Why does a child in a wagon seem to fall backward w .fqi5krse ftj( l:ov4*z;rp: hen you give the wagon a sharp pull for :* iv rfzjt oqlsf;(r.ke:4p5ward?

A box rests on the (frictionless) bed of a truck. The truckkql6dt u1-n,6ighbqf( c; 7.0 uw crcm driver starts the truck and accelerates forward. The box immediately starts to .b mt; k6, quw-1dccg0ru67 hcil qnf(slide toward the rear of the truck bed. Discuss the motion of the box, in terms of Newton’s laws, as seen (a) by Mary standing on the ground beside the truck and (b) by Chris who is riding on the truck

If the acceleration of an object is zero, a1 lay3)ke7wg;w6p uuj re no forces acting on it? Explain.

Only one force acts on an4u bjtz* nj+ 47)uzijnbax38a object. Can the object have zero acceleration? Can it have zero velocity)3j uazt8xbz+a4 unb4j in7*j? Explain.

When a golf ball is dropped to the pave)gcmqr;m.j.o yix/6 dtp vg )/ment, it bounces back up. (a) Is a force needed to make it bounce back up? (b) If so, what exerts the gt; .rdc/)o xjy6pg/)qm i.mvforce?

If you walk along a ;cp;j50my6k4b rhzl*o .dzpr log floating on a lake, why does the log move in the opposite ;zj.05m h opkr*46;yczprdbl direction?

Why might your foot hurt if you kick a heavlkb 8zt k)aj+ (*yxc1e;nw0tdn tyx0;y desk or a wall?

  When you are running and want to stop quickly, you must decelerate l pf);ngigv)pb/l6 n2quickly. (a) What is the origin of the force that causes you to stop? (b) Estimate (using your own experience) the maximum rate of deceleration of a person 6i f2b/)lpn l gp)g;vnrunning at top speed to come to rest.    m/s$^2$

A stone hangs by a fine thread from the ceiling, and a section of the samny6wv30v2c rcrk w70xe u2lu; e thread dangles from the bottom of the stone (Fig. 4w70r2uu;0ev2xv cnylwk3c r6–36). If a person gives a sharp pull on the dangling thread, where is the thread likely to break: below the stone or above it? What if the person gives a slow and steady pull? Explain your answers.

The force of gravity on a 2-kg rock is twice as great aa)s.a/ri8ty);zjr- nkr q4 xis that on a 1-kg rock. Why y).aqzar tni-x;)r4rk/8 i js then doesn’t the heavier rock fall faster?

Would a spring scale carried to the Mooqr2qcr l 1p4dyz*mg p5cw , (l/tcj)f4n give accurate results if the scale had be1 p cdrt(2z 4c4j lrw/y)f*,qpgqlcm 5en calibrated (a) in pounds, or (b) in kilograms?

You pull a box with a constant force across a frictionless table using an attac s+1x;dw/a 5v(a behjqhed rope held horizontally. If you now pull the rope with the same force at an angle to the horizontal (with the box remaining flat on the table), does the acceleration of the box (a) remain the same, (aa(v5;/+ xjbqhdse 1wb) increase, or (c) decrease? Explain.

When an object falls fre0 n,ni( gvlj7gy2a /rqely under the influence of gravity there is a net force mg exerted on it by the Earth. Yet by Newton’s third law the object exerts an equal and opposite force on the Ea2vgjgy07 / q,(l arnnirth. Why doesn’t the Earth move?

Compare the effort (or force) nekzw29j2b) 0km iw2f kweded to lift a 10-kg object when you are on the Moon with the force needed to lift it on Earth. Compare the force needed to throw a 2-w2 )zb9j2kkw0k2if mw kg object horizontally with a given speed on the Moon and on Earth.

According to Newton’s third law, each teaav rk77obc n(m7 vc:*om in a tug of war (Fig. 4–37) pulls with equal for:o7kcv 7v*7nbmcrao(ce on the other team. What, then, determines which team will win?

A person exerts an upward force of 40 N to hold a bag of groceries. Desww4mv pn ehaco9op 22c8 i-8f4cribe the “reaction” force (Newton’s third law) by stating (a) its magnitude, (b) its direction, (c) on what object it is exerted, and (d) by what object it is -c4pi 42f 2wc 8opvnehw8m o9aexerted.

When you stand still on th kwegt i1zk 8mn/09zu;e ground, how large a force does the ground exert on you? Why doesn’t this force make you rise up into98kz;min1z0/ tugkwe the air?

