Why does a child in a wagon seem to fall backward when zmvj56 )ru 5piqo blx)y3/ aa0you give the wagon a sharp pull/o 0 a35x6)rljiybp)ua 5qvm z forward?

A box rests on the (frictionless) bed of a truck. The truckq 7j8gj;sp2u mbzc +++qnegb 3 driver starts the truck and accelerates forward. The box immediately starts to slide toward the rear of the truck bed. Discuss the motion of the box, in terms of Newton’s laws, as seen (a) by Mary standing on theg8j bqcg2 +7zs3+ nbpqj;um +e ground beside the truck and (b) by Chris who is riding on the truck

If the acceleration of an obj e+ 5cj-udsi0(4xhsdl,;ilb/r ba t a8ect is zero, are no forces acting on it? Explain.

Only one force acts on an object. Can the object have zeyad8ne z9 w7)jro acceleration? Can it have zero )9 dyew7jna8 zvelocity? Explain.

When a golf ball is dropped to the pavement, it bounces back hw. 1:izf eq qn6-niu6up. (a) Is a force needed to make it bounce back up? (b) If so, what exeqh1.i: ufqwi6n n e6-zrts the force?

If you walk along a log floating on a lake, why does thad8 t0o)q6fby y:iw1 xe log move in the opposite directi y)6wf0: xtiby8q1adoon?

Why might your foot hurt if you kick a heavy desk or * 0iqvloo8)q qulh* n7a wall?

  When you are running and want to stop quickly, oeh8h w8(y*uvyou must decelerate quickly. (a) What is the oy8wo 8( e*hvhurigin of the force that causes you to stop? (b) Estimate (using your own experience) the maximum rate of deceleration of a person running at top speed to come to rest.    m/s$^2$

A stone hangs by a fine thread from the cv7-yb1+uy96 olkh 4qp tkbl29s,ilia eiling, and a section of the same thread dangles from the bottom olsvqlt ui +pbk97a4y6ki2,yhbl1 -9 of the stone (Fig. 4–36). If a person gives a sharp pull on the dangling thread, where is the thread likely to break: below the stone or above it? What if the person gives a slow and steady pull? Explain your answers.

The force of gravity on a 2-kg rock is twice as great as that on a 1-kg rock. Wh5h ub.ov1u3c p2c4afmy then doesn’tpvf5o3 u2 a1m4 .ubcch the heavier rock fall faster?

Would a spring scale carried to the Moon give accurate results if the sca- yb (8-nw5:aqhn2e6kvemej zle had b-qvmwyze -8e n(bj2:h 5 a6keneen calibrated (a) in pounds, or (b) in kilograms?

You pull a box with a constant force across a frictionless tab ,c)q8vvysz 0zle using an attached rope held horizontally. If you now pull the rope with the same force at an angle to the horizontal (with the box remaining flat osc) ,80y qvzzvn the table), does the acceleration of the box (a) remain the same, (b) increase, or (c) decrease? Explain.

When an object falls freelyg.yx-,oj 5aj+ cw;c+0kfdt e(be8 lgn under the influence of gravity there is a net force mg exerted on it by the Earth. Yet by Newton’s third law thcyxkjbge +,d- 0e.fw(c tj;58l+oan ge object exerts an equal and opposite force on the Earth. Why doesn’t the Earth move?

Compare the effort (or force) needed zq+rw- dqvhf 23 0yp;uto lift a 10-kg object when you are on the Moon with theqzwf0v+drq-y 2puh3 ; force needed to lift it on Earth. Compare the force needed to throw a 2-kg object horizontally with a given speed on the Moon and on Earth.

According to Newton’s third law, each x muc6n 7i f+ .wvl. n0xvbdg87kop,:mteam in a tug of war (Fig. 4–37) pulls with equal force on the other team. What, then, deter,k.o wgl0u+cn xn. v:v6 fxmd77mi8pb mines which team will win?

A person exerts an upward force of 40 N to hold a bag a nq.mc u02*ecof groceries. Describe the “reaction” force (Newton’s third law) by stating (a) its magnitude, (b) its direction, (c) on what object it is exerted, and (d) by what object it is exertena2*0uqemc c. d.

When you stand still ov w3hk;c: s p 0afcir8s:ec)nug1x:8jn the ground, how large a force does the ground exert on you? Why doesn’t this force ma1 3:eikxc: v gns ju)a0sc;cwr88:fphke you rise up into the air?

Whiplash sometimes results fk(uaf5 fgub 1kwg;od+ud-1 t )rom an automobile accident when the victim’s car is struck violen1dgo5wd+u( )bt-1fkg f uku a;tly from the rear. Explain why the head of the victim seems to be thrown backward in this situation. Is it really?

