Which of the following is the smallestb- ss. 9rmbd*g unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram o0gc-zv ) kert7 gas+ utfz*wxw20sw(. f water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energydxx-5p +8u nykm:tm/ z(9gka z8 bpo6e of individual molecules is referred to ku/oxk8y(d+ 6p9nb pma gz-5 8t:mzxe as

  A cup of water is scooped up froud84xl c5+bw qm a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and xdw cb8ulq +54the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depbg375tq o aiqopu8;5 5cfer: wends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compr1iscwo6 z7a. kessed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. Al 6oiz 71kc.awsl of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U nhp)ff74o 2y zat $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do nots:94 arkwkb j /c-p+9ln;x+b*6m az/zyq xnpx vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity 2u7h:flsc hbv7mcyt-,ej 1(xthan iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement it,hse jch2yx u-c:lm71b7vf ( s true?

  A thermally isolated system is m (j -ptc:fu,ciade up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat , ci-upcjtf(:during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a subsxm*us *xgnq c+ 28rikzvk+96 vtance from the solid to the liquid state is refer r *8n2k s+vmqi9guzx*x+vc6kred to as the

  The heat required to change am xthl(j6) muayctxrj.3 . 7(z substance from the liquid to the vapor state is refem.l a m)(tr7h6jcy.u3x( t xzjrred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure uq lafqzik)0-tng23+f5di r 1 substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes 4bd v,1er6m3ig9: ilxtnr8ga

  When a liquid evaporat.jbgk8r5fys7 :+ f5krkzxc0n es

  When a vapor condensesz7mq3i9fj;ay1h * c bl t4gx*r

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biggerp+;p u/rir97u p. lmem and biggerpum pl/p 7erm;ri 9+.u until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of qp5rr l:m p-hfqi)3rrjlh4e5yr 0k1 +boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water 48ktqxklhs:0/p6le7ch5x uk at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by meanc 6a9an 4,nvibs9;hlls of molecular collisions is referred to asbl v;s49l6i n,nca a9h

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of anozr+l q4jhrm:p ;z,k. iron bar become hot when tl z+rr4.,p mo;kh: qjzhe other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to kh,yobhr*xzx-,i va/w mjqp92s)3k3 the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical p)93kr 3,b xvo,-p 2sa xzk/ *miywhqjhroperty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materialwo 0 eu1qat p oegg o ;(q4i57/quyq9troi14(r, the rate of heat loss f io4q9qot(5eotr(qgupog 10r7wq / i1yeu ;4a or a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed onc1h*ik 4 k- uyl+kdn04twb,sd a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite shed- *kl insy4dthb4+kck ,wu 10et?

  The process whereby heat flows by the my2b*ai)/cl u tass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to ac *)ai/tb lu2ys

  By what primary heat tkx,g8m1a ,zyk+pdc q rdc)7o,ransfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur bl4k4ksw9wd1xpv; y5

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is: htatgwk23n4kdcj 6; important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperad;2g4kajw ht3 6c:nktture?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment 36cnz 3,rx 5bk )lizer+pwgqo 2 +vqh6where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on onk+ev z wpbh5q2)o ,6 3xqcn 63rlzgri+e side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built f8f4i;8-qs rnn6ouk r 2lqo ucc5+7odwrom the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about u7-os kconoifuw4dn8 5 r82;lc+ r6 qqthe rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by whj ur(*jzimuu..pm )tx1w t. r+at factor does the radiating power chrjujuwxtrm 1)( m. u*p+t. .ziange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence sc t,3eh95cadof any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does theb2m ,p abij e9us:34fs Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalenc5ep71c* 4i w:erkoks t to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to hohijeb qe; c*.(w much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is need+c*o p+by zl*j9dgfe.ed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is thee7 no r8bxh+ j2;ale-;fw,tiokuc4,ae i78pu resulting temperature cha ak pw uebchl et;4;,if877,eru 2 -ixja8ono+nge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally 1u7 se8rp*hhqat $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of l pu,lk lqm:q-;4)u9b cto)zr2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up herq.wy34g o h3oxngbnb 40wn+/0kh4x hc bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 ksnx;39e-mh) 0n3ms:m ou7y dt/ bicv8a rb3 bjg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature incre nh / ab;t 3m7bj3ys3v0 9ucbrnm:oms)diex-8ases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of m7agw-rkvz 5 0,edpbw ,etal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at g7 6: ukxir9:g-qyxab $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material m47 pg swi/w;wat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make pt4 4 zvw:acjiykuj1c. maeo43081vaup a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object ha e44vpjkyw8t1zu :co0i.a 1a a4cjmv3s an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted sy4a(go+ph5 wxmbg s+m v32 )gfk-sl0to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a wa3gpvyh5bsam20s -s+ go)xgw4fl m+ k(terfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing overxq3iyo 4 jf(j1 jcc xba05u;r8 Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by co0rjb1ia (x5cuj f;xy834jq what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assum5qmx0g f(h fo)ing no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water inf)mq0 (x ohg5f this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is usr*y a0g rai3 sibw.0;ced to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water y3rr. ;abc0i 0wga*isfrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masodl -pq hmp4: k)ps8ry y3ph/1s 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (spewzo6x,sqw;p m1 p,:51zbm cpnnd w :v32wdjp6cific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to lcas7lg1qw e,.iquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusiobbii3rt8+k 6za y; (pln of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g o6 p3kt+(i; lz8 yiarbbf ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10feaf vc55z :7)*y7x+drcj zz t kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remove-: b qg 5ydsb4ru4f.pwd from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg.avq((1 4ainvx When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water inithlm (wam o+74m8r nes-6sa*1k 9 mrbciially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a:up6efi39 :zszk(owzt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wate+*k wcoxa2oh6 nk7v7g r at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to i,hod9ei bkzgm)/h:b;bqj 1;change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to c hvnnhfcmm5 f/a0 nj:+3o4k,c hange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 ;j5raxaoz;+c kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is do(u twv,2k 6e207 kcal/kg, and its meltineu(dw2 vt6k ,og point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is ojxjyfm1g-34nt. su2u;u 9gr$0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (on 0z-dd1 x/ljsh230kag jdpb2 oe aluminum and tl3x2/10j dskp0b azjd-hgo 2dhe other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick z2(kzzg lh7 r(t*(rtu (i9a-; wbj f.cbiyl*m has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tet 2(z7h brbfi y((*z.zlj9 awikg* l(mt;- urcmperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thict.g3ouot/n ttux58ah .pi5) vk has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tntht /o .pu t.a3x5g)vt 8ui5oemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 mhd,x*we8cju* 4 fr z-r 7e2pal x 2.0 m section of concrete 4fr28* z,e urchpwd7 e -xlja*($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take 2bq0d7 bik+gp to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat e efv.1 w:/wjq;jqq-wis lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperat3 6cjn2w-ry gzw2p-xqx iko4 (fpd8j0ure is monitored by measuring-x242xrn0c ykgi j3fowp w (z6pdq8- j the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating ener:2)bev xtl fk,gy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective 6(nnw(d/rarwb:5 trz collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.