Whiplash sometimes results frok y5piz4y3m r gf0/ kw8f--7pphxs2el m an automobile accident when the victim’s car is struck violently from the rear. Explain why the head of the vic-p8 g42f5r0zk e p7liy-kwm sxph3fy/tim seems to be thrown backward in this situation. Is it really?

A heavy crate rests onc 5x(gj+ klh)n the bed of a flatbed truck. When the truck accelerates, the crate remains where it is on the truck, so it, too, accelerates. What force caus+nxkj) cg l(5hes the crate to accelerate?

A block is given a push so that it slides up a ramp. After the block reaches /-f8pet b:v5 hgk* (uf gtgkb2its highest point, it slides bat:h gbb8k* /(5-eufp kv2gtfgck down but the magnitude of its acceleration is less on the descent than on the ascent. Why?

What would your bathroom scale ( oelj a8 u-6o1itc/fds nly;4read if you weighed yourself on an inclined plane? Assume the mechanism functions properly, even at aj4 oy; s-a lol8eni/f1t6 udc(n angle.

  What force is needed to accelerate a child on a sled at 1.25.n,lcr)v . ir6rj-k-1a lpzohm/s$^2$?   

  A net force of 265 N accelerates a bike and s/.: ; kgktkhm6:ehw3u s6 ofxrider at 2.30$ \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . What is the mass of the bike and rider together?   

  How much tension must .r mbzkzoog )v+,uw2 y5+iip4 a rope withstand if it is used to accelerate a 960$-\mathrm{kg} $ car horizontally along a frictionless surface at 1.20 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ ?   

  What is the weight of alpm:pz*spt :kct6)cnc7a -. d $76-\mathrm{kg}$ astronaut
(a) on Earth,   
(b) on the Moon $\left(g=1.7 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\right)$ ,   
(c) on Mars $\left(g=3.7 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\right)$,   
(d) in outer space traveling with constant velocity?   

  A 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box rests on a table. (a) What is the weight of the box and the normal force acting on it?   
(b) A 10.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box is placed on top of the 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box, as shown in Fig. 4-38. Determine the normal force that the table exerts on the 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box    and the normal force that the 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box exerts on the 10.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box.   

  What average force is requkmp64wds(v r,rq4a qt56*qytired to stop an 1100-kg car in 8.0 s if the car is traveling at 5 rqw44ms vk6, q*tq(ratdyp6 95km/h? -  

  What average force is needed to accelerate a 7.00-gram pellet from3f6brd3 i(r tb rest to 125m/s over a distance of 0.800 m along the barrel of a (6ri rfd 3b3btrifle?   

A fisherman yanks a fish vertically out of the water with an acceleration of qw05idee q4t6ey v*g5 2.5 qdw055q *ege4t6 yeiv $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ using very light fishing line that has a breaking strength of 22 N . The fisherman unfortunately loses the fish as the line snaps. What can you say about the mass of the fish?

  A 0.140$-\mathrm{kg}$ baseball traveling 35.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ strikes the catcher's mitt, which, in bringing the ball to rest, recoils backward 11.0 cm . What was the average force applied by the ball on the glove? -  

  How much tension musta rope withstand if it is used to accelerate a 1200-kg car vertically upward at0.8m/s$^2 ?   

  A particular race car can cover a quarter-mile track h,6*ri4mu x6uno kbk+ (402 $\mathrm{~m}$) in 6.40 s starting from a standstill. Assuming the acceleration is constant, how many " g 's" does the driver experience?    If the combined mass of the driver and race car is 485 kg , what horizontal force must the road exert on the tires?   

  A 12.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ bucket is lowered vertically by a rope in which there is 163 N of tension at a given instant.
What is the acceleration of the bucket? Is it up or down?     ----待选择----downupward 

  An elevator (mass 4850 kg ) is to be designed so that tc;9zyr j++hkhe*y;k ui. ei ;che maximum acceleration is 0.0680 g . What are the maximum and minimum forces the motor should exerte+;jk.;yiecic ;ukz *9hyrh + on the supporting cable? max =    min =   

A 75$-\mathrm{kg}$ petty thief wants to escape from a third-story jail window. Unfortunately, a makeshift rope made of sheets tied together can support a mass of only 58 kg . How might the thief use this "rope" to escape? Give a quantitative answer.