A heavy crate rests on the bed of a flatbed truck. When the ii frnx3p8w k +y0zure3+(me2truck accelerates, the crate remains where it is on the truck, so it, too, accelerates. What force causes the crate 2nu83 pk(wi3+imry rxzf+0eeto accelerate?

A block is given a push so that it slides up a ramp. After the block reachesup-tn; 7evx/s its highest point, it slidptxv7-;un se/es back down but the magnitude of its acceleration is less on the descent than on the ascent. Why?

What would your bathroom r4lw(f i 6gtty3.cs;oscale read if you weighed yourself on an inclined plane? Assume the mechanis3 .wi;oyctl 6sgtr (f4m functions properly, even at an angle.

  What force is needed to accelerate a child on a sled at 1.25u4vyizwkrr 88j u0 s(;m/s$^2$?   

  A net force of 265 N2o0qzu.i(oul/ipz7ww r5(h tg/drg * accelerates a bike and rider at 2.30$ \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . What is the mass of the bike and rider together?   

  How much tension must a rope withstand ifur( bhff 5xj.egn, 2t: it is used to accelerate a 960$-\mathrm{kg} $ car horizontally along a frictionless surface at 1.20 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ ?   

  What is the weight of aidz,) + mt *+yw vu+oq7cqhw+d $76-\mathrm{kg}$ astronaut
(a) on Earth,   
(b) on the Moon $\left(g=1.7 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\right)$ ,   
(c) on Mars $\left(g=3.7 \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}\right)$,   
(d) in outer space traveling with constant velocity?   

  A 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box rests on a table. (a) What is the weight of the box and the normal force acting on it?   
(b) A 10.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box is placed on top of the 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box, as shown in Fig. 4-38. Determine the normal force that the table exerts on the 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box    and the normal force that the 20.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box exerts on the 10.0-$\mathrm{kg}$ box.   

  What average force is required to stop an 1100-kg car in io u ( xstv;yi2.,c2qng5ivl,8.0 s if the car is traveling at 95km/h? c,n,iq;g i 52x vis(2v.t luoy-  

  What average force is needed to accelerateupn.jlq 3hzu 8dzt .dt c-*++w a 7.00-gram pellet from rest to 125m/s over a distance of 0.800 m along the barrel o+n-3qc z*p. j+w8 uduthld.zt f a rifle?   

A fisherman yanks a fish 0fjw+lxoec07,t dkh, vertically out of the water with an acceleration of 2.00 cf t,,w7dklxojhe+5 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ using very light fishing line that has a breaking strength of 22 N . The fisherman unfortunately loses the fish as the line snaps. What can you say about the mass of the fish?

  A 0.140$-\mathrm{kg}$ baseball traveling 35.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ strikes the catcher's mitt, which, in bringing the ball to rest, recoils backward 11.0 cm . What was the average force applied by the ball on the glove? -  

  How much tension musta rope withstand if it is used to accelerate a 1200-kg car vertically upward at0.8m/s$^2 ?   

  A particular race car can cover a quarter-mile track +b bg.wnrds /1e:xx -v(402 $\mathrm{~m}$) in 6.40 s starting from a standstill. Assuming the acceleration is constant, how many " g 's" does the driver experience?    If the combined mass of the driver and race car is 485 kg , what horizontal force must the road exert on the tires?   

  A 12.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ bucket is lowered vertically by a rope in which there is 163 N of tension at a given instant.
What is the acceleration of the bucket? Is it up or down?     ----待选择----downupward 

  An elevator (mass 4850 kg ) is to be designed so t k0n/lml rzdm+ms nvr1/b+h76 hat the maximum acceleration is 0.0680 g . What are the maximum and minimum forcesl/vmb1mlrm+s/ 6n kz7rh0d n+ the motor should exert on the supporting cable? max =    min =   

A 75$-\mathrm{kg}$ petty thief wants to escape from a third-story jail window. Unfortunately, a makeshift rope made of sheets tied together can support a mass of only 58 kg . How might the thief use this "rope" to escape? Give a quantitative answer.

  A person stands on a bathroom scale in a motiondya )qobo6/7i less elevator. When the elevator begins to move, 6 b7iq/do)yao the scale briefly reads only 0.75 of the person’s regular weight. Calculate the acceleration of the elevator, and find the direction of acceleration.     ----待选择----downupward 

  The cable supporting a 21wa+)gff9n xy4udy;1 s25-kg elevator has a maximum strength of 21,750 N. What maximum upward acceleration can it gg ad1)yf4wy ;f +s9unxive the elevator without breaking?    ( two decimal places)

  (a) What is the acceleration of two falling sky divers (mass 132 kg iic0m ix. rz+ 4*ad j(l*guboov 8zb(1vawb2n+ncluding parachute) when the upward force of air resistance is equal to on xi8u *rmjdg *b i1o++bocw. n4(vazzal( b2v0e-fourth of their weight?   
(b) After popping open the parachute, the divers descend leisurely to the ground at constant speed. What now is the force of air resistance on the sky divers and their parachute?    See Fig. 4–39.

