Which of the following is thkmu0k5hn kzmt*23 /j/8t +dkb *kfydce smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperm;jk79q 7 dgm*rqzg(i ature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred g* (szf+grvw) -igv7sfvs/b3 tofgi v7*fsz+)g-sb/vgrw vs(3 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperok2* ;hr azptjr33i /hn 2wngw.hu7 9vature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming po w ia2nh3n p.7rh3o/jkt9;vuwrz2 h*gol.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends o/8/lpggi099t yhff zinq v3ik 9 uc):bn

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the init v(j 47 j6sah;0mza9tt(gbvdfial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature consta4v0s7(9 agm dj(f; vta6bjh ztnt. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U aes62/3 k.8ekq 0 q9vcnuklr; cb4j glnt $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is tha)o,h zh)i1cbj h n.5oow3. mrlt

  It is a well-known fact that water has s /eey +)xw3soa higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The o3)sy ws+eex/ same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is m99pj 2lz tuj8ss.zem3 ade up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during9e jz2l9.zpumtjs s83 the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid statscwu frax*1yi5::b7 ce is referbi:1f7 rcw syc 5*:auxred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance fmyw j+.87mmk34dbolf8;l)a g*akee3vb1 qcurom the liquid to the vapor state is referree)q+* fuwo k v;k318c4daje7 bb3lm lma .g8myd to as the

  If heat is added to vi2n7fe 6-dzioe4m cr lf;.r (a pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze:4uqf,pz:+r g9(ggc ;mvng a -c9bd dss

  When a liquid evaporx(mh/ o qe73ohf:oqh 2ates

  When a vapor condenslcut rzl ja324e6vp9;es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biggvfjkp3c 0gi6 .er and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in tfip3kjv.c 0 g6he clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiligj6(df j;z7vcng water causes

  Equal masses of water c3 iuu-2e(hooat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat fyss gk 3 ;)wjgmwnoq*wv)71:olows by means of molecular collisions is referred to as)q3s kwnjwg :yogvw *;o)s17m

  By what primary heat trancdi:e-fsdye28u .2m3 hz nq-k sfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot whdfsq zu2c- ke8 3y-d i:ne2h.men the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to thfyonae9033d(:lez yl e touch than a piece of wood. This is :(3 z l9yn0df3elyoa edue to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wal rw9trk/6* wdkl built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a gikrw 9t */wr6kdven temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating materizmk cxfkh-me1 ( n+ y 0qeff6p58(mph+al with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conduy0qc (z 6e mh58(+1+nfhmmp-kpkf xef ctivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass oi6d3cf+ zv 8zmovement of molecules from one place to adf3z6vo i zc+8nother is referred to as

  By what primary heat tran1nj4s5s p9o ilsfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurs yj29kuh0zg .

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is impbkuurce* /-+f/,bb ll2bv p y)ortant to humans in maintaining suitable body tvp/l/ +,kbulub c*-ryefbb2 ) emperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in d44)yjx b +-rshp,orpan environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin osxppyr4r)b4 - h+dj,is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materitq 6z6ukm;k:f4mfl qv;-nqb+gi5 q7ials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have t6u;:zqngqb qv57tqm+lfk6 i k;if-m 4o be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled,b d5n 8 ygojlb4j3riauh /w ++h7gd8o( by what factor does the radiating poojh8j4dbugln+wd5+7 bir8g h (3ayo/ wer change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the ab(ag 5l- *co;ejmk6bpksence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat t61juv iqjsc:4 +fbm1wransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat? f/qe3bcvrnt;8z/ 8m t

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much work?w tsw3r(fie2am;or,3h86 jd g t1cw -a

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed txqbqg/ z e,d e7e.4h9jo raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is thj bfg.3h v6o6q4 men(te resulting temperature m o(qj4.6 nbh3fve6tg change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is original )uh,g7wlt+ yypo ..a2k.u.cnye:w na w4coe2 ly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the0ub 9k xn5at+i8n;xly temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of c*;pzfk9ajclx y+b 51f9a 0 ;sczp kf7water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.1o ;o8 9a01i1i/w b +iblfbbdmon:qj3ha 2u:vr6 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the g fi/1 h9;dio+j8ambuni: :bl b1 oobq30 rvaw2ear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is4 l6ro-mdnan)i7i7z c heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially a(p0z q gzf,-oc5bw* rt+m j9wot $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material aqbdw6h - e,/xj,qq6z 3mowjc+t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system qx5l3/j4sfbft2w+d, /f c uysthat is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperatqyf3c xf /sb /+d45,sf2wuljture of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joc2g 9ugf tx:t1nq/0utule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 mcgugt9: /t0 xt2nuq f1?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dista;+1zpn pmeh .kj0/hn ),krfdn z8lj2pnce of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature dmzn.dk1fn;8 h 2j)epj0z prk,lhn+ p/oes the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long woubvk 0)do( fs8hld it take to heat f0kd)s8 hobv( water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 elc86*e4mk7+kvz t3hjo 2 swv0cnqw4 kg of wat kt3hl +ekwzoq8c vw2sce 06nv4*m4 7jer from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle ( 8w-7r/6i su5x8 a egj4sjqz1g)hx xxumass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific hv8qm , tcmx (x95hww,,z)ubsb eat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam tohw*7uu ,g ku2y change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much hyr.;; jv1p gdkr8 t0e nld1z,ceat is required to melt 201 v ; 1ddcepl,nrj0.ktz; r8yg0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to kj rntv*:a 71rzn23bf change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removeg -9aetemfn6rfue01 (d from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of elg*a.bsq x 61-daj *qice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water k0;t zpt v6 -zsw)m9vainitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at p/q- l6 w6cc9ayipket/k c89o $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change - yxsc4mf7z c.p6wa ,6o /zmtv10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requiredzqg-zswf 5sj,+ j**xcr .8 mhx to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is reqcmu 9 on,*fst-uired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initialn4iybf k:b./ u a4h*cl9zntepu og*; 6u9*qnmly at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizqrrl2k6posy zn) -j..7 j8 ruvation is 207 kr.ujorl72y8q -k s p)zjvr 6n.cal/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of conc4fh:2f hd.qw/ dyg qi+rete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivirt;(lj5a t. nkhw2q 24ak abn4ty of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one alum jht2k. r; nw4 4ab52lktn(aaqinum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tre i.0 :q0uruoemperature iu q.u00irreo :s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside j.)7u ob wdu.xtemperatuuux ).bjwod.7 re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sectionlj0 u; a3 c5;nujdryf0-:byox of concrete uj;00u5-j ;lco ynbr:axfd y3($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal ol5ii l1r t akmsr udyya2(574r3:ue+ of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through ajmw,uuqp hch4/q 6+ .b $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refivs wngk;ngca(+ 8 -polel-u18 ning steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power eo-ng(a 8suw8 ;- v1lkgecl np+mitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating ener 19mrckn o((lem9fchyf h-v)/gy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a s .((vw3sdex+i2gl ctu olar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.