Which of the following is2fe-aq * n bhvedo2o ol8+6kctb9/6wa the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of wateg4x uc 2-,patb5.fpo lr by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of 31esnri gpr -xyn0i/, h-i*xeindividual molecules is referred to as 1 rieirhn*-i,gpn/x 0-3exsy

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming u0rre,biq,cv m: 6 m*apool of water. Compare the temperae c mb amr:*qvu,ri,60ture T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on 0r5weu9v:2 7lurv memt65vmi

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the iniprva1hho +f9lc gxl46(9fz pt s9a5(itial volume, and then it is(hlffp1pztci 9h6v9a+l so ax(59rg 4 allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at xm j o2*2u2zeq$200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary dr28ymb av7a-t g, vv7absf-ol1astically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specr;9z i5z 0f zx2fedv qlg:7dd2ific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thzdge 2 5:z;d2 ql79v0zxffdriermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of aqpmlp )w t6+;a)ge)nf hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat duri)aqepgf ltn )+;6mw)p ng the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state2s.-4ogsbk 35ekya lv is referre3l .kv4kb5soy e2 gs-ad to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor ssh- x1ho/uxwba;19 8zv (sftytate is referred t8zw91;ut1 bhx-/ shf sv y(axoo as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rate,qn dj h12p;u+tu6s:ml k/p;ii

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes 277mbaei- 8qc2 clxzc

  When a liquid evaporates; t79nd (zez+y3efm rxszx8j z9a u47d

  When a vapor condenses2m9n ufc b4j,c

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get5tbsibu11w* xfi2i 1f bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cbf1xif2 u si51*i b1wtause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilic6(y1r. grtx+tx a7vo2 jgn *ang water causes

  Equal masses of water at wap;fgsr89z+ $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by rmpi4.4k+ d. on4ip1rhm; cvy means of molecular collisions is referred to as4mr ;4i+ v co.m1i.hrdpp4nyk

  By what primary heatw(5 ngn2x 3k)dpodzmip9f 4wj/d q82k transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end i5k2pq(dnwdxjdmz n9 k p48)2ogiwf/ 3s placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal fe-qg xzbwn 8 7attfj92gn88fp+els much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the follo8zf-fxp7a ng2 bt8+twjng q98 wing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homoge;ro9+g7 ;* igdvr uoroneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thicknesoogi;+9r 7;ror u vgd*s will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductiv,+zfrhxjwk91o h . ak7ity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K.f19j hwkk +o7zax hr,. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement )-i :dfimx h-5guy )z4vzj5dbof molecules from one place to another is referred to as4g))d-v zih fi-m :by5d 5xujz

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on*vm::z./ pfsh 0kddmp a stove?

  Convection can occurb hzr0k *yw.cs6g(gwg6jb n-1

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is xc-knp5-i4od l/etxwywe7 phu+9a2;q ) fk) s important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatit4 )5sx-w;ok)e27pphu nkl-da9x q+ /c wfeyure?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleraqocws 0.o4k4w tion of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by cso wo w.k4q40an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular hous8e+h i enj.bd )jmhpqv ,c r+yek4t,1:es built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplie4.nm1e,yq eeti) hhb ,dvjjkr c++p8:d to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factorh6-wa1d6kb qb /0w2 v2ss sjca does the radiatings 26a 2k- vscadbsj6hb wqw1/0 power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in t- u*q4 4 w*fnj3wsqqfahe absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doeg ycpy8l3l d *)na*r3ss the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mucts+:twchqp7 :h heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how muaj1 i i mv:gykb)yk8 /wnr:f;dz z60o+4-wstd ch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raiseh g+(l)xfs z 7e4zbivyc2k07 e the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperat.tm2 :vjxhcjm5u6 ;3 ln)qpa oure chao)5hmvatx 2n3 jpu.mj6q l;c :nge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originallyc sorbz1+2 juqb0c 8t3wi +5xg at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempeb n8d77drlum1rature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her ba+ 53hk9f jy qan9/o.rbmcger1 th water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How muegdv: 015cd plch heat is added to the gear if tegpc1d d v50:lhe temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated :+p,v7tutz -iw repmzp(9t-rto $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initii - whs58izqms647sgocr a67 dally at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ab0cj )rrx15gqbhtyxm9;d. .ct $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system g7hq7 gls(y9*zq vv+ uthat is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial t+yu9z v7v(q sg* hlg7qemperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attemw 9zko4i8q;gmpted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by meam9kz8 ;qg 4iowsuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distancf r,s/9xit:k3y kn/ hqe of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by w/hkk / qti3y,r:n fs9xhat temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. As 82yq+y;/eou 7a;xkeb qt6c2hnpgfq9 suming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this 2 98y6ep o +ye2atf; qx/gkub;7qch qntank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take grq8t 9sbry./ to heat 20 kg of ws9 ybrqrg/. t8ater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (maslz+)o/5qey vbs 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat dtb0ts)2 0hq7g ud i-i= $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removo.mx ov:izg2e 4m6g8zed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcalae) 498g eqsms.*yom;ree yz./kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of icemo.esqys 4ez yr)m*g 8e;e9.a?

  How much heat energy is needed th1sv18 m6n(ud n e)nkzo change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fromzb9 :zh *gb6o3h/q,e5+9agsond w* cykg/hez 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion oa k+gm:a12gpa i (u/;fai6ep of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially4gy :ig9d8+-xpo, x+wwdkqay0aml b9 at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atl j3 ndxs, ccn9186fwy $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is need j -gyp:tikbn3xuapfp l58i1 2g 60d6ked to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gr(b,7lmd5a mr rqhf bdx8n2 ,*eam of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g of j e6r,s z.iwpn:j o;*h$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initiallz7v(noz i3tusa / :kfj6pm 71sy at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, andq ,vrz*c7mcs ( the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/,sqc7zv c*r( mkg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of co-lsq3 9,t lg/b ko1xg03d p-x ;wyepjsncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of ux.6 hy(a oz,m70qhy saluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end6hy s.yua 70(xh,qzo m to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3mpq4 yr k-5b)t.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temper)p5bk y4t mr-qature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. Iy6xs 4oqbxs: cr6,+a.l3q. dip)o/ lq)n sertf the outside temperature is qxr+c)oels4: q.s 3a.) b6npqy6 i/lr sdx ,to$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2pec-d7*ef s 0a .ngsa(.0 m section of concrete nes-af7a.e s(cd *pg0($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 ca qgk yoea+.th9 (ic9 goh)+*hal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost throuc (kdn*a0ecinb8wo:qt, f-3d gh a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace use+tvt94d.ua kfd for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted throfvu9 t4.+kadt ugh a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when zw9, azxv )tp+it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exiav)m;+ c, pniljr-p9jsts inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.