  A person stands on a bathroom scale in a u )dszuw;4:( :bnk ocsmotionless elevator. When the elevator begins to m ;b(kd snuso4::wc)uzove, the scale briefly reads only 0.75 of the person’s regular weight. Calculate the acceleration of the elevator, and find the direction of acceleration.     ----待选择----downupward 

  The cable supporting a 2125-kg elevator has a maximum strength 8 *w*p bw.5xk:kaj1 ysyqd5nxof 21,750 N. What maximum upward acceleration can it give the elepq1*jya y*xx 5 b5w.8wksd:nkvator without breaking?    ( two decimal places)

  (a) What is the acceleration of two falling sky diveo *-:x i(jyd 3-q (cjswq/d 6 pqtwzxlvw9oo3-rs (mass 132 kg including parachute) when the upward force of air resistance is eq q/x(*l w6tjpqiw3wvyoo o-cdjz( q-9- 3sd:xual to one-fourth of their weight?   
(b) After popping open the parachute, the divers descend leisurely to the ground at constant speed. What now is the force of air resistance on the sky divers and their parachute?    See Fig. 4–39.

  A person jumps from the roof of a house 3.9-m hig9,dw7bcxt5ie ;*r:uelrv -t rh. When he strikes the ground below, he bends his knees so that his torso decelerates over an approximate distance of 0.70 m. If thrctrx5 7 i e l;,9bduetrw-v*:e mass of his torso (excluding legs) is 42 kg, find
(a) his velocity just before his feet strike the ground, and   
(b) the average force exerted on his torso by his legs during deceleration.   

  A box weighing 77.0 N rests on a table.plekv9 1 0liuz4tulp 0 :6gb6a A rope tied to the box runs vertically upward over a pulley and a weight 9 utkl u6p:1ap04gbv0ll6e i zis hung from the other end (Fig. 4-40). Determine the force that the table exerts on the box if the weight hanging on the other side of the pulley weighs
(a) 30.0 N ,   
(b) 60.0 N ,   
(c) 90.0 N .   

Draw the free-body diagryvootd t:7n +q:3* 0 rlha3vpuam for a basketball player
(a) just before leaving the ground on a jump, and
(b) while in the air. See Fig. 4–41.

Sketch the free-body diagram of a basebalh** +cg6 k;d8 xttpey bny;f,ql (a) at the moment it is hit by the bat, and again (b) after it has left the bat and is flying toward the outfieldxfgpckd+ 8 thqyt ,ye;n6;**b.

A 650-N force acts in a northwlha4x m/+3hc gesterly direction. A second 650-N force must be exerted in what direction so that the resultant of the two forces points westward? Illustrate yoxhl4+chmg 3a/ur answer with a vector diagram.

  Arlene is to walk across a "high wire" strung horizontally sumlula3*7 ,u between two buildings m73 s*lauu,lu10.0 m apart. The sag in the rope when she is at the midpoint is 10.0$^{\circ}$ as shown in Fig. 4-42 . If her mass is 50.0 kg , what is the tension in the rope at this point?   

  The two forces $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{1}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{2}$ shown in Fig. 4-43 $\mathrm{a}$ and b (looking down) act on a 27.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ object on a frictionless tabletop. If $ F_{1}=10.2 \mathrm{~N}$ and $ F_{2}=16.0 \mathrm{~N}$ , find the net force on the object and its acceleration for (a) and (b). (a) a =    at    $^{\circ}$;(b) a =    at    $^{\circ}$

  One 3.2-kg paint bucket is hanging by a mass:wz5xml8:lzq1g g9 .yo cfr3qless cord from another 3.2$-\mathrm{kg}$ paint bucket, also hanging by a massless cord, as shown in Fig. 4-44.
(a) If the buckets are at rest, what is the tension in each cord? F1 =    F2 =    (The top rope is F1 and the bottom rope is F2)
(b) If the two buckets are pulled upward with an acceleration of 1.60 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ by the upper cord, calculate the tension in each cord. F1 =    F2 =   

  A person pushes a 14d37a68ljb wkz .0$-\mathrm{kg}$ lawn mower at constant speed with a force of F=88.0 $\mathrm{~N}$ directed along the handle, which is at an angle of 45.0$^{\circ} $ to the horizontal (Fig. 4-45).
(a) Draw the free-body diagram showing all forces acting on the mower. Calculate
(b) the horizontal friction force on the mower,   
(c) the normal force exerted vertically upward on the mower by the ground.   
(d) What force must the person exert on the lawn mower to accelerate it from rest to 1.5 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s} $ in 2.5 seconds, assuming the same friction force?   

  Two snowcats tow a houqys+e qn *8 v2rwrv40lsing unit to a new location at McMurdo Base, Antarctica, an2rvvew8*q rqs+0ly4 s shown in Fig. 4-46. The sum of the forces $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{A}}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{B}} $ exerted on the unit by the horizontal cables is parallel to the line L , and $ F_{\mathrm{A}}=4500 \mathrm{~N} $. Determine $ F_{\mathrm{B}}$ and the magnitude of $ \overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ .$F_B$ =    $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ =   

A train locomotive i*6is v71s vcpos pulling two cars of the same mass behind it, Fig. 4-47 . Determine1c6s* opv siv7 the ratio of the tension in the coupling between the locomotive and the first car $\left(F_{\mathrm{T} 1}\right)$ , to that between the first car and the second car $\left(F_{\mathrm{T} 2}\right)$ , for any nonzero acceleration of the train.

