Which of the following is the smallest unsbpk 4;dj*;q+()ogzk 3kvwol it of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperat7-x .yxdxf(i,u uq rdkh.k tr6z/f:8m ure of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic enhd o04 zmj,cfrf*y iky; ,sf4(ergy of individual molecules is referred to as(y mjdz yf,cfh,fro*; 4s0i 4k

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool o-uyp 2mcr 1j). 1tlfkff water. Compare the temperatuctr ff)mkp2ul-jy1.1 re T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends o q:6iku+unou+ n

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until26 )e(3wk94kshnpae*a h hdvh its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constantwnh3)hk*6ah p h(dksv492 eea. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal ro2s u ezy au,dk::r(2sh7d.cqm a+-benergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is jczs7 ft;,p7s:rdi, ythat

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higheru 2sgl16hw+ zf specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses o+glhs 261wfu zf water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated sy.f5e.xx4r e0kvk zii9*fn h g(lt lw2,stem is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specifice5v , khkf(g.wn ixrt.l 4*filx90z2e heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a subsrccdc jsi*2* )tance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as theccsic2)* d* rj

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor 3t*j; :brnldtjv; q o:state is refer;o*: b3 tjql:djvt;rn red to as the

  If heat is added to a pure subse5tb ;y-kns a+tance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze3f.ig oh) 4.pmfpgw e+s

  When a liquid evapora g; 4r-b7twg1pv0so( me fk)zhtes

  When a vapor condensu m0q 28bug9ucmc 0pqs0+d( aees

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which 3a dsm:7gws zb6e7,s rget bigger and bigger until it rains. This will caueg:3bsd7r , wm6 7zssase the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water ca2 ep .c 7k) l4nfmhfn(si/1ifyuses

  Equal masses of water3j.u; pun t8j .so;yyu at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is io*oh:pwe (2(dup9kq referred to aiood :q (9h(ekpp2w *us

  By what primary heat ti/93q00mvxr+ a zdittransfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the othert0tax/mi rzq39 +0d vi end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of m33r delvj/ ilb63oz7w etal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This izllrw/j7 3iob dve633s due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous mater2+j 3amzbv1 mfqmy4n58 rds- vial, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thicknema 2m3-1qv 5 4fvn8zrjybsdm+ss will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is t:nzr n zg999pan9f ;lplaced on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The 9l n n nz9r:fgaz9p;9tlayers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from oneyp6f q lgvp*(: place to a:lvp*gfyq (6p nother is referred to as

  By what primary heat trapew5vj /p5jrpf 9jid0 -x 6n*ansfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur 6q+d,ur w h5uz3imzy1

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humanaqj i/zf7 c/wu5,uluq*(ksbl h(12fms in maintaining suitable body twsc/5*u,k 7ufmh( au21 q(zl j/fbqi lemperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in ans5d4 qnol/x e4 environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric hlqd 54neso/x 4eater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses y 2egc -dd;iz(built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the dy d2zcgi-e;( larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fact 4(wnosaab*5 mor does the radi54n *(bo aasmwating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of ar8bipqxv2ty3az:9 8vny medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doesyq- p.)ouwo*k wtl5th1hoknqs51r 7 1 the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to ho lix-g)i0e he)w much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how a* 1q abs)mo.mmuch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g o(r*b7 nv/ aarif lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperatf9i u2u;oy-o gureougui y92f;-o change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally atz93p 2s/kjkfj j35 bwt $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg0xck*/ bgwh2:eo ;cjx of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.mwo oqx0hvz0ljd 0j15- /k)ko0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of coppe6bza4k *k 4t/01fm jxk )xh3u ccjvr*or. How much heat is added to the gear if the tem kk* 4x*z0bj/)m xrkt 3cv614hofcj auperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is .7 yc rgr0o)ba;c 8terheated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initi81b ji9fiwkx-ally at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atnub6 h.dz;7* b7pc put $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system tham5 h)fp ,mo ja/t:zsu2t is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperamz/ ,s)5ja f:t2ohupm ture of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relatpj+(i+b lu4)j9m jzpbz 6m mf,ionships between various forms of energy +jz)fpj9um6jli ,p+mz4 bmb ( by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagar xzv -doz bn+6(tjr3mxx*q/* ia Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by wha+3xibd*xtvz /q6(r- m*x ozjnt temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat logw a5w 7ea:b6d ff.(hgss, how long would it tagww fhfgd:.baa57 6( eke to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. Hoa7o 8c+x gvf4swoa40-th hk /ww long will it take to heat 20 kg of wakhx/ 8f+4 cva a70 -ogsthwow4ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle () 3iv3isp+0 ry)pyno cmass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific5:dovmnj , /ak:zj1vx heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam tokw.q9h(dc(uo t94 r)ndklsy( change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. f0 gf 7dwb;u -7;furjy How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ice?urufdb;j;f 70g wf-y 7

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg;mvid :(w zft/rxt9mad)gd 14 of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to bepsg:h0+6i4 arbso. g x removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whe-,6wx.irwi ckn 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ini biw(.a )m6jfstially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 4+ b .*;n9 wom/qnr icsb;appi$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to changxm1t7vf6uurrywx)lg3:n 1 b .e 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chan/chrfyd.h v*9ib:8b r ge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to cha0ruq;pfl u +d) tpm f2;ob++uunge 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by af/oy sgbb* crt)a6)x+dding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vapor9tpj 5 zxvy.+n04c+dsf. djfhization is 207 kcal/kg, and its mxvn5z.h .9fd 0fs4j +c+jdptyelting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity ofig1y vhhy:225le1 zsb concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Twz3xb w )qhfn6b- ;xuskci 5d31o rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end 3 5dqxh6-bnifczux1s) wk3b; to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the ouqov7 .b:ddhj w2i.p+5rmexh6tside temperature is eoxpjwdm i b rdh+:.6v5qh2. 7$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cw /:dfoh 6cvzco9e0(r m thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside t(dr h :z6ec9oc0fo/vwemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m ra vp1s 9mks--section of concrete 1 k-sap9-mr vs($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat thf5qctmk /2v7w rough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperaturevql- 06px/(9,e r ldwap rawr9 if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace uv0m:+ jjhq:bd: syeqz:7)u me sed for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring themm0zjh v:q je q:s7b:: eu)+yd radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiati9)3 oqnhanma6 ng energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exij:8m )xf *odoj,jbbku g.d)e;sts inside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.