Which of the following is the smao5af6e dc8ry /t4 ztrrjv2 x9 ac8,ed,llest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water bq 7x),rwt,mj 1exch/eqeag1)y $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred towex -cu u kqq::8zf14o4e:8 w:ku zq1q-cxouf as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the te:;o75 ijzqjxhivj+, pmperature T and the internal energ, jo:p7j5 ;qhvzi+i jxy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depe+ eq*xmz x/ *s+fq.z0ic.bskmnds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compresseaqlazhb q+.o+ mf- /7ad until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature cona-/lma a+ 7z+obfqq h.stant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal 0ov29wrf8ota energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturer+i cl9i xt:d9rn5xp ;s do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific ,zdo/ms,d8oh 2 ig-trheat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is hto 2idz8g,s/m, o- dradded to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system i4 8.dih0hk:8n/ yfcomjw2 9yf cruf k;s made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the coppejyn/r;2fo.0 w8kcf kfdm4uy :9ch h8ir are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chanbi t8 iygv:u)q9x m lm(q21yc9ge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is rex9mmyi( g) v21bytqi8: cuql9ferred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is i1o awyujlg3 hra5/dnta)):ab 6c 6:ureferred to a)bgaua:)r o uwl3jtnd cy/h1a:66 i5as the

  If heat is added to a pure syiar rg245q e,ubstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesyx zf (w18kjqwkvmp1+ yjb. **x5t(wt

  When a liquid evaporateu;)mgl *unv+(:3db mwdgk2rzm ja b0.rs*g)ls

  When a vapor condense a4syo +i5-qmx8mpk-e+np o y*s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biggerrw0 sf+yc * hpu7ee2l ;dj4,fq)ke3pd and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of thcel02 yf; qje,* 3d+wh7 f4sukepp r)de air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling watd22gqq,tb0 r rer causes

  Equal masses of water atnzqe t1 8rclb fv1wvie5ek7j )o76-8r $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular coll1ct:zz4pzvw 0isions is referred to aswtv:p04 zz c1z

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron ba*eeq bs11r dl ;s*yd,sr become hot when the other end is placed in a flamed1es r,dqes*s*byl;1 ?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of w;go-8.f p5tcpm9elrx ood. This is due to the di;9p 5xep.tm8orcg f l-fference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall . 3hd,d 0sazttw3 9d6zizb*wj built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness wibt d3,3z6idz.s t* wwz9ja0h dll

  A layer of insulating material with t8uedp1xt 6 bx y jh6i7;g11tjbhermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. Th t1t;x7d j6bu168xhi pbey1gje layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat fl-.xt zwg6ob ;0cxk q gwzsws s/.to+/.ows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to ;sw /cz0tgqw.ozsx+-/ s.k6b.x twog as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a sto3qu1vezv+ khyy((nv7 ve?

  Convection can occurymxb5. u::/bh0a4ep/keibx w

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important toogp8z ;9a7f1ca bw0rw humans in maint9w1gf bwcz0o8p ;aa r7aining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelerati/blqy:or xx/d) 7hd3 aon of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is toq7la3 :hxd bd /)/rxyrue about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rtg tm.v9ec1g3.( jwro ectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need hearoj.m wgc93etgv1t( .t supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is dhm 0vft.dyku/q 9xosr;-me3 ,oubled, by what factor does the radiatin ,;omqv/ r3s yfx.k m-heu09tdg power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in theiy1b 5xe4 vn r,.equq- t0s7bf absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanismr.0apk/t *pko8e p9ab does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equoptx v 8bhtk))31wc2qcgt*) fivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalenvy ,jmxm9 h6x)t to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tempr y2;phuyf6m vod2n 5)erature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temper:o ;o6w8 n3tmbx5 kxtpature tp xm6ono 5 ;3wxk:t8bchange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at ufkz 797o w+x/c+z e2lf0isev$10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperaturezz (. ppei/0ouvqld/x 4d+ pe* of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of wajz .5rr.o,m11 y hs4k to(qrs2t6mdiuter at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper.y yg tzc-58we ( 8aq20uyzoit8 How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increaseu (tw52c zy0zy8to i8g8eq-ays by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated 6w+,e/zhci be to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initialxlw n(/o-78jahe 4v - ku5wlk5ddk7uuly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at 1cspx:wdx*bh4im (nb nfi ; 9om9q*/ o$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isyec g 7a skhu-42,v3qpolated from its surr eupys4ghkv3c2,q a-7oundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between vbyh-n9f2sw.7cayap,, b /vfn arious forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had falfw,b - cas2pvfy9y7ab,nhn/.len down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niap2ion7dnjqkxr*5 q213rrn +hccxj6w,fv6u 5 gara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the watexhr, fr q7c6 13ikuw*qvon5nc rj5nj d2p2+ 6xr rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no he tahyz- 5mf *)64toaweat loss, how long would it take to heatzyt5 oaa- t4wm)h*f6 e water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to/ fj ah8gk--yhdo:/ot heat 20 kg of wa h-fk:/a/o8 do tygjh-ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, r1y j/(t/tpvw oav)o6jte : 1r$c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (speuc.j rm5 8yfow:xw-jzj xp( ;,cific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed:hyxyv mp(q 3 /pn r(bz7,c2 r-hzct(j from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How n .teoglq0/c 3neh4ajscf(+ 2much heat is required to melt +ahlnfqo gsn3te cj4 c.20e/ (200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chanw0- .ie irp-zv7ucc* age 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to xn mo ;eq9hgg1i.-ei(be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g o sd-2x*dyx5t wlhj 99ef ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initywc 4se *yotyqaek3xt02bd r1 202:h uially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at zyhj ad- z,-1t2-jzyi$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wage:sj*e-bk 8d ter at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change8zzh no:1 hu6q one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g of *zk a1n; 4( a;fg+kb6mlmtp ca$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice o9 h1vrewftq2 bh.qj2s:1k6r to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of plw5hen9u7 / dlead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg,d pnw7 /e95uhl and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductiv6f*zmpsrt cl3g3 fo;+d v w1:uity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is 3qj5/zz ,0yy: 4f zczyko4ymya 2 +lubtwice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to endzu,fk44ym:y/3lc aq zy jo yz25byz+0 in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimj4.6ovgjfk*n u dp f+f7v na07ensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tem.nad ofkv76f 7 j4p fv*0n+ujgperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm th4xp0ewoxsfaf-* hj*+ cl rqr* 6z5)dm6uik ,hick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempersqmxdf*f*r6 i *lkzrhe 54w-)c hajo0p6 u,x+ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sectx iv l*s gw:wu7mg)nzdd 12e33ion of concrete 27nglmd:w swd13)gue*i xvz 3($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,0003op zx81n6 )+2lq6 lzrngnwpc,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4jf:r p-hb71 fa000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refininglobo0u l7 1f(-oni)tt steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of are7-notl1 o obflt)0i (ua $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body ukxqir 1/n7*i tss44x0qr (hu radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collecc 6;k*5l u8s5fxf(.p bfnquaftion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.