1*qx u;spx-e:*1b0r-ijjwx9lwt cp ore is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 0c t l6 *4 ;i3oavoiecwyz84qxm by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is le 4483ocoi *tvq6xz;c0iayw$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow ins x6-/vcr ysmqr1g5 iau tk879 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (xqss-c 86kytu7 mirva9 51 r/g$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,00c*/t pnf+i ,rutgr(/0(wohw l,br) bcr-uc q-0,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperatur. *r1 yrd6oecue if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by62ybyqu4 7wkdgz-f 3hs a6g2m measuring the radiant power emitted through a sma27u3 4ymgqwfzb6gy6- hk2a dsll hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is niql ,1n6vi )fe,u9miat $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a sola 0fqyladzna 0g 27h*c4r collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.