  A person jumps from the roof of a house 3.,rrm/7 xpv5h3mz w5dm9-m high. When he strikes the ground below, he bends his knees so that his,3 zhd 5mpx 5wmr/mvr7 torso decelerates over an approximate distance of 0.70 m. If the mass of his torso (excluding legs) is 42 kg, find
(a) his velocity just before his feet strike the ground, and   
(b) the average force exerted on his torso by his legs during deceleration.   

  A box weighing 77.0 N rests on a table. A rope tied to h ;uupdp7 3/cathe box runs vertically upward over a pulley and a weight is hung from the other end (Fig. 4-40). Determine the force that the table exerts on p/pc hudu;7 a3the box if the weight hanging on the other side of the pulley weighs
(a) 30.0 N ,   
(b) 60.0 N ,   
(c) 90.0 N .   

Draw the free-body diagram fog9,c-ff1rkaoz mjh6* r a basketball player
(a) just before leaving the ground on a jump, and
(b) while in the air. See Fig. 4–41.

Sketch the free-body diagram of a baseball (a) at the moment it is hit *of r9b9qe7.) ohp )qegb6tdyby the bat, and again (b) after it has left the bat and is flying toward the outfieldq* .ob9h 7 6e) rfdeyogp9tqb).

A 650-N force acts in a nortg7f3 l.56bn fgzpt u hlplp;69hwesterly direction. A second 650-N force must be exerted in what direction so that the resultant of the two forces points westward? Illustrate your answeru7t l5pbl.gpp; gf z6f lhn963 with a vector diagram.

  Arlene is to walk across a "high wire" re2l ,7m dct2 whik3b:strung horizontally between two buildings 10.0 m apart. The sag in the rope when she is ad:hi23kcmr7b w2t,e l t the midpoint is 10.0$^{\circ}$ as shown in Fig. 4-42 . If her mass is 50.0 kg , what is the tension in the rope at this point?   

  The two forces $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{1}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{2}$ shown in Fig. 4-43 $\mathrm{a}$ and b (looking down) act on a 27.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ object on a frictionless tabletop. If $ F_{1}=10.2 \mathrm{~N}$ and $ F_{2}=16.0 \mathrm{~N}$ , find the net force on the object and its acceleration for (a) and (b). (a) a =    at    $^{\circ}$;(b) a =    at    $^{\circ}$

  One 3.2-kg paint bucket is hanginae sh)w+ w/3sb s4b5leg by a massless cord from another 3.2$-\mathrm{kg}$ paint bucket, also hanging by a massless cord, as shown in Fig. 4-44.
(a) If the buckets are at rest, what is the tension in each cord? F1 =    F2 =    (The top rope is F1 and the bottom rope is F2)
(b) If the two buckets are pulled upward with an acceleration of 1.60 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ by the upper cord, calculate the tension in each cord. F1 =    F2 =   

  A person pushes a 14.6dv1+sulp0 jq( 5 qzfv0$-\mathrm{kg}$ lawn mower at constant speed with a force of F=88.0 $\mathrm{~N}$ directed along the handle, which is at an angle of 45.0$^{\circ} $ to the horizontal (Fig. 4-45).
(a) Draw the free-body diagram showing all forces acting on the mower. Calculate
(b) the horizontal friction force on the mower,   
(c) the normal force exerted vertically upward on the mower by the ground.   
(d) What force must the person exert on the lawn mower to accelerate it from rest to 1.5 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s} $ in 2.5 seconds, assuming the same friction force?   

  Two snowcats tow a housing unit to a new location at McMurl91lz+ :c g5 iyc;dm. zumhcklf (-h4cdo Base, Antarctica, as shown inlhykc1miu-lz m hfgcc .9 (dzl;54c :+ Fig. 4-46. The sum of the forces $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{A}}$ and $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{B}} $ exerted on the unit by the horizontal cables is parallel to the line L , and $ F_{\mathrm{A}}=4500 \mathrm{~N} $. Determine $ F_{\mathrm{B}}$ and the magnitude of $ \overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ .$F_B$ =    $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{A}}+\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}_{\mathrm{B}}$ =   

A train locomotive is pulling two cars of the sxg(byr*6oh4l*t x vo+c8tq x0ame mass behind it, Fig. 4-47 . Determine the ratio of the tension in the coupling between the hxr 0g8(o*ly4ob6 x +tx*vc tqlocomotive and the first car $\left(F_{\mathrm{T} 1}\right)$ , to that between the first car and the second car $\left(F_{\mathrm{T} 2}\right)$ , for any nonzero acceleration of the train.

