Which of the following is the smallest unit obzd);g:m, vyi6 gc/ava;wt ;8zl qy2lf heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water bw pdfb (26nj e9us exd/a*h1x;y $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy /50b6fnjca ( 2z/zwhk (egddda :3 wmaof individual molecules is referred to (w 3/gnhzafwdmkje(cd /b6:50ada 2 zas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of wa0v.hd 0/b bubbter. Compare the temperature T and /du0bb bvhb0 .the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideau(,0kcp iqog83x +cvii 3 jhh6 oi-ooye7k;,hl gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is halfo6 +6y6cmg nwp the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expapc6 n 6gyw6mo+nd until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U ry txfkqe -)6bjutbdni;4o-+ o1s4u9at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatur04q ai3upcyns/s px 66ys4b*ses do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact7ey 0k8cvlt 33w1l cr3 5vnynh6 cd.kv that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermadkrc.nycl73v1 h0we8 lkt5vvy36n 3 c l equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot poa0 q/ uo,b(xkiece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equ/ou(0a,b xok qilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquiddl3*.5nu;w* +;xc2yc kwyvop5x m eb y state is refercm3cuxyylbwx255v*dn*w e ;p +y ;.okred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid tn-()m pq m072xcc dasg3tgkq) o the vapor state is referred to as th0k s-qc(2mmpcnda 7g x3qg)t )e

  If heat is added to a pure substance atla:)e 5c :sqvl a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes iedg1vi 6) t6w-09+zceco97m umepy(bc(h ei

  When a liquid evaporatenxl*2e vm) vy*kt ixc83e,t;hs

  When a vapor condensezbe8r y +;ipkpgr(b4 7yimz9.s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigx, // y(kzc69bc+i dfult 6wgxger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in th/9ix6 ,wtcd ( ub+zck6x fgy/le clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water v/0fp sw,.k;o eqr)7*he po n+:adv sfcauses

  Equal masses of waterkqcw1 d x :k5461kqpyr at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular p5 paoyo5m- w2collisions is referred to as p-2ayp5owmo5

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one 1tc9 vug e 9pme nj-4s:6nt4vfcrbb vy*7r.i6 end of an iron bar become hot when the ov7 4-*bn1mytr: v.9u6e jrbsfpiet 94c vn6c gther end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels mug ku+nx p56)w4zl no4vch colder to the touch than a piece of wood5ox g4n+nl)kpv4wz u6. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homa/x5y,bo we*y ogeneous material, the rate of heat lx,eb5/y* owa yoss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermapq exr:/2 v3lll conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. l/r3 e2:qxlv pThe layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules f/ ehui-e8j2pt+a 2ttpzfyhi9; wge86 rom one place to another ipw+2te28ah- g /ih f p6y8 ji;9tetezus referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of watew*r lzi.6sse-.r h ow2r heated on a stove?

  Convection can occuro-f .u8 )3jj 3ouetl-i sdbw9v

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in maihv+ *6b.. dk: g mdm+dzezya.mntainine z d.g+ mmkd:z.*. bd+6mvyhag suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environmenta,- +s ewzi9sb where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric hbi, zsa 9-+weseater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular housesfw wzwuv1-* j7 built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical - ujw*1wvz7 fwclimatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator +qgag p6q.jj8is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power chjg6a. jqgq 8p+ange?

  The process whereby heat flows in th 5sphb8k:zs v765u* z0j tuicbe absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does thy+u 5pi)d2 vmee Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mucv2:; b3paazjj(bml5 o h heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is eqqm:tv:yc -ccc4+)uj r7s p1 xruivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead (ef9l:ncw;z.z $c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg:f*48 ldqly(ywv)b0r wmk. w m of water, what is the resulting temperature ch*m rd0:fk .wyw b()llw48m qvyange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is2zadmkp5 9yf / originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of4zrgvgep58j /3c boya87: epq 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath h +ofiwp-d2s; water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.1hmf;h cxs* y58it2-n w6 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the geam 5xfnw2;s8hcyh*i t-r if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mr;n2ajq ob 0 wy,zsa8xy/*co 7etal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper,w 71gcqg7(thh53v smxdb w;a 9 initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material axndrj :p y)i75t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up,348a uqn+kcag/x r)h*am jla a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object hahguax*kaalnc4q 3+ 8jma ,/)rs an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwe3uo;:ulxu r7 e u,/cbyen various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down , y/c;urluu:e3 oxbu7a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. ; kvwx 3 **.aylrkl:iuAssuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does txlw;*yr:kki u3va .l*he water rise?

  A 200-L electric water alz7m0db bim3+xp.c9 heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat watera9bi .3m07d lxmcpzb + in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. ncau*,vb:6 j 8/ 2h-qhiv /ixigdob/36ikfgl How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water-k fdan:3/g o8/6iv,vj q 6 b gb*iuihx2/ihcl from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,mcui 02 amuj 90,4ozjp $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specifie 7uobr( j 6dbanq(9q9c heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it tpd*1rk(k* njvz 6w8et ds8i;jo liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is reqi 6nb ndhufeq*h5 7,o z e9s7t5hrtd(5uired to melt 200 g of iczd nnt 7t he*q5s5 rue6hid(b,97hof5e?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg oy:l c)swic+)iz,oje vk wc(k1bw71l0f ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be req 7xdh z2y/2oymoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 2e(5 quk aq6lsum34pi g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water inw)bn :,56a bh7xhh.zm7mlvyg2) ef k bitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at ja+umvys/62f q+:gzt$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water zhgt;r 3ttnhgpe *-i ;glo(j4g9/y 85es:goe at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of ) ,8:ho4pa6w mq 5xipsf rqlu+$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 1004.ljkr)pj4ys9c z5x 0sfa v7d g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, ini cq( lq,qt 4j;;eg2n*a kj;u*ncsmo 2ntially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is r g10w*otdkk p/w7 d c,1uu(ub5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, an rk7tdpu ucb,gu*11 dko/0w(wd its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is 5k1vcl6v ix5c $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of alumkvry/* d auig;5 12x1vu. dr.,l9kkulesn:jk inum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the ky .x, d1 dkujel9ruk5.ra vlsk*n2ui/1;g :vbrass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick heroik )a66, rzpoho;w b,0t4w8t zyz.as dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatuzh .,e,trpb4oo;zw 8)wtri0 6zoa ky6 re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. ;jf( -7b.n.uxgme6 ugiyxj s5 If the outside tempgensx5fy7xbj;i -u. j .(mu6gerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2wd mxik je0( rk70j39n.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (3w7rjj 9xenik0 (0 dkm$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 calxxeu3f;h50w* mm*t ab of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 z 48vnm,., 7u9is qkkysrbh5j kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refidmbr/wh( : b9ining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holewbi m(rd9h b/: of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating eneegj;:9b/brtl4dx 8b i rgy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collectole yhl)g )2f;sr (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.