  A window washer pulls herself upwarde:tk.k2hxyg-n )da 3fb-s01 atge,j v using the bucket-pulley apparatus shown in Fig. 4-va)n,g.kdjybh-03: g fe2ks 1a xet-t 48. (a) How hard must she pull downward to raise herself slowly at constant speed?   
(b) If she increases this force by 15 % , what will her acceleration be? The mass of the person plus the bucket is 65 kg .   

  At the instant a race began, a 6585k 4eeyk nf1o$-\mathrm{kg}$ sprinter exerted a force of 720 N on the starting block at a 22$^{\circ}$ angle with respect to the ground. (a) What was the horizontal acceleration of the sprinter?    (Keep one decimal place)
(b) If the force was exerted for 0.32 s , with what speed did the sprinter leave the starting block?    (Keep one decimal place)

Figure 4-49 shows a block (m/huzc q.0gc6 5p j.ypuvv8p3yass $ m_{1}$ ) on a smooth horizontal surface, connected by a thin cord that passes over a pulley to a second block $\left(m_{2}\right)$ , which hangs vertically. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block, showing the force of gravity on each, the force (tension) exerted by the cord, and any normal force. (b) Apply Newton's second law to find formulas for the acceleration of the system and for the tension in the cord. Ignore friction and the masses of the pulley and cord.

Three blocks on a frictionless horizontal surface gd)ai w 5 ;dv.ba:jteg+5sg 1 lfe5, kk/esuq9are in contact with each other, as shown in Fig. 4-51. A,9+/q kd:s;d5be1f5a g.kw gtas) u ljvi e5ge force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ is applied to block 1 (mass .$m_{1}$) .
(a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block. Determine
(b) the acceleration of the system (in terms of $m_{1}$, $m_{2}$ , and $ m_{3}$ ),
(c) the net force on each block,
(d) the force of contact that each block exerts on its neighbor.
(e) If $m_{1}=m_{2}=m_{3}=12.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ and $ F=96.0 \mathrm{~N}$ , give numerical answers to (b),(c) , and (d) . Do your answers make sense intuitively?

  The two masses shown in Fig. km)rjudm , ur/ hef44a6 0mx6)jmiha14-52 are each initially 1.80 m above the ground, and the massless frictionless pulley is 4.8 m above the ground. What maximum height does the lighter object reach after the system isu j mxhmefk4ai/mdmua0661 4jr))hr, released? [Hint: First determine the acceleration of the lighter mass and then its velocity at the moment the heavier one hits the ground. This is its "launch" speed. Assume it doesn't hit the pulley.]   

Suppose two boxes on a fricti(l y (:tgx o;n5r:oy4(j 6wt jcxdxgu.onless table are connected by a heavy cord of mass 1.0 kg . Calculate the acceleration of each box and the tension at each end of the cord, using the free-body diagrams shown in Fig. 4-53. Assume ggo;x y 6wd(urj 5ljtnxt(o xc.:y:4($F_{\mathrm{P}}=40.0 \mathrm{~N}$ , and ignore sagging of the cord. Compare your results to Example 4-12 and Fig. 4-22.
(4-53)
(4-22)
(4-12)

If the coefficient of kinetic friction between a 354m ld8hvsl:l )gp)hh-$-\mathrm{kg}$ crate and the floor is 0.30 , what horizontal force is required to move the crate at a steady speed across the floor? What horizontal force is required if $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}$ is zero?

  A force of 48.0 N is required to start a 5.0 : iqa3fsrw ,8* q7yl0v0tjmpc$-\mathrm{kg}$ box moving across a horizontal concrete floor. (a) What is the coefficient of static friction between the box and the floor?   
(b) If the 48.0$-\mathrm{N}$ force continues, the box accelerates at 0.70$ \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?   

  Suppose that you are standing on a train accelerating at 0.20eg12p za58yhe4zx6 k mg. What minimum coefficient of static friction must exist between your feet and the floor if you are no kxpg4e1mh ez28a6z5y t to slide?   

  What is the maximum accelera ), b70sr4+locctyvj ltion a car can undergo if the coefficient of static friction between tc 4b o7sjylc)rl0v +t,he tires and the ground is 0.80?   

