Which of the following is the/.af m v0xohce ku v,cnkp+*,. smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat n9khqe,*6 c11l,rqap l ly shc)z-ozn1ecessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual moleculesgdm0qv4c9 2 q4m+cyi yrar xn:p;p1+n is referred to apx +anqm: gydrv+c;nqp42 9icmy0 r4 1s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool *jtr(h7km(+z c hcb0 kof water. Compare the temperature T and thmj h k7 c(bt(0zkh+*cre internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an id;;gn:poa,/ kpp ma+t feal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until itscj tc:bwa4y *k,d,z a. volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the za*kj a. wcb,dyt:,4c gas will be

  An ideal gas with int:uz j 06xbft-u3t yb4rernal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatur .a 79bltvk 0vkvd,po/es do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity t4bs1s-)zm qwvhan iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amwzb -v )qss41mount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum andi4 kgwe ; vp2.m9ak/hl a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat c;h4k 9 lpmevwkig/.a2apacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to changerk uhhat* f +eg4r)mrhof(m+39c p*k0 a substance from the solid to the liquid state is re3pt +e0(arh9k*4rm fohcgmk hr + u*)fferred to as the

  The heat required to change a substanc+ dayd *0 ibhp*xhvxe3(.v y0te from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as. 3p*v( axd t hbd0iyhy*ve0+x the

  If heat is added to 2 s1bii*mq ,xqa pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeu/bx0.9sp0b e4mri49 zp jgaws

  When a liquid evaporates-y jtb -ffi89s

  When a vapor condensesgzvrkl47.x g/wbr6e r5f9 pj7

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water dz a 1;m(pa,uuyw.kuq1roplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds t1.m u, ;1 uzuyaqwp(ako

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiviah sw0 p(y3*ling water causes

  Equal masses of watert(fyfshgq9(pdk 6 +*k at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat qbm(cby1r5qiz 0/ x s7flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to as zqyibrsxm0c /1bq7(5

  By what primary heat tr 9n r1 bbs:,1ldc+zqokansfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed zb srcn19qok:1,b +ldin a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of8/hism mp95fq wood. This is due to the difference in which one /if 5qhs8pmm9 of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickneeqq22-e: aoudgxtq// ss of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss q2xq/uoq:d e/geat 2-for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating mate hptd ,+28p0 zt4o,d1hgmg; +:mzzxaxo f8bdnrial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conduct zah o,tg4odbp:+dhn1t+ xpm 2m0xd;8 fgzz,8ivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of mo8eh jno redkwme/q43b7.i 26hlecules from one place to another is referred to a3 8wq de e nj.krhb6he7im24/os

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a poti4hl5 uxi5np+ of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur/q bzh b(5vat8

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is im3nrb ql6f 4v+wportant to humans in mainta l4nqb 6+3rfvwining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where th42 l)56y*ec ,tk2xpi x mnjxuje acceleration of gravity is essentiallycilk2uj *5x64 2xj )nyt,pxme zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses buil iyf 6dkeied/kld;n + /)sj4i8t from the same materials. One of the houses has nkei+8fly/k )dij d id4 s;6e/twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator ux* t*aae-i dsmx* 7s8is doubled, by what factor does the radiating pxxadi *7u8 *eass-tm*ower change?

  The process whereby heat flows ku(ps:pp2 eoz 6t2m- 9j+spon in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism dw 1owiu.q,:q1nbfzz3oes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent tos tkaej:/ 7yr *yame0* how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equmd13 y wxk(j7w7o p5vpivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead3 7lt)zum j76 r23ugrenbb+ex ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, :e(:c fgdavm-xj5.w avf;kq(what is the resulting temperature change?gex q wvj (d5aakf; :cv(f:m-.

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at 3qyv c;gtgv/ -$10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of materi(gi m g 1v8hvlqw,e+h9al by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her baths k g2,5kf;omob)yah5 water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists oub:x0 u3xisagd6s.f3 zv m -o*f 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear .*dbu3g3szxomu:v 0 x 6af-siif the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal f 5.,1k u:u0ev7bsmxpeacn1 fis heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, cf*ls 6 ep; w*1ztrl+jinitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material 8f olirz-0b,h,*.whix4grd+ e ( e. d2bzkwjhat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from i2-fgrxztg0 6u9bhb(fts surroundings. Onft r-u6g(b2h9 bfz g0xe object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule att2 5va4y)gqbus75i n efempted to explore the relationships between various foi5 2enu7y vag 5sq)f4brms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distancy jtma8)rs 3v- t0*sxztr1yb7e of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is conv)syt*rty sj 031av-z8xbr7t m erted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heate5i0bv jy-otth0yzw354: ezu pr uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in 5w04z tj b0yieyotvu:-3ph z5this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to hi;mf,df5 hbj7 )ispv,eat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wate m5 7sjbdih),i;,p vffr from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mas a2ita frnt.9m nk)pr 5j9bo,)s 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat = mv kn..zhif o)e*4s a0$0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to r pzof;cv-xt o+4 z8 5av45qjxliquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. Hn: jmakjp8h7 7x)1j fsow much heat is required to melt 200 g xpjkhs j1nf7a8jm):7 of ice?

  How much heat energy i zqxe*px-0k tnws-n hx,it+5.s needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to cgw1;s8p a/ qh/aizvmo0 q/s/vp *e x.be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice wzpd:0o+i4 f02sad g pis 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initi9ebh-nra 6 l9aally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at :l)9xxr tc,0dyl1pu; txu1aw $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg3hf(;n.udgq q(rxh v t 5 e3cni8ov97s of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chanh c;sfwx0jp 3ik-sx80ge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 10h oq//cshl7w 00 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea byvq;u8u1 e n/ulkk 2q66m*kwjr adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead vdw434 zg);yvmef )ayis 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting povvf)d4y4z)e aw mg3;yint is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of c u+ x,t4yu l dp/j1,xkbrts;4aruk*h3oncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity w9l(cze n ;bhx.)ul r.of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thl;.wnbx 9(c h ur.lze)ermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has pbs ./b8kg2;x ubzfd7dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tem;f2 zg 7./subkbpbx8dperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0y:y5f u3np.vi*o 30xsmj kk6p m by 1.5 m. If the outside txv .360ykp o*ukiy s5 :f3pnmjemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 h dickstt685drr x0*f3our through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ti d6ks30rx5c*f8trd ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through h/8ru gwvq/ :+eq vfal+9g-t ya $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost thij9*a4wv)oefwpx;jx x93 x uy0 ;1hkorough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monito2 /4ue: 9aaicaw)gftored by measuring tt fui:g4)9aaa2e/ ocwhe radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiatinr;mdvo m0)i,-owff+ y g energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (efsh ij-;. dsn3jsgq *mi5t: c0qfective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.