Which of the following is the smallest +abbom/ug p.)n a7in4unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram o0s .z ej+fj s b85x 4wie;lp4xmst9zv-f water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individualu0fob :i a/la1 molecules is referred to aso u:ab /fil01a

  A cup of water is scooped up from a wy0zt) j:*p0 iydhr/iswimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, iij/zdyw0 0ty:hp) *i rn both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an idew29tb2q6 kj 52z8clnqyftt 4gal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half i*f0uv1a)pugh5q 9dythe initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the9*ivd5gpuu0 a y q1h)f initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energ*irw2fgut( i( y U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically i8m 0mr4wgw(arv3ulf2 f/jc3cidjf ;:s that

  It is a well-known fact that water ha5d k7ajor(zqv()db v 8s a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which dv )d 8aqk5joz((v7b rstatement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a +3zmqzyg)r; m hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermam;3 ry)+zzqmg l equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid totixg0;6y/ft, cc4w dz the liquid state is referred tc;06itz4y fxw tcdg,/ o as the

  The heat required to changw*ow k ex7:d latcik(a 1xz*q,ya3.p3e a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is re*ex wx tl w3 d3zq*i1aoy p:ka7kc.,(aferred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a ste mzkitwbdom)b,2ecr*3 m )22p ady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze4zfw. ck wpukl5 -y8rmmw4/ct bl)e2( s

  When a liquid evaporayfj ,x8)wnb e- 6y1yqgtes

  When a vapor condenss 91s:tygar c,sajx(l6sp9 9r ;8kf qces

  In a cloud formation, water vapor uv/5h ih,sj;dvpqfp 714j 9sxcondenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it /5s ip94h,qjvh17 sfp ;vdjxurains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under ys:ax: /sp 1z nxj,f6fa pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water a8i msg 2rk +w918feevkkn:bm 7t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisiou( 8tat4tb78s8 ess rlar 7p8jns is referred to ast(a8au74p8 brrst 88te 7s ljs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of u irdk *hz4ur5*wn :(vo1 oni)an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flame?oi uu5* ):rn 41(rwidokv*zhn

  On a cold day, a piece of 4d h+7( lbggygmetal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the f b4ygh+(g7gdl ollowing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a 0q)j8 )5cwhb a rohq9uh a:jgo0jsp)0wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for 5 0 ohucr)9h 0:psbqaa)80jjghj)wq oa given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conducti (8l p2vggvq7w -ftsb8vity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the c v2gt (wb fl8p-7s8qgvomposite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fromw rladtdn j28)29oik9 one place to2 8 )rtjil29nkdd9a wo another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pocn zu)28u1bgbt of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurx m1(.ta9fju h

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is teu/i+;bx 1ly important to humans in maintaining suitabb1ule;x+/t yi le body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravs-fbaxf sb yvj,t-141 ity is essentially zero1-x ,vfa f4b -sy1jbts. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular h+t vwh rr/4*tu3u.v qzouses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside +u/utrt*wz43 vrhqv . temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiaa*s6u bw1vak ,tor is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power ,6awavbs1u* kchange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medsr +njmy c2a u)0tn3,qium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism do e +;0dx gkuxwf4xf,b :10gcgves the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent q5q- en4p cc5qbrh/ *n9 ydx*cto how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much workngc.p5rjx tkns*k wb6 5,b) p+?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needrhh0 nikb * 9k40pipy0ed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat i gv+ ju i-gs8k;b;y:. nxrngg(s added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperaturg :vgg;b(+ny r s.u; k-8jngixe change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originallysd+yx o j13gq 3qd+se8*h ob)x at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of matwg7 3dfvl1n) cerial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat urg qckh7qwt9ui lt4+ zz)9; 9jp her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron an ;qo4 p6yct5hgd 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear;gpty5 qh46c o if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated towy- 0pq+/jciall p)b1 $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppl-u d i01)2ns;hpjgt)1vhviq er, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at 2fc l ks +g.)eolm1t(h$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isola9xmx3b t /oe52 rf.yk ou.wg:zted from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperatug9 2z f x:o bet.k/or3xwu5.ymre of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to expl34vap i.b617n b djwtlore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertic vdlj64t13inw7b. ba pal drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. As c8l ;owq96:gosu3stnsuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energ;tnu98q gc63s lwo:os y, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW.dj9t-q*t afeq;ay g,) Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank from *t9 t -)y gqaefadqj,;$23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it tqlhul,kfz) zf 06ymw-74r4 qzousr2 ,ake to heat 20 kg of water from yo4z zwls,0zkm 7f- lh2 )4rqfq6u,ur $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (maby gkn;u(*baebel,(2 ss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (s clv u:,sqbya:v,flw* 39-evoh kjr+9pecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change i38u4jetl**j eoq vntbem9rh-+ as 9ke1 )f 0qot to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How muchufvcb x7 dx86.w9g0 yh heat is required to melt 200 g of 78f0.dywvxu9cx6hb gice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 w / c4g4i1qw)ksf pdg43qrw3vkg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 10maa es2t5+f1x*tu *wr0 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/-ym/qwo jz q-;kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially atx-fu e cuu(d*3vc+3xuzr01ct $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at d 5dtg)a,53ydeq ip1a $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 1 vf;9*ssp4kr79k*b+bievih w0 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to ch3tf :qk ilnpwn()1:an ange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is require /hzpqtt//5vnb73sypx 6otm :d to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice te/gf4u+n0t y.tqovw0 vo e/fj*a by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 k3f dfg3g,ad u-cal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poind-33,daf fg gut is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of cok7hg5nk (/a ajsr,gvvoo7 h; /ncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. xg4,tdnty:.e,v8tni9i9 q q h,pdr z7 Two rods (one aluminum and the other brai,x t,t,yzi4t9 : 8rn dg9vp7dqq.nehss) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimes2 zybyk;j5 s*nsions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tysz;sb*y2 5jkemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside by 8 d*7pw5ts/bvifn-*g ij7e temperature -/*dtiiwpby e vs5*f7gbn7j8is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concretxbdm xlny.3n ( lb(:h)e (bnm ).:(yl(3xhlxd bn $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal ofg 5p0v 2o8c;m7fgpkk1ggc hq3 heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost ts8+ xkuym10h ghrough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is as:cb3 gw,+-a0ju/ puun-uhx monitored by mea+b/ajwucu p,u30u :ag shxn--suring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the huu0at pkf3;f wg-w( s4uman body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collect usq+haznpeu)g)7tsl f6kn5 5:r -6vkion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.