Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat enehh;k(yl8nnk*k pmf q+t v 29-frgy?

  The amount of heat ne awnh;ct2:p3ocessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the ave i3*xgdcq29ym+ib o6qo2bms wdg13u/ rage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to 9 id2qis/xm3 y*ugg+d6m1bc wq3bo 2oas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool on4e l((k ksa)if water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, innl4ike( )ka(s both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal ga:i k3fsuvg 9/k;rap5xs depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is fir:+ vk/r4fi9 zf4aowm (zc b.vqst compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constanzmkw zr4. a9v c/vb+i4 :of(qft. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U gt1n*w*o2*8of-p ohpm ph:f d at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not varyo zz u+4qedbh,tka ,)( drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iroj. u76hqe.g; wu4mmh2n4 xhxyn. Now, consider equal masses of waqnx; e ux4hhg 7 4y.m.hm2uw6jter and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and av3 m+wi/9xi h(skt-+5cpwja u cold piece of copper; the aluminum and t w ikh(iw3 5sc t+-jm9vu/ax+phe copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid tovl5z-abf3i. .rj.kmn the liquid state is rei.5-an br.j 3. kfmvzlferred to as the

  The heat required to chj/x. srsh qx16ange a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred1sx.x hqsjr6/ to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady 0yg sx7rclk- ndp3zb 24 ud :ty6;+nicrate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesco,h l;csadpw:u 44v -fyi03u

  When a liquid evaporm)h*ilajzp qe72c7 : fpb -mysn1 0gv4ates

  When a vapor condenseikzg-o8e wt 55s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biggcbbu1m/acw( (iu3 8yger and bigu/ua 3wi1 m cgyc(b(8bger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling wate3;e o .rb9xlsgr causes

  Equal masses of watert2qj* dw (7kfu at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by m3r mu( / kf+go8;mqjlfeans of molecular collisions is referred to asgjmr l oq(f3k; 8ufm/+

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end odws;vv76ba*9e 9 i msyf an iron bar become hot when the other end;s s v*9dva embw7y69i is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than9ki6 8xsgrd 8w a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical88ixrwsg k9d6 property?

  If you double the thickness of a whyy: r2hc2uf*+ ch+r :hrt k9kall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness w h:hf*k2 ucc2rr ty+:9+y hhrkill

  A layer of insulating material with thermu-2 jf.qta) iral conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. Whr f2)iuqjt.-aat is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat fl v 9gq27pcj-proqary6dd67u9 frh w yk.l:b :.ows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another ihwc6q9d7ypk g:vf. 7-po.:r6 r9abdqyj 2rl u s referred to as

  By what primary heat transfz2gks2jb rp1rdr9 , w2er mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occuraj8oky0m,ct .

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in 92wjp9k 0x gnvb y.gy7maintaining suitable body tw9 jyb.p2 ng k7vgxy09emperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravyre*x8i 9cf1h va k0*jvf 2lz-ity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this he-civjk8fhe1v f2l*90ay x *rzating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from then+-.f 2 troxue same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the otherr-ft+2nuox .e . Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator bpae z6sawn6lip46 7-:xhqe5 is doubled, by what factor does the radiatiq6wa 74aees 6h6p-5 lpbi:nxzng power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of zs dpr,cp:5 /cnljj5-d o- qp8any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does thb+nw; 9j/;ow4pa.gbp5z xihp e Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equiva6.0g +/hvwec u2ers nylent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how b7-h/ y hyn 58t2ddclm6v3m gcmuch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 1002rfjz gouy5e zq,f / t)+19ivt g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is addedhw/nf 7 /hkf-ey*c.cd to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature c-fc7/. nd/fh*ky hcew hange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is o wmuuuu0 v)7swomo21rzf7/l( 4av i9triginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by 2ad m3ltf tymgp4,+x6 $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by ,1lyvei/1)5ki l 3f , a2yvjuraqv2yzadding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10.e o) (e8 fsci7c82 8kkpq:tvnnz m.bd kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperaoq 8.)8cntm pikck7f:(v z eden.2b8s ture increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is 9 5kvkrf*tscr,zna-ak+:lfprg 4 tibj ):k:2heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, iym5; oqw -nsn2nitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at ,ymvvsa *m1oz irx0v3ucd-dxxh (tw- x.2 80 i$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system thatue2szvs b) 81uz 3a e(3 skx9xmaib:g7 is thermally isolated from its surroundings. b73s1z8x(:us gia9zuva 3se e2)mxbk One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the reho5)s+sukm6pnj84k8;a xsb h8 m+ jyhlationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with h8)mhku+sbojpk m6;+ sh8n8as5j4x y a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. m+ga to lko:6b,bt9k p0o/r4y Assuming that all thea,p+tb o4kkrygtbo0 m:o/96l gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat lo ( hvtlt5k7b tqzu ka-6ckhye**qb;3: ss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank frl7qk b;hvkyt6btc 3ht( u qk5-a*z*e:om $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long willqh*d 9 gvz3j8w j5au*v it take to heat 20 kg of w9 3v*8hv*gujq jd5 zwaater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass y7,)4 5gknts+vz+nvlx o5r3 u,s bi jf1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = j ojt . n:+5nbdgg*qt.v;k:gh$0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to changwbo(k) pv x;f/e3o+r5j /-v) q 4oyrtqsos rl+e it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. Hu9rmq (6erey8 ow much heat is required to melt 20yer9re u8(6 mq0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg q.ny h31)o;u7h ) dkjq*fxao 8 xq( ctjbg)c;cof ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be rem ( /umuavmbk9-oved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of *v : lv4evz6m4 /*czq)/ asfril9opnm ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initialjpsv 9n8jvz . y k4t93z;:fiawly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aww v:n /.lulit/ -b/q3k 5ntyet $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy,v; * f0fbtiep is needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change oqf,4dh cpckg i;sn1:3ne gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requirehhyy/1ys 7g8 fd to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding2 z5feez/f 5s:6mooo l ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of 0 gln7 de8u2ksz i9-b6tm/zxt lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point inkzzi 0t g/782l9-t6smdbuxes $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concr2 eeb2+o+ktfr ete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of alu:y f*2bbns ha 6i0vw-iminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end bwbi y-nfh 2i60s:*avof the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has diq4ld7r f/u2,2eoga kxmensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temroe,gl2k7f/xqu2 a 4d perature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick haslfie (m2wi)5*n:xaxs dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tl(*2m w ei:nia5 fx)sxemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2ufr))+qga /f k.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ( gqf f)/uk+)ar$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat througiko(.-zpb.k ;sz4x z sh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal:a v (1v3.d: qv8ntpf e b;ka(kdadzp8 of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the t0jt v6md .b fq; 9:wezgk1m)jtemperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power gtq zj9wvje6k.tfm1;db)0m : emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is09golgza,q wetv-ww5 2. (fba at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collq1i1z/ 3hbbvs)kvript .9fx- ection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.