Which of the following is the smalles8pzhz*(tp zbmea, v7 )t unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to cqx49 qf4zm)4cgq/ka 5 du*ysraise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the av+i4 v+ipstb1n2fch/ q ez2w,l erage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to asz+p+1tw eb2i schfi ,2/lnqv4

  A cup of water is scooped up from n, m kr7,.yaw4; .wkuu vpjqo:a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internarm,au4,w kn.j;w .q:ypukvo7l energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal g7 .q pcrr1j-u,jw,e zxhl6r+sas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half oc(frfm8 *y.e the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is cryf o*8.m e(fdone while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with interwv p6u:mygsugaq( -00 nal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures v.*jd i37.7efke nikcv1lh0m(xyh6mo s8 d (udo not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capac3 yp -ko7 jj9/v0pyq tbslk6o7ity than iron. Now, consider equal massvy3otp-lb 9q/pyk 76 jo7sj 0kes of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hotk cc t8q+ob);iof; 5)k.md7 iqza7o mk piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilib 5)m);fcado7o c k m.kz8 ibktqoi;7+qrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the l5.lww6vfv l8+dh8t f,l:en vo dx9z)l iquid state is referred to ae5, 6x8ldf)nv8w twldo :flhvv9+ z. ls the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state i bh 5(ke95jc( /ass( 9y9zt*elfsht tfs referred to as thet9s/khfs*5e5a j ybl9( s e(f (hzctt9

  If heat is added to a pur)u*czix*g + kczls-(t e substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes9n, w-ag:e 15p9ybeysn 9d cng

  When a liquid evaporate0bx+zoyh5/ tewch*g mb9c6.k szml6y8k f l3.s

  When a vapor condens u9cg +fd 809+hc8k/hfp;ddj(cjnl pjes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bitd 09vov(zrf.gger and bigger until it rains. This v.(tz rv09 odfwill cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water cau gyn.cpvpg s vpp6/)pgjw).,+ ses

  Equal masses of water nfre )y57h;wpo6 k j8fat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by-9: rg pjdubvvy03q; q means of molecular collisions is referred to as-gvrq93 y:uqv; d p0bj

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of/k ckn)22 jnmkswa8y :gixc,+ an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed iiwxka, n22:n m)+gsc jkck/8 yn a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much co ,h 6*dauwtd1elder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one ouh*tae,d 1wd6 f the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogene 1 :n8s/kj3oa mp)ejdce)fn,kous material, the rate of heat lossnma 1de) kn8ofs3)cjp k/j ,:e for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermc3rfnlj1doa,ql( 8/ ral conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2Kq1d ocf r,ll8jnr(a/3 . The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by5uttvl 9col7/ the mass movement of molecules from one place to anothel7t ct5/ 9ovulr is referred to as

  By what primary heat o4a.i(jpevt-:sso)c zr- /)nxi ro *ytransfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur 0*):0c nv,jwbc hlyvt sc)yl2

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humansvm ruxr)+q 4h4 in maintaining suitabl+u rr4xhv)4m qe body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleran am9 f5deyu)3tion of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heatin3nm eydu 5a)9fg?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular how46y eq zvu 4 tpne(ssya80.,duses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat wwe ,ezyu s 4pv6t4n8qasyd.(0ould have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, byxct 6 r)fq5.(s yij.vm what factor does the radiating power changeq.jfmy rcti (v.6)s x5?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of 3 ir so xwc)5rg;f+dx/any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the h:rn kay* )tp3Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much ho;38nou4b3rzo .ptr 1bs(a bgeat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much 8ce-4fnfs t9 vgec(,r work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tempec*ee;* l)qga xrature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is (b9nplw e5c3g the resulting temperature changep(93wncl g be5?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origin on2 nr:cwhsk,)yyo 9l4vu7e0 ally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by dod g- y-emkc k/4dq8w +43zyz joj.v.$400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up he6kn4mnxhx ttb9m /6 i1r bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10((i5ta/uvqoe uzn)* 4cs:wo/vo; owm+xdr 2f kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gd )z u*rm/q uwt/o4naco(e ( xwo:25+ovv sf;iear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heat pkh 5n91i s:pu,98vd if7hgksed to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, init588-nbhud .hqz*gy xeially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material 0660hzsunwfdt) lb usp i9; z0at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects m ny e/lj/y46hcyvsfq90 fy p xy.1(7npake up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an inynp1p l4n jx he 7/9y/0f(6yy.fvysqcitial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwee jud,y- ;:aei bd6qw:in various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect fbjdi,e:-d wa yq ;:6uior a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 0 by:o vpern5oz1p5+q m. Assuming that all the gravitational enqon+zbyp r5pov1:0 e5 ergy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heate//j co 04bnvnanlvk 12lia 28ur uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it tak 0aluk 1 c4lbi/nn2ajvov2 /8ne to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will iim ocqy7b:r /cj,p 2 vwm6q.(ct take to heat 20 kg of water 6r, 2ow:/(bi cq7my cp.vqcj mfrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,k)j.cvp8 uvk . $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade -* mmuu pdi sh*x+4pr6(specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be rema 4*(c0 0q oq7q6ebnsjacja/woved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80t ms- mdyt)xdga7wc52 0m.,3kaley 1g kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 yekm,c0w7 - t )d g2g.5 atysm31xamldg of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 n c,95f n :cx.(yfvosxmn,jz:kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g cwl+t+itnf-q 0b3 ru)of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kca( xbhm l-yy/9bl/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiall,k .wiur/i x +b0,ajfrl,u9d ry at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atek+m0q z85 evg $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water at5k)+-86x nhs5 pdil8cpe mn l7.cuj kc $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one g mo 44dcm;t4hkmea:+m ram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g o) knmqm1 qbk2,f $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea byc(ep 6*7ze i5jypss 7y adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcalir0 t2 )bz.jql/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point izi0 r bj)2tlq.s $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concra3kd, i47g;yh,h egfaete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (onenj d jps. flq2x-y-0+y aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods arjxn -2.y- dj+sqp0fly e of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm th+1szi-xugeed./ds o v-y(n7nick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is s+gy(-7ven-exzun . is/1 dod$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If tecy6o, n:h s(//)ax usj-fhfr xd60ighe outside temperature is,h :ios0ffar/d y xhn/ex)(6-6guc js $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 10(uxwhb ;vz+b.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete zu;0vb xb+( hw($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,0000akl+4s y0sji cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 ktwiu;i+ 6bpy4uhh4 -qcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnacenv 7p/5s wywb(qd6jpmi l: +f) used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant pf7s viw/n6wydj) p (:mb5l+pqower emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it isa x7 l2pqya +r 5io+l2li*dtr, at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists ins(iwb6s39zdnr yel caj..i6e ;ide a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.