  A window washer pulls herself upward using the bucket-pulley a noi zhc+c+zfet //5l.pparatus shown in Fig. 4-48. (a) How hard must she pull downward to tioz e/z5cf+h/ +.nlc raise herself slowly at constant speed?   
(b) If she increases this force by 15 % , what will her acceleration be? The mass of the person plus the bucket is 65 kg .   

  At the instant a race began, a +esmv 7dy9op(xdb,0 (ly9kudfk-, wr 65$-\mathrm{kg}$ sprinter exerted a force of 720 N on the starting block at a 22$^{\circ}$ angle with respect to the ground. (a) What was the horizontal acceleration of the sprinter?    (Keep one decimal place)
(b) If the force was exerted for 0.32 s , with what speed did the sprinter leave the starting block?    (Keep one decimal place)

Figure 4-49 shows a block7an y5k 3/ilh3n9uh yl (mass $ m_{1}$ ) on a smooth horizontal surface, connected by a thin cord that passes over a pulley to a second block $\left(m_{2}\right)$ , which hangs vertically. (a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block, showing the force of gravity on each, the force (tension) exerted by the cord, and any normal force. (b) Apply Newton's second law to find formulas for the acceleration of the system and for the tension in the cord. Ignore friction and the masses of the pulley and cord.

Three blocks on a frictionless horijo mj ;3r iw1v z4wlmei0nm *8/naf9q,zontal surface are in contact with each other, as shown in Fig. 4-513wz wf 8 im emma0 vnjn;4*1,/qiorjl9. A force $\overrightarrow{\mathbf{F}}$ is applied to block 1 (mass .$m_{1}$) .
(a) Draw a free-body diagram for each block. Determine
(b) the acceleration of the system (in terms of $m_{1}$, $m_{2}$ , and $ m_{3}$ ),
(c) the net force on each block,
(d) the force of contact that each block exerts on its neighbor.
(e) If $m_{1}=m_{2}=m_{3}=12.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ and $ F=96.0 \mathrm{~N}$ , give numerical answers to (b),(c) , and (d) . Do your answers make sense intuitively?

  The two masses shown in Fig. 4-52 are each initiallyjmx24/5fa g vov /x6zr 1.80 m above the ground, and the massless frictionless pulley is 4.8 m above the ground. What maximum height does the lighter object reach after the system is released? [Hint: First determine the acceleration of the lighter mass and then its velocity at the moment the heavier one hits6r4ofa5zg vvx/m2xj/ the ground. This is its "launch" speed. Assume it doesn't hit the pulley.]   

Suppose two boxes on a frictionlih5 -jsnhz31d vml6 5eess table are connected by a heavy cord of mass 1.0 kg . Calculate the acceleration of each box and the tension at each end of vlehh 5mn 5i63zj-s1dthe cord, using the free-body diagrams shown in Fig. 4-53. Assume $F_{\mathrm{P}}=40.0 \mathrm{~N}$ , and ignore sagging of the cord. Compare your results to Example 4-12 and Fig. 4-22.
(4-53)
(4-22)
(4-12)

If the coefficient of kinetic frl9 vx pi)pbdxad oqt ta(7+-4*iction between a 35$-\mathrm{kg}$ crate and the floor is 0.30 , what horizontal force is required to move the crate at a steady speed across the floor? What horizontal force is required if $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}$ is zero?

  A force of 48.0 N is required to start a 5m /z6j fd*cf*7doi gqt,/;nv o.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ box moving across a horizontal concrete floor. (a) What is the coefficient of static friction between the box and the floor?   
(b) If the 48.0$-\mathrm{N}$ force continues, the box accelerates at 0.70$ \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?   

  Suppose that you are standing on a train accelerating at 0.2w- z7:k k,hawg0g. What minimum coefficient of static friction must exist between your feet and the flokg,7-w z:hawk or if you are not to slide?   

  What is the maximum qe3n :f 8btwq9acceleration a car can undergo if the coefficient of static friction between the tirq9:qb8et 3wn fes and the ground is 0.80?   

  The coefficient of static friction between hard rubber and normal s1 tm.q wva)u0ftreet pavement is about 0.8. On how steep a hill (maximum angle) can you) w.mut0af1 vq leave a car parked?   $^{/circ}$

  A 15.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ box is released on a 32$^{\circ}$ incline and accelerates down the incline at 0.30 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . Find the friction force impeding its motion.    What is the coefficient of kinetic friction?   

  A car can decelerate at r*+iaci il+ o(qz8r+ s -4.80 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ without skidding when coming to rest on a level road. What would its deceleration be if the road were inclined at 13$^{\circ} $ uphill? Assume the same static friction coefficient.   

