Which of the following is the smallest-g ry,v w,3bjubpj+)s unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram2 z6yxj9mt l *hrer30o of water by $1{}^{\circ }C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred x k.1:/kuqyl hto a1ku xkqy. h:l/s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimm6lzz(q2 oq5awing pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the qlz2 o65qz w(awater, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depe dwq9)(z/jeaoc3 +m wznds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initi iirmw ueowb z+8h9fk6q,c 2f )8v9r.fs/4h kmal volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. k2zwf b984vqf i6. uk8hmc ,wesrr fo /i9)mh+If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with interna lob 5l 8txe.aug7r vo9.:x2ejxq.u 8ol energy U at $200{}^{\circ }C$ is heated to $400{}^{\circ }C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is 8o -:nqt grkh-1;ouxfthat

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacitx*hy 3gvfl1q dibz ;yczy*1h6td g38gy7lf+7y than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibriumv 7 7;*hy6*lzgdiggyb3 x13hc8 lq+d yf1fz yt. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and ai/ xut:.-rbv xs 98ie hbhjeo/bfc0w m*4a, g5 cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contacm 8b0bxav c./b/*xt i:s wie 59 u-of4r,ghehjt. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liq) sez1rd c.(0iysb-j puid state is referred to ap.jsrd) 0 z-scy(1be is the

  The heat required to change a suheli(1 bfuy);edd, k32/mdw x bstance from the liquid to the vapor state is refer lu2 h3/f1e d( k)we,iddmby;xred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure subs7oj6k appjy )ayg.o27ckpjmy 134hg ,tance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezessd w-coe0.sc9rvk - e 5xgq k )y)h,-5bqgarf)

  When a liquid evaporv8tom 8qqo1 2t*3sqm jates

  When a vapor condensxwt):g;vtx)un5 : p omes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into waj :8uns d.r7 ,o .eq)pp6mrixtter droplets which get bigger and bigger until)n8x r 76: pd ,r.so.iueptmjq it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water ca:.d2m+ve. r )ma2c qxsy fnn)2zlke8ruses

  Equal masses of water aywa .a)(mpn,lt $20{}^{\circ }C$ and $80{}^{\circ }C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T=-20{}^{\circ }C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T=0{}^{\circ }C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecularszx8 4re0 z2v7n p2awi collisions is referred to assa2w4xi02ervz 8znp 7

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bra.()eu4 mtoiar become hot when the.aeumrit( o) 4 other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a)f y5/3v3v wjj; udltw piece of wood. This is due to the difference in whichwy)fwj;/u3dv5v3 tj l one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material,o j-up2-n 6rjzw j(v7d the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across thzvjo-dpuj(j2 7 6-rnwe thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a lab; e8 i(jf.xepyer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layerj.b (fx;8iepe s have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flz95b ddo6* muxb-(mv pows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referre v dmbzo9b*(uxpd-6m 5d to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?a.vgq 6qc3tg y8wd(tecu;8 *p

  Convection can occur 5i4qvhpq; ls,

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important t*bb1xb alcmi4v c wv8qf/j3,(o humans in maintaining 1 cwbq m *b4lba38vv/cjxfi(,suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelsecjjaajlgwoh3 ;i 6;. ju4 wc -.2f.eeration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what i oa 2c ej. u4jc.aj;jg-iw6f;.3s hewls true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses b(+nqs/;:xixg cg9 ot 2qbxy2cj59 fc wuilt from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic c2:(t c 99 xjsnxb+ocx2;gy5 cigqqw/fonditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of aysj /be h 99uf2aqwh/j.f.s-l7,msa a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power c9aj jaqsmlf. he aus9sy w72/ -b/.h,fhange?

  The process whereby c5z2y ,oo-g au,e3n5 fddj0l mheat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eddvadi*4ui27zo wv5/r.n z-oarth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how fr7 b5bc2t*se much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equ.dw akp c1( js+*;6vkaf8dpeoivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8\times {10}^{7}joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature/+as585 g lra yzkn/yz of 100 g of lead ($c=0.11kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) by $15{}^{\circ }C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, whal 6oo(mq/ju .p7/nyx at is the resulting temperatureq6npj.oml/a/o7( x u y change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum bloczr3g 4e1 jceswb(51 ivk is originally at $10{}^{\circ }C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat rai- ,amn p;dgv*xevp+ 0zses the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by ${400}^{\circ }F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0m0hafpy (f8:/cv rw -f L of water at $80{}^{\circ }C$ to 60 L of water at $30{}^{\circ }C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper.kx6e5n6s1jl *rjgwh9 / m vd4w How much heat is added nwejwh6rjlxv6g94sdm/1 *5 kto the gear if the temperature increases by $35{}^{\circ }C$?

