Which of the following isw38i:lq-* pdewjr v 9f1 bu1t+-euxso the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise(wgh4p g;-v d8sdk)8gipi gt4 the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules ipvxq) 8mcd ,z4s referred to)x q8,z4cdmv p as

  A cup of water is scoo4bdmk/iob6 kjw)2fy7ped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool. mkfy2b/ 7)kwd4o bj6i

  The internal energy of an idea;asc f:xe3n pjy,c0 hr:2ea0vl gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half thtt1r0. 3z3crdyn/s1 p+jn xgke initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while h1j s3xp/. rr ztk0gdyc+nt1n3olding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inter5ed vjjt/1 j+ 6xvrzw*nal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically isa: vs kx;t.n 4*n)tukt that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than irybqp35 bhz2o0hjo,/:yqm 7i l on. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to 52 y oy7 mqlj3/ bh:0,boihpzqeach. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminucyugga 3g-j-)n 9qy8cm and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the sycuy8-c )ja9q3-g nggystem takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from theri / 5q3*ugu x(/8ikeko2 foer solid to the liquid state is referred to as therkiue3*( keqriug /8/ 2ox 5fo

  The heat required to change a substance from the lillv lw 0fqo*y(:i;+igquid to the vapor state is referred to;v (l*0w+iil g olyfq: as the

  If heat is added to a p9kwu ov,jp lv;yy *z2afe/+ dyi+6e,wure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezen1x4l2 td1y9qp5 lxyb9cpktu .n/9uns

  When a liquid evaporat hqc c3njsre-uu :p)29es

  When a vapor condenspr ; l(v.bt )*01:aolj duqagbes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets,dw0u6jgb (xv/ .fd nn which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the tu,b dn. d(wfgj0v 6n/xemperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame und0 ansr,j35 kntx,gvik9 nlv5d je3+/mer a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water z0 8: ids b0cbdf.evn ,ijiy83at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is re8oe+ ywrbm87n vwy9 jhj7v*k4ferred to as 7mjvbk rv7yn8jw+w8ye* 94oh

  By what primary heat transfer mechanbwec.21tyx0lm2mr , xism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the my ,xmwbrtc .2x01 l2eother end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to t ewu6-dev aiqvfp20 w6+z ra+.he touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical propertyw606wfv aur+ ad2 .eqzp-ve +i?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous m z*;niq-fnc ,qaterial, the rate of heat loss for a given temperaqc inq;*-nz,f ture difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal con28yzc(a lybo9h 8 wf-pductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2fw-olp2hy88cz9ba y( K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place ggf bna;39itj1,t r ;rto annit; j ar;tb 93fr,g1gother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a 4. rzzb iv3x1vpot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur ksq5:y 0d2d 2qylhdztum,;i 8

  Which of the following best explains why sweatinn-pdq);w )qg-tl8xai g is important to humans in maintaiglx --tna; pw)8d q)qining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment whera7gikpn ,9+0m ub l) es/;wppciafq: ;e the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heate ) wpn+mia:;a up/q;lpeg sk bf7,c09id by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring re y64u7 txyw)vwctangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compa4 wytxuv) 7y6wred to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor1k ,7u+aewdod does the radiating wde+a, dk 7uo1power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the anvd-kbmnu2:9qn- nsb 8r*ymf/t/2xe p3hto5bsence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat vgg1xv0f7h9 wyp v:fr( i,4 js*ffd1atransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how muoi05cbv:e* i pnhzn mtd3.e61ch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much /)pvl6z s/fxvh5rm9w work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 1.h-(omwd e2fe vof:r700 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg ofvcix)9/hw6p d:e 4vj 5 +xe fyg:kkqp6 water, what is the resulting temperature chan6 pk) wy+exphgde:xc6 k9fi 54/v:qjvge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originaf1ebnzv:uebk3 l( dj.;.l6j slly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperaturr:lh9;f m*jvde of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her b(q30 fxzh srg y(iq3h2ath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.s6 m /qkmvs-r:10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temps/vr6qk- mm s:erature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heate rx hkp w (fe5fzlf(x l.14bj:eiu(/)md to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at dy( 7vrskdl()$95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at :j,tnciber bkiu-m(1- yzt 5. $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that mpocg vo;(sj(p 8o /f-is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature of pv msop g(-;8co(ofj /$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore vylbraz6 n7/v )g:lec ) mnd)8the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a )zl:dr6n7mn)) 8g/vclba yevwaterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Nia(szq7/gyn, bdi8e;pf mdh7:a8kedp 8n :9dragara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to byad( eq dfknp7p:,mnzh 97/g:8d8 ;asre8di thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long8/xn,esd 5t er would it exs,5tne d/ r8take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is use7dx dp71h+ ukvdqua *+d to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wauhdpv7a+1d u7+x qd* kter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10(l37 dnq +arcmtn85 xs00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specifipg3j;q -gu)b ec heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it : iig(cg:*bcj to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kq557 tun1oporq-k : yxcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 n55p y :7ou-k1qxqortg of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 9i o67xlwou6-m2pcgw kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be 7ib,ubl/h fkxz(mtia7 eu1:; removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of icknq6 9zap8 zj/e at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initil 0pm9-sktcx:( :ss)wtn suu(ally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a 3v5kaq:ge9(cm t ;zgzt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change ( ,lkh,hylvx/e4u *tv e/.uscbea; 4t 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required t:ze 6t,qlpy) 1c,xqkzo change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g oig zjmt;4ez,2 f $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea bykiu)(lnr1 j;a j k,(ai+v(uzx adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is,w xes(8tj5m u 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poinw m8xjus,et5( t is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of j pryjia5p1/ a2 5yp6p qqxm67concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rtk(pa8 6ylh9u3a tlc ;c *co7jods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equalc6lhk*8c73ajpua y9lt ;tc ( o lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If th zxg.i1v6j g-c(s xv5e8u 2dmne outside temperature is. -( 6jimn sd15ce28gvuz xxvg $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cvb k 1v:-z j2k((eeyar/f.-)i a sndzfm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temper irve 2s ne:/v .(ba-)-fkzyazj(kfd1ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.1:(2woq m3( 6dk;cthfd;f ly6vfc cky0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete 1(;kwc;ht(fc3 yd c fv k2mo fq:d6ly6($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat t3 o, aqbtko0;ghrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperaturlter ji2 7)oa.xk-mjnp( t8 4le if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used ff6ctzde5j4eyd )9 j 9mor refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a smallct d6) ez4j 95jme9dfy hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body hlm5 24qf2) tdxf,eijez j85q radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a sob (t(h*i5f u pwgfrl.4vd0zn1 lar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.