(a) A box sits at rest on a rough 3q/m qzmj5 ep/90$^{\circ}$ inclined plane. Draw the free-body diagram, showing all the forces acting on the box.
(b) How would the diagram change if the box were sliding down the plane?
(c) How would it change if the box were sliding up the plane after an initial shove?

  Drag-race tires in contact with an asphalt surface :pk1yk2kezp b 54o52xsd8 tiqhave a very high coefficient of static frispqky52 b d1:pkztoei8x2 4 5kction.

Assuming a constant acceleration and no slipping of tires, estimate the coefficient of static friction needed for a drag racer to cover 1.0 km in 12 s , starting from rest.   

  The coefficient of kinetic fri, :p- vuh )lelkpx.d3ox- p6ays 3yhl8ction for a $ 22-\mathrm{kg}$ bobsled on a track is 0.10 . What force is required to push it down a $6.0^{\circ}$ incline and achieve a speed of 60 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ at the end of 75 m ?   

  For the system of Fig. 4-32 (Example 4-20) how large a mass would box s/e).o3+wmqu y0 vrdi A have to have to prevent any motion from occurring?3r/ u s).om wd0eviq+y Assume $\mu_{\mathrm{s}}=0.30$ .   

  A box is given a push so thn)ekg 0svu a jc 3amtvdq*:;-.at it slides across the floor. How far will it go, given that the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20 and the e ma;v qjgd)s*0t -.vu ck3a:npush imparts an initial speed of 4.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ ?   

  Two crates, of mass 75 kg and 110 kg , are in contact and at rest o0kbmaua)0 5lr dp:vj )n a horizontal surface (Fig. 4-54). A 6madv0l)j0u )a 5b r:kp20$-\mathrm{N}$ force is exerted on the 75$-\mathrm{kg}$ crate. If the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.15 , calculate
(a) the acceleration of the system,   
(b) the force that each crate exerts on the other.   
(c) Repeat with the crates reversed.   

  A flatbed truck is carryi. zvgr x50rb7qw m )gkegtld.zg:5t11ng a heavy crate. The coefficient of static friction between the crate and the bed of the truck is 0.75. What is the maximum rate at gzz edm5tv )q:lb1 5rgxg1.0 7 w.gkrtwhich the driver can decelerate and still avoid having the crate slide against the cab of the truck?   

On an icy day, you worry about parking your car in your driveway, whm.f d8w9zj11j1k y8 r 9ijkunhich has an incline j 1ni8 f9k zuk8m19 wj.d1hyrjof 12$^{\circ}$ . Your neighbor's driveway has an incline of 9.0$^{\circ}$ , and the driveway across the street is at 6.0$^{\circ}$ . The coefficient of static friction between tire rubber and ice is 0.15 . Which driveway(s) will be safe to park in?

  A child slides down a slide u0(7tdinu n dxh)0p.-mt:ev cwith a 28$^{\circ}$ incline, and at the bottom her speed is precisely half what it would have been if the slide had been frictionless. Calculate the coefficient of kinetic friction between the slide and the child.   

  The carton shown in Fig. 4-55 lies on a plane at+zeijo4 )mb(t3 ou l/9,hx din)8yetilted at an angle $\theta=22.0^{\circ}$ to the horizontal, with $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}=0.12$ . (a) Determine the acceleration of the carton as it slides down the plane.   
(b) If the carton starts from rest 9.30 m up the plane from its base, what will be the carton's speed when it reaches the bottom of the incline?   

  A carton is given an initial speed of 0 ,ekdjy85 bfc3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ up the 22.0$^{\circ}$ plane shown in Fig. 4-55.
(a) How far up the plane will it go?   
(b) How much time elapses before it returns to its starting point? Ignore friction.   

  A roller coaster reaches twpxlf,o.u*sa mw *h 7(he top of the steepest hill with a speed of 6.0$ \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ . It then descends the hill, which is at an average angle of 45$^{\circ}$ and is 45.0 m long. What will its speed be when it reaches the bottom? Assume $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}$=0.18    km/h

  An 18.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ box is released on a 37.0$^{\circ}$ incline and accelerates down the incline at 0.270 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ . Find the friction force impeding its motion.    How large is the coefficient of kinetic friction?   

  A small box is held in place against a rough wall by someone pushing on faolfgygg/- l 1ra),5 o9n6 pzit with a force directed upward /9zaf6 l o-rgl1anpogy f),g5at 28$^{\circ}$ above the horizontal. The coefficients of static and kinetic friction between the box and wall are 0.40 and 0.30 , respectively. The box slides down unless the applied force has magnitude 13
N. What is the mass of the box?   

