Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat energy?mlmk 1jo 95eo-

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram ofd3 dhxs(7 z :5yhxfug;*vrri2 water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referrejsd. b(-s s7ped to as ss(bjsep7-d.

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the t j dd u0w ff)* fn3eochmv 8qgv*5f8.zwt6xn5,emperature T and the internal8vjfohe0.z*mtf )f 5cw dvu6 *xgd8w53qnnf, energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependstv h2bv uw: 14hy4;9o6d. jcpt7estuj on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed untilzn,e sto/t1hi 33m tl; its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the it t hnmsielzo;,331/tnitial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inteya0ama0)hlu 2 oek3d+b0ao 42 p w8lharnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticalleg.5tp 82-g oc,cjpy,mhe3 k x+m36b irsqf;dy is that

  It is a well-known fact thax 2lc7n gcu.1lhd r1.ft water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilir lhc.12f1n. gulcd 7xbrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a ttahb* 0 1gpt)hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the h)*g0t t1bpt atime the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a s2syq0 x9q 5*6 h1k6nkp+alp5 ilukm5uq ta9ozubstance from the solid to the liquid state is referremz *l6 0o95h ia92a +xts1lyu55kpunkkq qq6pd to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid 4( gf4n:dzcbnto the vapor state is referred toz(c4:4ngfnbd as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rater fra clcir22 + :,gpwo05ehx*,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesiohba mdn:b(9vwn 5i5az0ot :wj2 (4b

  When a liquid evaporwyo7uo9 jhk h7n+b v4e1nxfz2u d 81-fp w3go)ates

  When a vapor condense*r pc(2ivdu/hz+q wp- s

  In a cloud formation, wgy g19j;d ;t9vrqas9 fater vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger sat;r gyv919fgd;q9j and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water causl**dzd h)qls, 2x am/ves

  Equal masses of water attv(5pi v)lfl77)zg73 ov rfhh $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by mea( 70-ylwud 6dox.vlrh ns of molecular collisions is referred to as6v.7lrxduh(0-wo yd l

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hotjq1-zskx b;9e;auhes )4;) b;n nqthj when the other end is placed tj q eban; k)hs;n )b-hqu9x1z j;se4;in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touchd8k(uo 0 .0xjnc 8rxxj than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which on8kxxr0(0d jxco.j8 nue of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the ratl 7w /x2ze;-tyg(n sy ske.l.ue of heat loss for a-nw .et; ykyuxgs e /s2.l(7zl given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating mater 0kxjn8bu wh0y006 ebg cjhg1f ;6(jxbial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effecng8fb 6xkjug1b 0ycb6h0 hxe0( 0jj;wtive thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fr1ze-le) znm5 aom one place to anotz l-m e)nze5a1her is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a p),0pwmg o 7hs+,n+qjb rd-88xvjlljo ot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur-m,nrity:u2;a/7hhg jy r 8fhxbn5b-

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is i pmh7 ;j ,9 cnl-*u/kmtfwbj0pmportant to humans in maintaining suitable body temperaturpjhm c m ,;n-79lbp*0t/fjukwe?

  A spaceship is drifting in anstcj.y*t /u c1 q25har environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection c1hq.tj a/ crus2tcy*5 urrents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the sa qv/lzfd*k;f5cn i:(u-hxx a -me materials. One of the houses has twice :z (fiqv*x-l dnfa u;ckh-x/ 5the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by o;*lc* 2b6 ua tv3inaswhat factor does the radiating power *v ntal bo 6s*3aic2;uchange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any me20 pc/(8daso kmpubz 1-9) x+ badkpcpdium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eartu.bn(icr jden(.y5; wh?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to hk* a-g75b w-bhul-fd dow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equ:7l nh kvm61vlivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of til)bi8a5is 8 o fh.n33q*r ou100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperau0zvr3q;9 k fpture change0kf ;9pruzqv3?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is ori49n;da pz:r8hw4vwu p ginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0r l0f3*vwg jde7sj0i , kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L odm8s:lgp.c 6 gshjwpy3id4 :4f water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How muc)zifrgxc6 sz:-lk70 dh heat is addlk0c-7z6x )i: gsdzfred to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to 4-76nfb6 u7 m fn ufoa6su.det$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initonk*;( lkn+di ially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material :pln x 4ozqw( 2/qnxa:at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a sq.j db1pqsxl/wy en2b 90 eb2)ystem that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial te2seb lx qb/2 qj9p)1bw.0denymperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwetht v ulpb;jx+.+vqput9v-q8j5e ,d 8en various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would ontp;vlv.5889,e jphq- x qu+b+tjdvt u e expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over N: c:v,bvqq *ociagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitationalqv*vc ocb::q, energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heat nl) eunhjez; m0.,uvv8f8rg( er uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would itv erm)l geuu. ;hfnv(,8zj0n 8 take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is usen 6 x1-q1fqvprdj9ez w. qc)i.d to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of w9.r6q)1-.qvxjzw c e1q dpfniater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 0*fdp0j 8jws 04klm oz1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heh3wyk9atg 5tkv;9l v4 1 miv5eat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change itft8o,pf n48p e to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is req j is(0) bfx/r3f+;8rstnc yobuired to melt 200 g of sb)8obrc js3f(tyin+; f/r0 xice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10r-tl61:xu:fn5/ctbr : mf9dm7 vs hs z kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 wd/ nv40fg,-ux4d octb,xh 3w g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whbsoxtx( 3m. 6uen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water it krhemk0 )f jgz6r hy/3d:z91+9ulhn nitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 7n4zino*if s)q)6jyzsu 3j8s$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wattqh-vtts2 irq1 /vnxorg n.n55fot66g2i+ k4er at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to changpg-3l8.f*(ha5z ca znwqm hv/e one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required 8oiy )blxu x)0drheu53xdx1 hfx)-1 tto change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea bpuada+ed7/ s0ij0 w:my adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vapop3ys l7hyn.3 irization is 207 kcal/kg, and its mypn7 h3 y3.silelting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conducti-l t)l-ewh d p+;,olfrvity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum s/fob.b w ybc od79-*bkmc03kis twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths anckbfmbo7bd.03-*wy k o b9s/cd radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has ua3ayj;7y1 xv95iz,8ub oegsw /s8s g dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatur/si1;gy59us 3v 8ze b s7oyxujgaaw,8e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick ha-i+ixn( 4 csc/o 9t7 llx(ynu0yep-ws s dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempe /4tl+c(s9 c0siu- xilpo(y 7we-xnynrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 two*)zhnlfu( 2x 4fx;hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete lwt4 *u o)ffh2nx;( xz($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take tomi4kp8hn+: a kl+7l ih transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost /qr ic(6.v a;,hpdy yozt,4 rdthrough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for re5j;b/ w4o-gmurslw-, t9h f krfining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted th wf5l4h-/j rok sgwmu9-r ;t,brough a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human bodyzk,kmq( *nb pw,/fr3 ;jk 3g6h gd5koo radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists in on3v9 49jgqz-j .xm2cd i36utsagda)side a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.