  The coefficient of static frzw,sg2fy n5;+1ok eib ( dnud,iction between hard rubber and normal street pavement is about 0.8w( ide+1sg db;k2nynuoz,f,5 . On how steep a hill (maximum angle) can you leave a car parked?   $^{/circ}$

  A 15.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ box is released on a 32$^{\circ}$ incline and accelerates down the incline at 0.30 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . Find the friction force impeding its motion.    What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?   

  A car can decelerate at 93p*rklwy *hzw6 )p gn -4.80 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ without skidding when coming to rest on a level road. What would its deceleration be if the road were inclined at 13$^{\circ} $ uphill? Assume the same static friction coefficient.   

(a) A box sits at rest on a rx zt ysr:jk/sj0k2*2iough 30$^{\circ}$ inclined plane. Draw the free-body diagram, showing all the forces acting on the box.
(b) How would the diagram change if the box were sliding down the plane?
(c) How would it change if the box were sliding up the plane after an initial shove?

  Drag-race tires in contact with an asphalt surface have a verbjxjppm4jvto)el;9c8u2. y( y high coefficient of static frictplytxo; p2mbej9. u8jc4vj() ion.

Assuming a constant acceleration and no slipping of tires, estimate the coefficient of static friction needed for a drag racer to cover 1.0 km in 12 s , starting from rest.   

  The coefficient of kinetic frivj4b5uf 7/ rhnction for a $ 22-\mathrm{kg}$ bobsled on a track is 0.10 . What force is required to push it down a $6.0^{\circ}$ incline and achieve a speed of 60 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ at the end of 75 m ?   

  For the system of Fig. 4-32 (Example 4-20) how large a mass wc4+n) ,zwb;ms.lygj ob5)xhx ould box A have to have to prevent any motion from occurring? A)mz+o )5sy4nghxj; ,bbwl .xcssume $\mu_{\mathrm{s}}=0.30$ .   

  A box is given a push so that it slides across abp 6zs;x85aythe floor. How far will it go, given thab5 68xypazsa; t the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20 and the push imparts an initial speed of 4.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ ?   

  Two crates, of mass 75 kg and 1vobpy9--q j,,fy4njij (g 8jg10 kg , are in contact and at rest on a horizontal surface (Fig. 4-54)o-89j-qbj(ynfp v y,jji4 g,g. A 620$-\mathrm{N}$ force is exerted on the 75$-\mathrm{kg}$ crate. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15 , calculate
(a) the acceleration of the system,   
(b) the force that each crate exerts on the other.   
(c) Repeat with the crates reversed.   

  A flatbed truck is carrying a heavy crate. The coefficient of static frictinjx9ed-o :f ,gon between the crate and nf:dxoe9 ,-gj the bed of the truck is 0.75. What is the maximum rate at which the driver can decelerate and still avoid having the crate slide against the cab of the truck?   

On an icy day, you worry about parking your car in .26ifp6g8d ,yk)/dyfe ap ub/4 exeljyour driveway, which has an inclini.e6 dpfejbpf4/ly6/ u g2y,e a )8kxde of 12$^{\circ}$ . Your neighbor's driveway has an incline of 9.0$^{\circ}$ , and the driveway across the street is at 6.0$^{\circ}$ . The coefficient of static friction between tire rubber and ice is 0.15 . Which driveway(s) will be safe to park in?

  A child slides down a sl.my9hiab-m d( +inl.0 * ybqdtide with a 28$^{\circ}$ incline, and at the bottom her speed is precisely half what it would have been if the slide had been frictionless. Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between the slide and the child.   

  The carton shown in Fig. 4-55 lies on a plane tilted at ankz.hnm7e.5 tq angle $\theta=22.0^{\circ}$ to the horizontal, with $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}=0.12$ . (a) Determine the acceleration of the carton as it slides down the plane.   
(b) If the carton starts from rest 9.30 m up the plane from its base, what will be the carton's speed when it reaches the bottom of the incline?   

  A carton is given an initial speed of wc ssn8gr6 7o8 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ up the 22.0$^{\circ}$ plane shown in Fig. 4-55.
(a) How far up the plane will it go?   
(b) How much time elapses before it returns to its starting point? Ignore friction.   

  A roller coaster reaches the top of the steepest hill with a shuy yf8 *gquiw8t23xabe+r: ;peed of 6.0$ \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ . It then descends the hill, which is at an average angle of 45$^{\circ}$ and is 45.0 m long. What will its speed be when it reaches the bottom? Assume $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}$=0.18    km/h

  An 18.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ box is released on a 37.0$^{\circ}$ incline and accelerates down the incline at 0.270 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . Find the friction force impeding its motion.    How large is the coefficient of kinetic friction?   