  Piles of snow on slippery roofs can become dangerous projectiles as thei x.kwh*,zsw7e+(jeb r/zuz/6 ch)xm y melt. Consider a chunk of snow at the ridge of a roof+zc b*) x,/ew/hjr(zxuw kz7hme. 6si with a pitch of $ 30^{\circ}$ .
(a) What is the minimum value of the coefficient of static friction that will keep the snow from sliding down?   
(b) As the snow begins to melt, the coefficient of static friction decreases and the snow eventually slips. Assuming that the distance from the chunk to the edge of the roof is 5.0 m and the coefficient of kinetic friction is 0.20 , calculate the speed of the snow chunk when it slides off the roof.   
(c) If the edge of the roof is 10.0 m above ground, what is the speed of the snow when it hits the ground?   

(a) Show that the minimum stopping distance for an automobile traveling aqg6x/ mjak+y a.- 2(ua gpt3frt speed v is eq2jxtagrq6.yu/k-ma 3p+ (f gaual to $v^{2} / 2 \mu_{\mathrm{s}} g $, where $ \mu_{\mathrm{s}}$ is the coefficient of static friction between the tires and the road, and g is the acceleration of gravity.
(b) What is this distance for a 1200$-\mathrm{kg}$ car traveling 95 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ if $\mu_{\mathrm{s}}=0.75$ ?

  A coffee cup on the dashboard of a car slides zrxkzl 1ath:c1r 2-r+forward on the dash when the driver decelerates fzlra+k1 -hcz r:2r1txrom 45 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ to rest in 3.5 s or less, but not if he decelerates in a longer time. What is the coefficient of static friction between the cup and the dash?   

A small block of mass m is given an initialkdhq 0s;o7bh /9-qa6-dla uk c speed $ v_{0} $ up a ramp inclined at angle $\theta $ to the horizontal. It travels a distance d up the ramp and comes to rest. Determine a formula for the coefficient of kinetic friction between block and ramp.

  The $75-\mathrm{kg}$ climber in Fig. 4-56 is supported in the "chimney" by the friction forces exerted on his shoes and back. The static coefficients of friction between his shoes and the wall, and between his back and the wall, are 0.80 and 0.60 , respectively. What is the minimum normal force he must exert? Assume the walls are vertical and that friction forces are both at a maximum. Ignore his grip on the rope.   

  Boxes are moved on a conveyor belt from where they j-r t o+8hk,fz2fd)wuare filled to the packing station 11.0 m away. The belt is initially stationary and must finish with zero speed. The most rapid transit i - wkt)+8o2f,d jhufzrs accomplished if the belt accelerates for half the distance, then decelerates for the final half of the trip. If the coefficient of static friction between a box and the belt is 0.60, what is the minimum transit time for each box?   

A block (mass $m_{1}$ ) lying on a frictionless inclined plane is connected to a mass $ m_{2}$ by a massless cord passing over a pulley, as shown in Fig. 4-57. (a) Determine a formula for the acceleration of the system of the two blocks in terms of $ m_{1}$,$ m_{2}$,$ \theta $ and g . (b) What conditions apply to masses $m_{1}$ and $m_{2}$ for the acceleration to be in one direction (say, $m_{1}$ down the plane), or in the opposite direction?

  Suppose the coefficient of kinetic friction bgs;35.yj5s -f/p twumfmp sh0etween $m_{1}$ and the plane in Fig. 4-57 is $ \mu_{\mathrm{k}}=0.15$ , and that $m_{1}=m_{2}=2.7 \mathrm{~kg}$ . As $m_{2}$ moves down, determine the magnitude of the acceleration of $ m_{1}$ and $m_{2}$ , given $\theta=25$ ?   
(b) What smallest value of $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}$ will keep this system from accelerating?   

  A bicyclist of mass 65 kg (including the bicycle) can coast down a 6.e1)yk f.)cf-7pe+qqvrf, qrv3 h;m ol0$^{\circ} $ hill at a steady speed of 6.0 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ because of air resistance. How much force must be applied to climb the hill at the same speed and same air resistance?   

  According to a simplified model :c.9z5 nor)eokja t*ads:y0+xv w(wpmeb8) qof a mammalian heart, at each pulse approximately 20 g of blood is accelerated from 5)j pa0qoea mo:e v8+nt.(b)*kw cxs:wdy 9zr0.25 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ to 0.35 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ during a period of 0.10 s . What is the magnitude of the force exerted by the heart muscle?   

  A person has a reasonable chance of survivings7:ul+2 cxb2 z w.jrcqfq 49ho an automobile crash if the deceleration is no more than 30 " g 's." Calculate u7qz 2xw oj.9bc24+q:lhc fs rthe force on a 70$-\mathrm{kg}$ person undergoing this acceleration. What distance is traveled if the person is brought to rest at this rate from 100 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ ?   

