Which of the following is the smallesudw( -at9 7jvk h(4ek-nbb j;zt unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of;hlerm(o f)- b water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the avd /zsv,gje4g5:1-wgl *ax zju erage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to e 1dzls5:zjgax,/ jgg* 4vwu-as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of wat -d3)gocxmac ;;hwfp:er. Compare the temperature T ano ) -f;:;pc mgahw3cdxd the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideaw 9fq5tbg7rx0l gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is /,j1ga8gxuzp qj9 q.w half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energyx.p 19jguajqg/ ,q8 zw of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at mo7(gl ij9q 2drj(o59cugs, s$200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures dom36j0nvrjd/w + i i zyepb*17t not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity thanomd7s 8zct 0jn 5)g/*riwp5 0 xnev(oc iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, i c 50) c( 8w7jrso/m5o*t0vngnxezpdis added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is maeul s,cdj :7jmp0stcd / .5*0itq1p iade up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal conpjmcl7 t t05dau s*is/dc01eji.,:p qtact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the lb z9 gl)gh/c.oiquid state is referbg9hgc o )/z.lred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance p:2p,l 0dm*8 tpchexp from the liquid to the vapor state is referred t*lpp0mc8 e h:t2 p,dpxo as the

  If heat is added to a pure subsp7k.5zvi ssco ror9, 9kfcn p g;83dc.tance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze( f6a)yc /dh.mu ju9brs

  When a liquid evaporatesa ypy0 e*gac-/

  When a vapor condenscb b ,q tt3vyp/14 i,gvlq9)cdes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor cong6 cojvk:c /5q;,+kryjo aiv4denses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the rj5 iyj4g,6qc:;k+ok/cv v oaair in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame uzz cg fz. er66vrtq, 209(42fkctegosnder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water*hre /)thn)g/ pa vnu- at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby .r4tczi;j+do heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to aor;4zdjict+ . s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar bt:1s x7u 8dxa-,bjhtdecome hot when the other end is placed ia:d,ux sxdt hjb1-t87 n a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of mtjvx pi) (uyf, lzs0g1 hw78po)y0 u0petal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood s1 )w7opuzguy,( )vhixt8 yp0j0lp0f. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a hlt6;3zjpd3:qrn c1q c *mx5pjomogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickn q*jmpd ; 5q:6xn3p3tc1jczlress will

  A layer of insulating matm p+;5 vhp36-whslc;yy: joeferial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effec6hylme hy;s ;f+: 5-vwppjc3otive thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flowsr .rn9azw 9is5 by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another i 5ia9znr9w sr.s referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanw3wo :sq.* hsaism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur,2 j7mloo44m4cqpoph*s u*b g

  Which of the following best explains wioddox7 z4sa -,:k ws5hy sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body tedo odss:xi-5 z4a7wk,mperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment wo gvog/egi78 3fhw9 e4nql bu4l6w(4qhere the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated / f74nu4l3iego4 6e98qgo wbhwglqv( by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materialsu5 0c50 px:: q m3acrl* kuhuxhy)vdg;. One of thrgh03dp 5xl: m* qx)uk:c uh;v5ycu a0e houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiat8 2h8t-b kewcg,fm v-for is doubled, by what factor does the radiating powerh bcemk,v gf-t8-2f 8w change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is refewulptq.9bl exw:s++ 7rred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism ptv 0yj e92o2tp)0q 1,qpintddoes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equival, gz9l-zl b m2uymvm1kc38-yo ent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much work?xktn;p 6qa p026)c( d uzg,lngq7)nng

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature o6 icoyu tm3s 5mx v3/el6fi.9kf 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulx9 s1tdio.kdux36 3.v;py56 lig hgf pting temperature chaxx .sfggl;p6 6yiv 3h ui.9kt1d53op dnge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is or my6n1y8l29zlnm-hpf kxr j64l+y0q riginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempera 6n gqt5xe ki6m/(g.pcture of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath ols-9m5x aivc3p7 p)ti)cdl o-v og.. water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 k puk7l(: m v:hrviclrd;yn695g of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increasesum5;drrn h:7 ip( :v6lvkcly9 by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to 7 exin w4 4qcvpd;f: 3+q8i2 n1wwrbmj$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initil ,w8 */a 0ybnx8evetrally at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at 4 e1uyvqs 7 bl9wzx3h)$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surrod 6r*ulp. 4qboundings. One object has anu lb.o* 6p4rdq initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Jouk 9pxb*/g+ zwj we4iitgep l:38k fk(9le attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would og3wgke9xwi jp8 iz(l 4:p*+k/ tkbe9 fne expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that au05qjcz,sdd i6:qb,5 p8k rxwll the gracid q u x8p5qr0:d6jb ,5,kwzsvitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater ifxo+vcr0 4f 68px5i: j /4yfelx.blouses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it tafrx58fp ji 4olbc/0:xe yio fxl .46v+ke to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. H rjjh5s+a(dz -ow long will it take to heat 20 kg of waterh (- +zjdr5jsa from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000i4+x.fzr /lsdzlk 2rxh0 ol*9 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (spec1k seozo5 7y ylr2wdo (6gc8h)ific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chanf)wv0r :ru/vk ge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is ,*v:cgxu6 nywrequired to meltwcv :gn6,*xyu 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at 2ccf y*l;nm h e-fqa3+aba*4p$-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs i;w(r c2mszd6,htew - to be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal /8cepj44/qr n3cul )mcipqk90 dom f//kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at-b5s+5 vigut7hhkj5u) i4foj $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at )-n *dgdvc w1h$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to chau :2lhsg; ,*vi okum.ukj9(pange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gra 0ps80rcw rg-vm of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 10hehsavmma c z84qv/(3; dfa/ym8d1u :0 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by a)pb5 d xono (b82gvr7tczr 9/::hyxdudding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead iwdk9/b3/qn l6hc -eo us 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its ke9wu/lq3bonc 6d-h/ melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of cony 5flrinjs7. 8crete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum isrsngqmu oya9 s3sm57,hp) . hx7-h0c s twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and thyno s7ahmg73m-scxr sh,ps905 u)hq. e other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m b s*8hq40 ;vn:pis tbpgaqqb-( y 1.5 m. If the outside tegbvqqa t0s* h;b-pp ( ni8:4sqmperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimvso1jdoa4t.5;/ o eks ensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperoe/aos .5 j ;o4dtksv1ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m secti*ooh -1nn bt6jon of concrete (to6n1hn-o jb *$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to trans lzqq7h)2) rw0hyc*x9/fq vqsfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost tt bg;a0z 0am ;hskvjk45z2vke7 ;yo3nhrough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for re5z scp7 0ztxos+idv 0(hof7y5fining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring tv(s5fzx7hito +py 05dcs 70ozhe radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy wdsv1mfc nw. :o lygbfe 39;0c6v7sst3hen it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a so1z9trucsm5 xs-1f2 vdlar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.