  A small box is held in place against a rough walt4v .rol gpy10fu4c;vl by someone pushing on it with a force directt; lcor01.gf 4y4pvvued upward at 28$^{\circ}$ above the horizontal. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the box and wall are 0.40 and 0.30 , respectively. The box slides down unless the applied force has magnitude 13
N. What is the mass of the box?   

  Piles of snow on slippery roofs can beopg s *px*9o6*xvu9b-s 7n lcccome dangerous projectiles as they melt. Consider u**7-sc69gc v*oplp9obxx n s a chunk of snow at the ridge of a roof with a pitch of $ 30^{\circ}$ .
(a) What is the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction that will keep the snow from sliding down?   
(b) As the snow begins to melt, the coefficient of static friction decreases and the snow eventually slips. Assuming that the distance from the chunk to the edge of the roof is 5.0 m and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20 , calculate the speed of the snow chunk when it slides off the roof.   
(c) If the edge of the roof is 10.0 m above ground, what is the speed of the snow when it hits the ground?   

(a) Show that the minimum stopping distance for an automobile traveling at speed z+gh2:neyzz,* 6b sz k *w5,erhun4eb *sg4 ezb6yh2 n ,z5k* ewnbzu+zr :h,e v is equal to $v^{2} / 2 \mu_{\mathrm{s}} g $, where $ \mu_{\mathrm{s}}$ is the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road, and g is the acceleration of gravity.
(b) What is this distance for a 1200$-\mathrm{kg}$ car traveling 95 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ if $\mu_{\mathrm{s}}=0.75$ ?

  A coffee cup on the dashboard of a car sl zyi o/s1+ cizl7kef,9ides forward on the dash when the driver de i+c17 oy/z s,lfkz9iecelerates from 45 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ to rest in 3.5 s or less, but not if he decelerates in a longer time. What is the coefficient of static friction between the cup and the dash?   

A small block of mass mqk ;nncshr11 - is given an initial speed $ v_{0} $ up a ramp inclined at angle $\theta $ to the horizontal. It travels a distance d up the ramp and comes to rest. Determine a formula for the coefficient of kinetic friction between block and ramp.

  The $75-\mathrm{kg}$ climber in Fig. 4-56 is supported in the "chimney" by the friction forces exerted on his shoes and back. The static coefficients of friction between his shoes and the wall, and between his back and the wall, are 0.80 and 0.60 , respectively. What is the minimum normal force he must exert? Assume the walls are vertical and that friction forces are both at a maximum. Ignore his grip on the rope.   

  Boxes are moved on a conveyor b y1dw8u0pnozbqo 2o-:elt from where they are filled to the packing station 11.0 m away. The belt is initially stationary and must finish with zero speed. The most rapid transit is a-zdpnoy o: uoqw801 2bccomplished if the belt accelerates for half the distance, then decelerates for the final half of the trip. If the coefficient of static friction between a box and the belt is 0.60, what is the minimum transit time for each box?   

A block (mass $m_{1}$ ) lying on a frictionless inclined plane is connected to a mass $ m_{2}$ by a massless cord passing over a pulley, as shown in Fig. 4-57. (a) Determine a formula for the acceleration of the system of the two blocks in terms of $ m_{1}$,$ m_{2}$,$ \theta $ and g . (b) What conditions apply to masses $m_{1}$ and $m_{2}$ for the acceleration to be in one direction (say, $m_{1}$ down the plane), or in the opposite direction?

  Suppose the coefficient of kinetic-q )n/frwyhg ,l,ys,a friction between $m_{1}$ and the plane in Fig. 4-57 is $ \mu_{\mathrm{k}}=0.15$ , and that $m_{1}=m_{2}=2.7 \mathrm{~kg}$ . As $m_{2}$ moves down, determine the magnitude of the acceleration of $ m_{1}$ and $m_{2}$ , given $\theta=25$ ?   
(b) What smallest value of $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}$ will keep this system from accelerating?   

  A bicyclist of mass 6 *j pf())b8usyywnq v/5 kg (including the bicycle) can coast down a 6.0$^{\circ} $ hill at a steady speed of 6.0 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ because of air resistance. How much force must be applied to climb the hill at the same speed and same air resistance?   

  According to a simplified model of a mammalian heart, at each pulse au.l/ v zb2vx1o tt(bj6pproximately 20 g of blood is acct x1. /bvvju to2zbl(6elerated from 0.25 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ to 0.35 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ during a period of 0.10 s . What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the heart muscle?   