If the horizontal acceleration producg)v)hu6h-l hhj*zyc h9kj6.c aa3m6 ked by an earthquake is a , and if an object is going to "hoh6ch9)6jhay gzkk -lh3 c.mav6ju )h*ld its place" on the ground, show that the coefficient of static friction with the ground must be at least $\mu_{\mathrm{s}}=a / g$ . (b) The famous Loma Prieta earthquake that stopped the 1989 World Series produced ground accelerations of up to 4.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ in the San Francisco Bay Area. Would a chair have started to slide on a linoleum floor with coefficient of static friction 0.25 ?

  An 1150$-\mathrm{kg} $ car pulls a $450-\mathrm{kg} $ trailer. The car exerts a horizontal force of 3.8$ \times 10^{3} \mathrm{~N}$ against the ground in order to accelerate. What force does the car exert on the trailer? Assume an effective friction coefficient of 0.15 for the trailer.   

  Police investigators, exam9 zrxek- 6j(tnj2;u abining the scene of an accident involving two cars, measure 72-m-long skid marks of one of the cars, which nearly came to a stop before colliding. The coefficie ;j(znj-a9ux r6 bket2nt of kinetic friction between rubber and the pavement is about 0.80. Estimate the initial speed of that car assuming a level road.   

  A car starts rolling down - lwht4seqq60.kg +ch(b(z yca 1-in-4 hill (1-in-4 means that for each 4 m traveled along the road, the elevation change is 1 m). How fast is it going when it reaches the bottom after traveling 55 m? (a) Igh(.g- t4c+( yel06 wczh qksqbnore friction.   
(b) Assume an effective coefficient of friction equal to 0.10.   

  A 2.0-kg purse is dropped fy-/ohu tt yj;g-6 qcs(rom the top of the Leaning Tower of Pisa and falls 55 m before reaching the ground with a u -o/6hqtcy -jg tys;(speed of What was the average force of air resistance?   

  A cyclist is coasting at a steady speed of 12m/s but enters a muddy stretch whti a*xbsd b n(p30.ru2ere the effective coefficient of friction is 0.60. Will the cyclist emerge from the muddy stretch without having to pedal if the mud lasts for 11 m*is2txbpr(0 b3a u.dn ? If so, what will be the speed upon emerging?   

  A city planner is working on the redesign of a hilly portion of a city. An i p:un2ynt z(+44tdbg7*a by jzmportant consideration is how steep the roads can be so that even low-powered cars can get up the hills without slowing down. A particular smalzb 2aup4j7 (tdt z*+n4 gbnyy:l car, with a mass of 1100 kg , can accelerate on a level road from rest to 21$ \mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}(75 \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h})$ in 14.0 s . Using these data, calculate the maximum steepness of a hill.    $^{\circ}$

  Francesca, who likes qpn6wv*3xv -hphysics experiments, dangles her watch from a thin piece of string while the jetliner she is in takes off from JFK Airport (Fig. 4-58). She nh q36*xv-npwv otices that the string makes an angle of 25$^{\circ}$ with respect to the vertical as the aircraft accelerates for takeoff, which takes about 18 s . Estimate the takeoff speed of the aircraft.   

  A 28.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ block is connected to an empty 1.35$-\mathrm{kg}$ bucket by a cord running over a frictionless pulley
(Fig. 4-59). The coefficient of static friction between the table and the block is 0.450 and the coefficient of kinetic friction between the table and the block is 0.320 . Sand is gradually added to the bucket until the system just begins to move. (a) Calculate the mass of sand added to the bucket.   
(b) Calculate the acceleration of the system.   

  In the design of a supermarket, there are to be several ramps co()j)kkw8ugg::4c hymb s xgy;nnecting different pa)8kcyg:;b j :g4 g(xhywk)umsrts of the store.
Customers will have to push grocery carts up the ramps and it is obviously desirable that this not be too difficult. The engineer has done a survey and found that almost no one complains if the force directed up the ramp is no more than 20 N . Ignoring friction, at what maximum angle $\theta$ should the ramps be built, assuming a full $30-\mathrm{kg}$ grocery cart?    $^{\circ} $

(a) What minimum force F is needed to lift the piano (ma/ o( oly:d1,y vcigo(nss M ) using the pulley apparatus syvnoc1 :(dlo/ y(io, ghown in

Fig. 4-60? (b) Determine the tension in each section of rope: $F_{\mathrm{T} 1}, F_{\mathrm{T} 2}, F_{\mathrm{T} 3} $, and $ F_{\mathrm{T} 4}$ ,

  A jet aircraft is accelerating at 3.5ss/g/xtk*igz9,3f ou $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ at an angle of 45$^{\circ} $ above the horizontal. What is the total force that the cockpit seat exerts on the 75$-\mathrm{kg} $ pilot?    N    $^{\circ} $

  In the design process for a childg6c2 xy,o fh s))t*pwz-restraint chair, an engineer considers the following set of condifxy)st z )o6pc* ,w2hgtions:
A 12$-\mathrm{kg}$ child is riding in the chair, which is securely fastened to the seat of an automobile (Fig. 4-
61). Assume the automobile is involved in a head-on collision with another vehicle. The initial speed $v_{0}$ of the car is 45$ \mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$ , and this speed is reduced to zero during the collision time of 0.20 s .