  50 g of lead ($c=0.11kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) at $100{}^{\circ }C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0{}^{\circ }C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal isx 5gc,t p+-wxsbc o:0g heated to $100{}^{\circ }C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3{}^{\circ }C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2{}^{\circ }C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, iml 6iao)ce2nssi 7 g/ 72w+y, ddvvh/snitially at $95{}^{\circ }C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15{}^{\circ }C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material al2oawe0 a .-d2kd el0jruj;y0t $100{}^{\circ }C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0{}^{\circ }C$, the final temperature is $40{}^{\circ }C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its qnmr5-p90ep)nwd ) z nsurroundings. One object has an initial temperature of e)qz)n p90dn rn5mw- p$100{}^{\circ }C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0{}^{\circ }C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between 2hvob3x.kia v(dl: a5various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mounxa avklv5b:hi ( o.d32t Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls dropjm; ;qm/ 0ak2 emm, :dxqo6cnss a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravienq6 /2cjm ;d m0s:k;o,maxqmtational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, 0urz94lw-rk m6lwz3nhow long would it take to heat water in this tankzrw3mwz lu nl-6k r940 from $23{}^{\circ }C$ to $75{}^{\circ }C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. b7 .4l.g y+wpz :bz2uo ha- i3udur.dsHow long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fromz4u3b:ap.dlyo2dug 7r- .zu +hiwb s. $20{}^{\circ }C$ to $100{}^{\circ }C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass /zsk 8kx i9cb/nzzn(rod-1. e 1000 g, $c=0.22kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20{}^{\circ }C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade+1fdfxbjt-q+ zo8+nya 8 goh* (specific heat = $0.11cal/g{\cdot }^{\circ }C$), the metal can get as hot as $400{}^{\circ }C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20{}^{\circ }C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to b* ilb1* dcxb(u7 3ux6ezgii,liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fua)):ptzrz5f 61orwoysion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt5tyr)1o :po 6zazf r)w 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is neededj903oaatdoz p:qliej uz;64u p4 hp09 to change 10 kg of ice at $-20{}^{\circ }C$ to water at $50{}^{\circ }C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fromzh 8zhfj+b /kb-a o -hm7y/5glmrg4n8 100 g of $85{}^{\circ }C$ water to make $-5{}^{\circ }C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50+bwq1mo3c-itq;rq+-ht j5 vm g of ice at $0{}^{\circ }C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25{}^{\circ }C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially a8t6l(nlyc :x43 czb ndt $100{}^{\circ }C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0{}^{\circ }C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0{}^{\circ }C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10{}^{\circ }C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a,m wxotq, vako mny5 (/)-bq,zt $0{}^{\circ }C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to ko csrgi4m*;1glin4;ipc 9 - achange 10 kg of water at $50{}^{\circ }C$ to steam at $120{}^{\circ }C$?

  How much heat is required to change one g0 6riz1tnbj fsl1t5x7 ram of $0{}^{\circ }C$ ice to $120{}^{\circ }C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to chan )9gfqxwwk xct7/(u-z2he ia3ge 100 g of $-10{}^{\circ }C$ ice to $150{}^{\circ }C$ steam?

  A person makes ice teaaxk :dzp. r6)0+uha ka by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80{}^{\circ }C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0{}^{\circ }C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10{}^{\circ }C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the :7p g*ulwsi6tte9)vsheat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting 7:6 t9gw)e* svl utisppoint is $328{}^{\circ }C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23{}^{\circ }C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$)

  The thermal conductivity of cdr3t g ;q,7agwf.s9 qmoncrete is $0.8W/m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1W/m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice thb7k vy djannrn8 ,;+f,at of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths andfr dby,;j7,+ nank n8v radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0{}^{\circ }C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200{}^{\circ }C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions oeq80 ez)jxce 7f 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature ise)0 exqce j78z $-10{}^{\circ }C$ and the inside temperature $20{}^{\circ }C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3km 06i aok4dne42r dk4.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperae6d dimk 4r4o24kakn0ture is $-10{}^{\circ }C$ and the inside temperature is $20{}^{\circ }C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will f0v 1isazkpt fn/et330low in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (0sp310a fe3vn kt /itz$k=2.0\times {10}^{-4}kcal/s\cdot m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21{}^{\circ }C$ and the outside temperature is $4{}^{\circ }C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of he;npur *be*0z ,z zc5feat through a $2.0m^2$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k=2.0\times {10}^{-4}kcal/s\cdot m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) if the temperature differential is $10{}^{\circ }C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 400uhs2 c;eba 7dq2q d os,+o:k1i0 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0m^2$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k=2.0\times {10}^{-4}kcal/s\cdot m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20{}^{\circ }C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature iut5etb .,/boh s monitored by measuring tbbt u/,.5eo thhe radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5c{m}^2$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650{}^{\circ }C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when itslpwhf.h(6; 7 hobp1o is at $33{}^{\circ }C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4m^2$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.