Which of the following is dr ys;c-tdi8cvq9a:k(0 ds j-the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raek 04nn)ijq5mi*2 gx fise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred tj. :7hli1 t:omrncm+i, ent:jo jtl1+i:omnjrn,. e: :tcm h7i as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of wat dl.s)y5m nxcl(ylg+-er. Compare the temperature T and the internal energyyys)5dg cxn ll+(m -l. U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas, 6:ehi:cqiac ayx omns5.o7- depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first +-.d:kd u*bofm tzbs :;nwkv(compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. Abv;sb:kf( ut*n w :dkz+d-.moll of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inth 8oez9t-s ud ate:+w0duve .5ernal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatueev,sh)y;dx x,,)5nykm/rjo991ew. k s cqe hres do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact th df33 y3rubulm(3 ja;zat water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermalbfd3 3 r3(yz;3 uajlmu equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot dr:9*pxm7u y d: in4kgpiece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiencespk*mng4x7i y: rud9:d the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chax- *1ipmodz d +gh: z4snw;ploh,vc-8frg y5.nge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred tdozg.h vysp dxn41;zp +c:fmig, rh*8- -wl5oo as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to th/cx)-z8soeuwdt lr 6*e vapor state is referred to as tht-6ol)ezxu* 8c/ rswde

  If heat is added to a pure subs5 vv dndyu1keyz21ko3r -2w 3atance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeu rc()7bqju;c s

  When a liquid evapor;pcdf:1nr8 bn+ 4 aq7isk1ki bates

  When a vapor condens2y 1y3q vs8p w67fgpk rx;h:enes

  In a cloud formation, water v 43r s7.0i u9yxll)tk v..pkd-alod utapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air)svt0. l- 37kpluxitk luyrod94. d.a in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pal198 lpmk u7qrn of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water atiwru() qu) e,+)-zz0yw hwuh p $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flowr+bn( o-8)khcl qt x+qs by means of molecular collisions is referred to acbt)k rl+ q hn8(o-x+qs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar b:f.c mwoq 8y0;2inplf:iiy 6s ecome hot when the other end is pcms wiy2 .liio6y: ;f8:fqp0nlaced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of s4rcs3gg 5f6 a nnd*i9metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one 3rasg4fs 6*i 95gnncd of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a 5cg3g-obviwx ijubl r/-j 1sg,7 -.hbwall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given te/7bi, lru.- j swghbgcgv1- bxoji-3 5mperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating mate1u;p7*f z rt,fhm do3crial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. ,zh 3pur1 mfc*fo7;td What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows byx.ab(xa kv*ks h r(5re4hl8nc l*on( 5 the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referredxx h krl a*ks(l8.n v5(eob anrh*c(45 to as

  By what primary heat transfer bn,m2/o*f2ws.dvyg m mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurw gr(.5 bqxasv8-c/st9 :ivcm

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is i*ggies /,zi945yn eczmportant to humans in maintaic54yi ez g/s9g, ne*zining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment wher; wzidp d58(f1xwgoh0e the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents causei5z80dwo gpwxd (f h1;d by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring c( 5u 3deidw31y( ncic5t1iyu rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? 1(dutic yy5 31d cnicwe(iu35 Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a rain( ( 5rpv*7o3malhfzdiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating pow (prlfmv(3 z *ah7oin5er change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence5y9 vpwints95 of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does ta8t; ieiea i9rj4+i+fo ciu26he Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how muc0jkdrtg ;18py vxfz/3h heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent m 8qyqltd e1fk;i(ii9 yxwz635gd, t -qzl:)s to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of :zc,cu 5hflf-/s.erq 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperat*p s4w4fudps o qys3-9p98yrsure cs sp943s*s8fq 9ouyy r pwp-4dhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origi fmo1f7q +l3fz4jd;wjnally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperatu meoqir(t1b z 057ahd8re of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by b wb9fa4z 4x-.+rvg jv,zj f wh,y2(n8 bddq2qadding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of ironc. ;k4*e*cn:n2oyvlyydj l7zhq u k:s2; oc*c and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the n :nyzv* yjo :u7cs*d k2lyce2;c.l kh4o;*cqgear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of my(hqnt. s ioq0sdh 2gg9 4x,e;etal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper,rri7ofce/ qu j rogvx/:s -t37nrd* 12 initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material tu3n6/4i cov)uw9f hyat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is therma 1 yd)miht1vl-lly isolated from its surroundings. One objecvht)-1 ml d1yit has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the rdyobhj7* 3q9 e3i dvn9elationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had v9*e 7 id3jo39yhqbdnfallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance sjdh2120w,ggjhe c gg, 1d)m.a) nhfmof 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to therds21d,gehn) 0 fh .w )m,2cagggj1hmjmal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 b gpa,o(.ogn90 aii s7kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to an7go0 g.9isiab ,po(heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take 23tkcn gl.py3um* oxz)hs8k 5/b0g bbto heat 20 kg of water s 5 m0xbpzktybhn3g38 lk*)o.b2gu /c from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10ggbr: km*a 3)f vazz z*ij:i//00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knibxo9blgv t *.4fe blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed z4ww da ,nb0;alhh3+vfrom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much hea4ly +cz3 idnrsj,+ut0t is required to melt 204+ dt 3r0zu+i jlysc,n0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to fuv k2n,va m3,t s)(pychange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be re kg1ur6qo( y9umoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/uh s uld-fd47(kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially atj4i/m; /i7z sd+cbz qpqkng4 3 a6)gpe $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 9z(q btq (pd;p$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy i ;apmizh .wp-,2ok.g9m: cg gos needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change onekl64eqhf5c gs8ndq t2ct ,- m/zwp 53k gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requirecittyy- +u :v-d to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of)gwe3cmv3i pjmctg ojp7w7 ii1p; )(/ hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead tcos7fj st 5:e3+e-t;mm )n xyis 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting poi +ne-mje mxss tc5;37yft:)tont is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete u tm38rmp:k9k is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of zxx o2fa7uttu(29h q1aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods1 xfut(9u2t7 xqao2hz are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1,d8y- 8nson c voel1v(/s9r qg.5 m. If the outside toso1cn /q,8g8ln9rev ds-( v yemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. I9lf3 mjn izq* .dh7+vbf the outside temperatujf97vbnmqidz 3h+*l . re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 mrw)*l d *o.w 0hq,a.lmz +uuud x 2.0 m section of concrete ud *wl0 .*rd +zulwho a.q,)mu($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take g 2ebmjf7w 3p6x. ko2xto transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperatum;g a8kgdp 3k3re if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the tempbaki/) niu wm o:/oeh3e06 l5serature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole ohaes/ iu:3el6 ) o/wo5mkin0bf area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy qkt:edzk;m102t;gfza6x5dy adx9u 3 when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collecck:yx ;37jp mgbwa0* ator (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.