  A person has a reasonable chance of surviving an automobile crash if the dec7 uiamv.t9+m-wlmxzq7lua4 ha+nr * )eleration is no more than 30 " g 's." Calculate theixu a-l n+r.a*4 qwmmm a7zu9)7hl+tv force on a 70$-\mathrm{kg}$ person undergoing this acceleration. What distance is traveled if the person is brought to rest at this rate from 100 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ ?   

If the horizontal acceleration produced by an earthqua19ren/df2 * px 6lcxdyke is a , and if an object is going to "hold its place" on the ground, show that the coefficient of static fdpd f9x6lxr2e/ *1nc yriction with the ground must be at least $\mu_{\mathrm{s}}=a / g$ . (b) The famous Loma Prieta earthquake that stopped the 1989 World Series produced ground accelerations of up to 4.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ in the San Francisco Bay Area. Would a chair have started to slide on a linoleum floor with coefficient of static friction 0.25 ?

  An 1150$-\mathrm{kg} $ car pulls a $450-\mathrm{kg} $ trailer. The car exerts a horizontal force of 3.8$ \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~N}$ against the ground in order to accelerate. What force does the car exert on the trailer? Assume an effective friction coefficient of 0.15 for the trailer.   

  Police investigators, examining the scene of an accident involn bw (o1hg;zd8ving two cars, measure 72-m-long skid marks of one of the cars, which nearly came to a stop before colliding. The coefficient of kinetic friction between rubber and the pavement is n1d8 o(;w ghbzabout 0.80. Estimate the initial speed of that car assuming a level road.   

  A car starts rolling down a 1-in-4 hill (1-in-4 means that forw,siz)dw. g4k each 4 m traveled along the road, the elevation change is 1 m). How fast is it going when it reaches the bottom after traveling 55 m? d)skz4g i w.w,(a) Ignore friction.   
(b) Assume an effective coefficient of friction equal to 0.10.   

  A 2.0-kg purse is dropped from the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa andpv9da-8 3dqlfam0m( 0 :iiuyb falls 55 m before reaching the ground with a speed of What was the average force of air resim9uapv :a-df08 mqdl(i03by istance?   

  A cyclist is coasting at a steady speed of 12m/s but enters 44-nc lg nktc)a muddy stretch where the effective coefficient of friction is 0.60. Will the cyclist emerge from the muddy stretch without having to pedal if the mud lasts for 11 )gn 4ntcck-4lm? If so, what will be the speed upon emerging?   

  A city planner is working on the r4k7kzkn9 b wa*edesign of a hilly portion of a city. An important consideration is how steep the roads can be so that even low-poweredzb9k4 ka7 nk*w cars can get up the hills without slowing down. A particular small car, with a mass of 1100 kg , can accelerate on a level road from rest to 21$ \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}(75 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h})$ in 14.0 s . Using these data, calculate the maximum steepness of a hill.    $^{\circ}$

  Francesca, who likes physics experiments, dangles her watch from a thin pd6fcuf0 sj14 l2mx*a niece of string while the jetliner she is in takes off from JFK Airport (Fig. 4-58). Scldj0 an f2f4s *xu16mhe notices that the string makes an angle of 25$^{\circ}$ with respect to the vertical as the aircraft accelerates for takeoff, which takes about 18 s . Estimate the takeoff speed of the aircraft.   

  A 28.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ block is connected to an empty 1.35$-\mathrm{kg}$ bucket by a cord running over a frictionless pulley
(Fig. 4-59). The coefficient of static friction between the table and the block is 0.450 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the table and the block is 0.320 . Sand is gradually added to the bucket until the system just begins to move. (a) Calculate the mass of sand added to the bucket.   
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the system.   

  In the design of a supermarket, there are to be several raa rfy5i sxo+q7y;q )2jmps connecting differe 5ay+;xfjq)siry7 2oqnt parts of the store.
Customers will have to push grocery carts up the ramps and it is obviously desirable that this not be too difficult. The engineer has done a survey and found that almost no one complains if the force directed up the ramp is no more than 20 N . Ignoring friction, at what maximum angle $\theta$ should the ramps be built, assuming a full $30-\mathrm{kg}$ grocery cart?    $^{\circ} $

(a) What minimum force F is needed to lift the piano (mass M ) using thj9(qis ;p fzo3e pul;q93sjf(izop ley apparatus shown in

Fig. 4-60? (b) Determine the tension in each section of rope: $F_{\mathrm{T} 1}, F_{\mathrm{T} 2}, F_{\mathrm{T} 3} $, and $ F_{\mathrm{T} 4}$ ,

