Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat enelcn t0m nt.pmv9txl0 / f93i;grgy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the te. 6 (;0h8wnjg 1ylw.xrfkvvvemperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecqc2149e* uln*s4eehra-ucomhr p r; 5ules is referred to au2449plrm*r5h u-ne;co*1 hsec r eqas

  A cup of water is scooped up from d 8:qcccmjt+;f8s r: za swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup a jc;8q8 :+frs zt:mdccnd the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends ou:v*/ dgfznn *dz2go 8n

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until sxzza *(n9an+its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressuz*n(+a9n zaxsre is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U ati 0q wzvhj8x1xyonp*y) wu)pr79;w c 9 $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastihd.6; z*ik(d + of nn.yjbjfl(cally is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher6 9 mx.son6m8wzl g9ibp rg0.v specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and os g0lnm9g6.. 9w6m r8bzivp xiron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminu+n:m2 +vg:r l l7wwmusis.)lm .ipz5um and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the tiig:mw+ lzln up l2wsr.i.57:smu +)mvme the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from m/z4o-sezk um vc0 :8lthe solid to the liquid state is referred ts 4/l0z kcmv8 mzeo-u:o as the

  The heat required to chan+ng cdr5uf+4lv ckmu2(q5q( tge a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to gtfl452ud( rq(5qv+u mkc+n c as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady qqgt,;+kqp9z rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes qikit7jldmb86+:sd6iq p z:6

  When a liquid evapory4wb; bipn61d 0jyey;do*y 5 iates

  When a vapor condenses2jy5go mosjiq+ 19hi ;

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplet:um up)..pc afs which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the pa:pfm )..ucu clouds to

  Turning up the flame unxo:z328cmw+ zjh l6l6eu s;ynder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wate() exiv z:nm2qr at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of mocz(w8 ow pejug;3y 1v,lecular collisions is referred to a wzo(;v 1 cywu,j3g8eps

  By what primary heat transferv9m,x ip pngf28:.ql1ck nfe+ mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in lgf,:iq+ 9vnn81p xek 2pmf .ca flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal fef.x lvz:f+thn*a 12ea els much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in 1 fa.al+tn f:x *ez2hvwhich one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a honk x 3/, 4n1chjzmf33.sbwwcqmogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature differ m3cfqswb hx1,cjk/3n. 4w3znence across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed onnnlhz c7 zl491q 6ckym*o1c-n a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheec zc-m4l q*191cynnk7 6olznht?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molcp,pa(g*q 8mdk4e cb,odmh7 i;*;y ch ecules from one place to another is refe (aiqme8dh;;p*7,d yomgc*4k b,ccphrred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?l h,d89rnep;119 )av fpcxu dx

  Convection can occuroe(ga99la scm : tdtn-.tz93r

  Which of the following best explains why wtn4lq6nag d8+tn)7o p 94pwosweating is important to humans in maintaitwp+nq96wn8 ola gp4dnot4)7 ning suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity jpy+jw 436urk is essentially zerj kw6ju 34pry+o. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighbo 4 +s0 dyo78r1hjey qg)bl/fqbring rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of theqsgyq) 4+lrj 1b oh/f0y7ebd8 other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of-q uqq/0x;gfnb w54z u a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radia5q nq ubxf/wug qz-;40ting power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred w;g +0ej 2br,sbgv zo5u4p j,6e zvrd7to as

  By what primary heat transfez v:7gmz xy(p3jq 1bj9r mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivaleng(t. w jb-ao:vocps/,t to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalentf)j (c hrejf7,2zp)gh+rd3f rl -oyc+ to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to h/6f8 ) p fe0*udka 3icohqy6zraise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of k2,a )n11ln1 buc- nrqxv(ni bwater, what is the resulting temperature cb(ur1,b 11innxq 2kn)nav -l change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originall1(b xled7t55 irmyp+ by at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the t) j+ga/ c6ukme/0gz l*hbyd k8emperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath wateffrd:z:dr68h3b q e1 -r(m2od(b nomw r by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 8 1xwheti f6m)sqv3(y 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the t(8 tfi61sym)3 vhwxqe emperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is t r 6;e;k7ips5gg: aiwheated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initial7k )dhzl-ys a*kewut0- rp5 .r l+bo+z ln:jg8ly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at b1rc0fvi- kbykq,b 1 7$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects gwlk)8m t yz: l4drm*9make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperaturw) rd 49ytlg*8mzklm:e of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwnqm k+7ndo sxdx9c1iu;+iy/ ;een various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfa n;idx+xn9mq +k du1/o7;i cysll with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that alxcp*e2v7:svn l the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the waxe sc :nvv*p72ter rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat lo+j gd- 1msxh+p(ulyw(ss, how long would it take t+1u sm (gyx(d-jw+l pho heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to */ * lvtqvkn4btcf6)a3q0ytk heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of waterttv) l4q/*kn3ayq*tvk fcb60 from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masey /6vj88ztcd s 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel wxx5 p1-l l,gvknife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be or 7w i 5vxa-tx8wze5-removed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat oh67mlyo 4 4vcj /tj(i c:qus6uf fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g ofm 6c/yo c7:4hqu64jjs(ul tvi ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of js +c;gjf0*t4whar4d ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 ( 7ycw ecb9qo6/ks/ngg of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg.is7o :r+d5spk When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initial8uodvk.d 0fu-rjq1clb5- ou 6 ly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at30 m2t (tec;46qzbskz juagtb*lsl ;8 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg u;4 8p9dkodk*-qz:dyks 6yer of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to c6* ;nyggdci- jhange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g.y*x5crmk5a( zf s.twm ayg xw)439 tv of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kammti+d ) w*y(9-cfmkg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the hqf+lhe +5r 8) mt9 hapzo9xs8 gait4z9eat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting qah89 8)z hos99t4 tlxmrezgip+ f+a5 point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of gnusz72vmhag- 45*sdoghg/ :concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brpsjm k.;-hgmrq: +g3mass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent tm: sg mg-j phq3r;.km+hermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick98cjekb:4m8e bc 1mvl has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturkem1:cmb l 4v88 9cjebe is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick ha 23 ub49lu294p uqabvsqsknj2s dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is9su 2qap4 u9q2jk u23 bb4nlvs $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 mxj)h*bf0lb if.00uqv x 2.0 m section of concrete (0 vq*h0 blfx u.)fi0bj$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat thrati mxcu:(j/ 5z/h ,npough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperaturejw5bo o7x0a3 v if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the tev w2t(iu * ;y/enrqso:mperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of ae/wnr( 2*;qto y:uv sirea $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiati:kan ods8o- 9yng energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a sokfy (6-pt()+e *s)jtsc spxqtlar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.