Which of the following is the smallest unit o yus9*)g1qyw )rz) es1gzav2w f heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raibd+f :f8o upta,axe 12se the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic eneryjtivfoidu;fh(o j- .(a 8ir. l;a 1:dgy of individual molecules is referred to ;- (8 vj ; tjrd.io y.auf:ahdfoi1(ilas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of w f7y:m9 c*qagjater. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and 97 fac *mj:gqythe swimming pool.

  The internal energy o0 qov2:c4k6txczz e)zf an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initial v gf1 u n7pf4totmi-.8ja,p++sotcw8 molume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is ha +t+p s-7 tno8mfi.at1p ,fgc4mjwo8ulf the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enern0l*8tonm ,syfs ;g :ygy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticaltxn8juj* n75s 0t7oid ly is that

  It is a well-known fact that vgid g.eh49;7z re)gi+k;jro water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, considerev.) i7;9hkj rdrgz4o;+gg ei equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated syst tvtek ayn*,i4y/0ynq +8w*tl em is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than do4yynt+ wyi* l8v/t*k ,teqna 0uble that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substlnm oq5*qd 0vbb7j7;k ance from the solid to the liquid state is referred tm7o ; 0*7q5nkqbbdv ljo as the

  The heat required to change a substah:o .*cn- duhm bh-cs13/nrp q)sabn( nce from the liquid to the vapor state is referrco*rhqpum1h -a(:cbn3. nsb )hd/ ns-ed to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a s9k; y+k-vbvts teady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesxw(8p+j0 1whj elc8oi

  When a liquid evaporshj m-sabf182ates

  When a vapor condensestdxi9v5s33i c

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water drop;valosr x nqo298y/z+9p x gk4lets which get bigger and biggz xrp2/o8ls 9no+v kg;a4q9xyer until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilfr vhqh 7o::7eing water causes

  Equal masses of water at 7g+vu 4v6 ayiv$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by -cz4)xs 5j lubmeans of molecular collisions is referred to ass-z 4l)5bju xc

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one endcv4yu2 x59p mni/8nsf of an iron bar become hot when the y/98sp fv n52miu4cnx other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to then mwdg+ xq5 obali-(g k9rx438xpkb,0 touch than a piece of wood. 8km+ d4, b(n 59- oxblpkgqixwr0 axg3This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickg iy2 :2; kycuffgkp8:ness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference a ;pfgk ::2ykfc2uigy8cross the thickness will

  A layer of insulating mater6 xq,9z1 m-ox0ullqe rial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer ofzq,ql 10 e xu6m-9lxor another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement obh7u v z+9./92)he vwpfpel1rz; dqmwf molecules from one place to another is referre;19uqpzm+z)/l7wpfh ed vbr9.2vw h ed to as

  By what primary heat trr ugv/5 alz4r3ansfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurwmj4l l p4ts9q.;vkw)ml fi-9

  Which of the following best explains why swelc7d5ju mw;b )ating is important to humans in maintaining suitable bod dlj 5w7u;)cmby temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in apa q.dp5q7a )jg+) vwin environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an j.+qa) pp)d 7v qgiwa5electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighborintj u/0(t-m;/9l pwye1a och+io7r iwyg rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about thio;i01l9r( pe +hywmjy uw/t-/t 7oa ce rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor d/8hp lc.xl v,coes the radix/,l8vpcc.h lating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred/sfnz1g(w*d+u 7 ok exm d1i+y to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does t n(1r. yfdajq5:0hp;w+ vxlwghe Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equi-pbuwc:2sipc/ud 0ctqe. tm, d73 j t9valent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how mu oq8d 2nl-)cbich work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise p ()xwp *nuhm*hf 5:uhthe temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of wateremiuz v,,/2 83tv;qxq j acl-jly)ge-, what is the resulting temperaturxtj-q,3-va u2 /l,;je ) iyvqgm zce8le change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally alpdr1eq (h1i ;5r nap5t $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises thyu wk vj(gq:04e temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heatppju3,7qnh*o hh /06j tqi me, up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.164agrvq4 / +vxq kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear avq gq4vxr4+ /if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hea y: zbh:opkuid l435(vted to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper,u0/lwxeo9 k 3(u0ezb/el ce 3s initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material arclcy3;q*t 9g t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a hi l hjqg7e6 a m9le;,q(zyb mjc+;/+wsystem that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature 6iqb,+jlm/ e(9+lh; aqmjg7cwzy;e h of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships 5mnm(k/ rid( gr;d 7a9yll lg,between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertica5m7kn,i( dr/l( lyagrm;9 dl gl drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m3 dxsi,+vq x/9 w,l.5 fqfjvdt. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by w5v.xqx/f svw,di q3dlj ,f+9that temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how le ;g,xci0b 3,87h(iq znchux song would it take to heat water hc3e,i ,0bghx;squc 8( xizn7in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of w1 ;li8uuuffhaya) bo8)+) im dater ffl )u 8aui8yu+)bo)ahf 1d;m irom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1h+ce z-;1ti r be3ucz2kx 02tg000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific he wz(1w1370zhr oble t8pp1 keiat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change*; p q1pyqgcfcpby7s :n ;c6k. it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fur3su1z94*fi3 scrz mrsion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt134z9rcr si *z rsufm3 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at kc m2f v6rk7:q,dmo: l$-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be rrbj6d6.zg5wl emoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whq -x,w/rtsj 24a b/qng :m;jhgen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially atea h*on.cf0.ke j h96q $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ahsq bvr- d;5.ht $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is n1n rg,, ;*okou jj fa-:)uarnfeeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram 00bf2j; /lp u9lldxcgof $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g oa yhd c)6 wd-uevc;*,wf $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, ini :pa5hjis5qnjh/u, 6 xtially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/q v b9b73axc,nkg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point is7qbxa39vnb, c $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concreh-yvu(f o2b,ate is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. T; eggn3i7i+g gg)mq 5uwo rods (one aluminum and the other brass) arqggg3;e i 57gug m)n+ie joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.c9f03 w, quwef3pw sq75 m. If the outside temperature c03 w97sw 3qpq,eu ffwis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. /v9it+hwy bqmmgtd0ahe:6im*2*)zi If the outside temperatu m q e2/m0 z9a:vdi6ytmih+gih w*t)*bre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through7uzw:pce:q a; a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (ua;: 7qewzcp :$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to t6w. whx--x3bquk( 0qjhtx, drransfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperaimfju c :m7su.)sp v8ij *9fy)ture if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used fo 2kub;ka6czy 7x)vf,ar refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole oa,k;a 2k )6c7yvbzux ff area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating ene590ifkx qoo a. ymt3h+rgy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection -w3lsczsr4b 4qc377cs g8owv area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.