  A jet aircraft is accelerdtbed(ttrb6 p- y v1/+t7 lxz9ating at 3.5 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ at an angle of 45$^{\circ} $ above the horizontal. What is the total force that the cockpit seat exerts on the 75$-\mathrm{kg} $ pilot?    N    $^{\circ} $

  In the design process for a chil(p2a9j.v w dltd-restraint chair, an engineer considers the following sewjlpvat.9(d2 t of conditions:
A 12$-\mathrm{kg}$ child is riding in the chair, which is securely fastened to the seat of an automobile (Fig. 4-
61). Assume the automobile is involved in a head-on collision with another vehicle. The initial speed $v_{0}$ of the car is 45$ \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ , and this speed is reduced to zero during the collision time of 0.20 s .

Assume a constant car deceleration during the collision and estimate the net horizontal force F that the straps of the restraint chair must exert on the child in order to keep her fixed to the chair. Treat the child as a particle and state any additional assumptions made during your analysis.   

  A 7650$-\mathrm{kg}$ helicopter accelerates upward at 0.80 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ while lifting a 1250$-\mathrm{kg}$ frame at a construction site, Fig. 4-62.
(a) What is the lift force exerted by the air on the helicopter rotors?   
(b) What is the tension in the cable (ignore its mass) that connects the frame to the helicopter?   
(c) What force does the cable exert on the helicopter?   

  A new high-speed 12-car I(o:mb) )avq smtalian train has a mass of 660 metric tons (660,000 $\mathrm{~kg}$) . It can exert a maximum force of 400 kN horizontally against the tracks, whereas at maximum velocity ( 300 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$) , it exerts a force of about 150 kN . Calculate (a) its maximum acceleration   
(b) estimate the force of air resistance at top speed.   

  A 65$-\mathrm{kg}$ ice skater coasts with no effort for 75 m until she stops. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between her skates and the ice is $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}=0.10$ , how fast was she moving at the start of her coast?   

Two rock climbers, Bill and Karen, use safety ropes of similar length. Karen's tuh0n9(snz , b7ne zy4rope is more elastic, called a dynamic rope b9 tn(hzz40n7, yeus nby climbers. Bill has a static rope, not recommended for safety purposes in pro climbing. Karen falls freely about 2.0 m and then the rope stops her over a distance of 1.0 m (Fig. 463). (a) Estimate, assuming that the force is constant, how large a force she will feel from the rope. (Express the result in multiples of her weight.) (b) In a similar fall, Bill's rope stretches by 30 cm only. How many times his weight will the rope pull on him? Which climber is more likely to be hurt?

A fisherman in a boat is usiifkm(xa8g/ - n.n/uu gng a " 10-1 $\mathrm{~b}$ test" fishing line. This means that the line can exert a force of 45 N without breaking (1 $\mathrm{lb}=4.45 \mathrm{~N}$) . (a) How heavy a fish can the fisherman land if he pulls the fish up vertically at constant speed? (b) If he accelerates the fish upward at 2.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ , what maximum weight fish can he land? (c) Is it possible to land a 15-lb trout on 10-1b test line? Why or why not?

  An elevator in a tall building is allowed to reae8kj*x*r/,c(:dqelmsq ng c 3ch a maximum speed of 3.5 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ going down. What must the tension be in the cable to stop this elevator over a distance of 2.6 m if the elevator has a mass of 1300 kg including occupants?   

  Two boxes, $m_{1}$=1.0 $\mathrm{~kg}$ with a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.10 , and $m_{2}=2.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ with a coefficient of 0.20 , are placed on a plane inclined at $ \theta=30$ ?
(a) What acceleration does each box experience? $a_1$ =    $a_2$ =   
(b) If a taut string is connected to the boxes (Fig. 4-64), with $ m_{2}$ initially farther down the slope, what is the acceleration of each box?
(c) If the initial configuration is reversed with $m_{1}$ starting lower with a taut string, what is the acceleration of each box?   

  A 75.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ person stands on a scale in an elevator. What does the scale read (in N and in kg ) when the elevator is
(a) at rest,   
(b) ascending at a constant speed of 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ ,   
(c) falling at 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ ,   
(d) accelerating upward at 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ ,   
(e) accelerating downward at 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ ?   

  Three mountain climbers who are roped tog) r5-ds)4iur a/sn lbtether are ascending an ice field inclined aa)-rln /sb tr)si4 ud5t 21.0$^{\circ}$ to the horizontal. The last climber slips, pulling the second climber off his feet. The first climber is able to hold them both. If each climber has a mass of 75 kg , calculate the tension in each of the two sections of rope between the three climbers. Ignore friction between the ice and the fallen climbers.