Which of the following is the smal) v :dpq v3uka(dia/4alest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of watek q+eo(c,t bp;r by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average k)l, 8n yzzuzt*7 p*ehpinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to 7t* pluzzzp eyh*) 8n,as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool e8hdm :; w3vvf0kh+ ck 7m4lzlof water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in bot3dvf:k+zl ;ek0 m4mlwvc 7h8 hh the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas d )d2brr,/m*+kxy paeyepends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is halodcb+4l sz;/) ; aeezlf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand untd;e /a+)sz ;ble4ozclil its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energysi v1 6ov(c(hz U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatureh4: *w lkdyut2q/- :w(nnskmts do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higo rqztw, 1n (om7ly(iar4cwi/u5 b :tmw3ci05her specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initial7,i:bwmocrqntz lco t w m(5a 43ur/10iwy5(ily in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and,afbrx: 7o. tq a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time .qt ,a7:ob xrfthe system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to cha9c9 zx 0f,xqlrnge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as qz rlcxx,f909the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapork0*41cis,o. :ig -e)wh/fjv yf w nass state is reofws h1,0ya/ji-vwcf )4g *s:ne i .ksferred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a stea 0)cfv+4,yy lpmbj2atdy rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezetp k18m7 -yvtwk 2.3jlfv b(vxs

  When a liquid evaporate oywhr7b:;ag( s

  When a vapor condenss/ 9omtux +s tdlk qesagaj:i625( (p9es

  In a cloud formation, water vapd myd/f2uwr 1.st4 4duor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in ts2 m.w4y1ddr/uu dt 4fhe clouds to

  Turning up the flame und1da2 c0o;mr;mah q4q qds)y -ser a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water uwl3,4c cc; tuat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred tlk+f1079hx bekcr ,xj o as+fkkx97l 0h,1jcrexb

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does4aah* h l l)yi6+5dsfj one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flll+ha y 6i)hdfj*5as4ame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels mubv 5 cfesd7w1rzyu/c9s8 /f.l ch colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difvz .8s9f/cc7lb5 /eydr1wfu sference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wack g/xlse:l8w90gy(q ll built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness /w8s c90lg(qex:ygkl will

  A layer of insulating material with )h f0u)fb /wdk0/m*x4jkqchp thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What isu4 qhfxhmwbfc0)jkp d/)0/k* the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement orpd,/ bq3 be/ze1n r60l jlt)lf molecules from one place to ab ,eqj/lp 3tbrn1er) l6/ldz0nother is referred to as

  By what primary heat tran/ bg fg1l1hq3asfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurlx-/4eyfpc0ey6a;pc;4x zi9v4sqx x a9 b6iy

  Which of the following best ex9d(fh(vz-z.zc r j d)m xu/ual)5oro2plains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining sur ouzx9- cdfo()uz2r j()/zm h5l.dvaitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleratabyl3 g:t1 ,b3kwj,w,vpif0a ion of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convk ja, w b0vbay ,3iglpf13tw,:ection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectang+a;q:/+dgh i ulum:1s7u haueular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length,h1u:/su;eaglum:aq uh + 7d+i width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperatura+r+u.)awiv l3d z3 fsob67jq e of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating6zf7 v3 siwr. dba+l+a j)qo3u power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the abcq5d-zg 4 ql jch4f/r)sence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm* jwrfb37l3ar a *iuu2 the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent ton tg5*jiw3hy g 8a9vv- how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent 8q m:vxr54qi mto how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100+lay rco5( g2bw;:x gt g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of watfswpdb 2 f(.2kv iaw0+wa e/z9er, what is the resulting temperature chang( fae9kdf2wv / a+pi0.ws zwb2e?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally ;kin6it07b/lc j 6 pwyat $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of qg3,jib zrsdg r:*k k7wv9;e2 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her81+ fvyrk.kh n:nbtz8 bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How mali;j 5o;ay4r tv0e+ +j zkn3tuch heat is added to the gear if the temperature increa++za 3koy a ljv; enrji4;t50tses by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is pd6eh-3 svfm, heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initin( 5j sko2w5(twoco/pi npe8.xwa- /ially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at8xtmm)p,e5stfrdo4am7 d8q 5 $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objectnxvz./31 cjg64mb+k x/zyopbs make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperaj npz1/cxyzkobgv6xm b4+.3/ ture of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to e2w:m d. gb.k5/(l oa:ukmxfgd.v*xggxplore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount kxgd:. ox5f d(l2va*:gg mw..u b/ gmkBlanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fallai0 3;m4kz:ts dhx pd-s drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water riseasdt-h:3 k0; 4xmzdpi ?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss,)(bff bu+snd6bi nuhw:c1+n 9 0mk ay9 how long would it take t(yn+1 k9ifnf0uc asbh+d w9u6):bnbm o heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. Howp+i9e-ma dg lku+d6 r. long will it take to heat 20 kg of water frad+rl+i de.u p 96g-kmom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1zad5 yx mqq0*/000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specificyf, a g o+9tpr(;fjs6g heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change xzzk20 b3tx*zit to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is re,m;2j sb)welf 5: wczsquired to melt 200bwl 2f es s:jm;w5c,z) g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg oflp 1v 2)i 7 5ztac(,dx kfgvx-mp(zog3 ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from r, d g+z5s 2jt ,wd.,aj+am(ydbiv g4h100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kw b)m lzfbn;3 )5ty;xhcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initztyl:wox2m6 4 scq5 ;nially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a /r7tb eu.cro7t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy 4u/ba35hshvbg6:4x js;3 teg j)ag rs)zzs 5eis needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requirn z2 zd, /msy26w-ozcred to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required toz3afa8/n3sh+x ty s* m change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea.4camgo6iv7ei/pp3zy i/ /0xsw bqh 7 by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of leuvkse jv;**/ayd 33 cuad is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its meltu auv s*ycv3/*d;ek j3ing point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is j,y q qutz34:b:q,wb j$0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity lkc yhega8ef4z : ,8z*of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent the4k , z*hz g:a8yfe8clermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-/2 4 j;k acn3sawk5fgfcm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tem42acsn 5 3k/afgjwk f;perature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 me*fn: at 4 zfzvq,9 9uo;4avdl by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatur4eu;fvdznvaloa:9 ,*z qtf 9 4e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 mbuc ygfr)3 ;e:) hi7/nauhz *d section of concrete (eufh7b)z :/c hry);*3dguna i$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000mo r+:k. d2)t8m a0pr tx2bxh2ja9 ofc,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heg 9gh 0mdv4tk4at is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, theujwal2 w .4,e r+hot8uafb0 -w temperature is monitored by measuri+8h b 0urwl w f2.uejaotw4a,-ng the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human z2)v9e +plxzsk 2ej1210zxb k.xu ndbx 3*bjk body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exib8ue6r ej1xp7,r n dw)sts inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.