Assume a constant car deceleration during the collision and estimate the net horizontal force F that the straps of the restraint chair must exert on the child in order to keep her fixed to the chair. Treat the child as a particle and state any additional assumptions made during your analysis.   

  A 7650$-\mathrm{kg}$ helicopter accelerates upward at 0.80 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ while lifting a 1250$-\mathrm{kg}$ frame at a construction site, Fig. 4-62.
(a) What is the lift force exerted by the air on the helicopter rotors?   
(b) What is the tension in the cable (ignore its mass) that connects the frame to the helicopter?   
(c) What force does the cable exert on the helicopter?   

  A new high-speed 12-car Italian train has a mass of 660 metric tons (660,btq1 5ee0r2xo 000 $\mathrm{~kg}$) . It can exert a maximum force of 400 kN horizontally against the tracks, whereas at maximum velocity ( 300 $\mathrm{~km} / \mathrm{h}$) , it exerts a force of about 150 kN . Calculate (a) its maximum acceleration   
(b) estimate the force of air resistance at top speed.   

  A 65$-\mathrm{kg}$ ice skater coasts with no effort for 75 m until she stops. If the coefficient of kinetic friction between her skates and the ice is $\mu_{\mathrm{k}}=0.10$ , how fast was she moving at the start of her coast?   

Two rock climbers, Bilnjigz2 .g h9yt(/ -wkjl and Karen, use safety ropes of similar length. Karen's rope is more elastic, called a dynamic rope by climbers. Bill has a static rope, not recommended for safety purposes in pro climbing. Karen falls freely about 2.0 m and then the rope stops her over a distance of 1.0 m (Fig. 463). (a) Estimate, assuming that the force is constant, how large a force she will feel from the rope. (Express the result in h.( g/j2gky- twzjni9multiples of her weight.) (b) In a similar fall, Bill's rope stretches by 30 cm only. How many times his weight will the rope pull on him? Which climber is more likely to be hurt?

A fisherman in a boat is using a " 10-+lsozz d n0n i:b7od+ow-uouqq8 j79 2z8d.av1 $\mathrm{~b}$ test" fishing line. This means that the line can exert a force of 45 N without breaking (1 $\mathrm{lb}=4.45 \mathrm{~N}$) . (a) How heavy a fish can the fisherman land if he pulls the fish up vertically at constant speed? (b) If he accelerates the fish upward at 2.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ , what maximum weight fish can he land? (c) Is it possible to land a 15-lb trout on 10-1b test line? Why or why not?

  An elevator in a tall building is allowed to reach a maximum speed of 3b bq l5+ulqd-w: i*6kq.5 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ going down. What must the tension be in the cable to stop this elevator over a distance of 2.6 m if the elevator has a mass of 1300 kg including occupants?   

  Two boxes, $m_{1}$=1.0 $\mathrm{~kg}$ with a coefficient of kinetic friction of 0.10 , and $m_{2}=2.0 \mathrm{~kg}$ with a coefficient of 0.20 , are placed on a plane inclined at $ \theta=30$ ?
(a) What acceleration does each box experience? $a_1$ =    $a_2$ =   
(b) If a taut string is connected to the boxes (Fig. 4-64), with $ m_{2}$ initially farther down the slope, what is the acceleration of each box?
(c) If the initial configuration is reversed with $m_{1}$ starting lower with a taut string, what is the acceleration of each box?   

  A 75.0$-\mathrm{kg}$ person stands on a scale in an elevator. What does the scale read (in N and in kg ) when the elevator is
(a) at rest,   
(b) ascending at a constant speed of 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ ,   
(c) falling at 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}$ ,   
(d) accelerating upward at 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ ,   
(e) accelerating downward at 3.0 $\mathrm{~m} / \mathrm{s}^{2}$ ?   

  Three mountain climbers who a5ms w24ib3+1pfhx 8zr xke4 qtre roped together are ascending an ice field inclined at45rxpix1 mke zsq2t4b +8fwh3 21.0$^{\circ}$ to the horizontal. The last climber slips, pulling the second climber off his feet. The first climber is able to hold them both. If each climber has a mass of 75 kg , calculate the tension in each of the two sections of rope between the three climbers. Ignore friction between the ice and the fallen climbers.