Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat.jl s og bf2*z-p;-s,)c+twob;e qlzk energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram we/ o dzipc4/7 2r;6s0rio tbnof water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is refer*1 xyfhql d;l.xv0xz5red to as.x 1f *qld5ylxhvz;x 0

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of wateb ede8; qlzcs)a,hm8-dd i0b3r. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy Uie3)0sdqebmd8 bdc l,;a8 z -h of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of a:(8abiq qpe.zdj( . bh5l6tocn ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed unj; ,haosclmd4*;ke n 3v hl-l:til its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial inte;v c*llmn;3dh :eh-4al, k sojrnal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internab r8,tl64hepgz3/eb o rkd8s7 l energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temppzcdp7zm.b7*a)p 9hueratures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known f amk 9ru0hrdp /*7ls(kact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heats/hmrd9*70( aklr pku, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up shq9x0;*6ahrfa/h xlxi* ;tv of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat duringxhq**h/;fv6r90s l ;axi hta x the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from t,k9s6k rr,ol5ip v )xlhe solid to the liquid state is refero)r5 kxl ,k,r6l9ivpsred to as the

  The heat required too ex7y 5,h+e1:d qkyng change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is refe q7deoyxh1e nk+yg 5:,rred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rater( 72 egsgxk8g,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezebs,jksp27n.6 lzqa)p pdu*/*a a i b4es

  When a liquid evaporateshhlm+fuz f 1 o(e8m168bhp:zs

  When a vapor condense,z fgf tx,*w -tq3 3mpcfg0o7gs

  In a cloud formation, water vat24lc+5-z)/w : kt os 7nxrs-lixbpa)f 3uzbxpor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will causlu72z/ix- otrs:a5l4bcwxf - s nkb )zx)3t +pe the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water yqj 480m/p 5:bsp o co 9-mcu-*rfxtrocauses

  Equal masses of wate:4nn 53 e r)bnb fiupta4ogn*5r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions) zgonhvr/) s- is referred to azs/ o v-gh))rns

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become;fcieu: tj :g*z/(cd gwhpn +1 hot when the other end isz: tpg/e1uc w:*hgifcd+nj ;( placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels mu dv- m/dg.aby/ch colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the differeny/ d.gab -/dvmce in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickno2t rruh 0sgrb(3e5v-ess of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference acro(h0r53b -toeug2 rr vsss the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thk9uivkn j5,u4r o.8uu ermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective the4u 89o vriu5n,. ukkujrmal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one p*eid(sqjgr5i 6pud).7z+, sq:ky nlklace to another is referred toqi +()kszyl*r6,k7.ns:dqpug dej5i as

  By what primary heat transfer--mr+ gp0dnemu9 a1ahe+gd. c mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur9h(pb-1,uz j k;v f5rkeq(rqz

  Which of the following best explains why swr0iub(tctdz6j1 ql ari; /2f *i) gal9.d(qemeating is important to humans in maintaining suitabler;l/u)(irqq a9t0.2 tcz1ad*ig(j6db m fl ei body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of-c plg5y0 -2gebbf3: jxsxh ;n gravity is essentially zero. As the aggn5;bc febyjhsxx: -l p -203ir on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from thehn r;iw*6 hsa- same materials. One of the houses has twice the wnrh*-hs ;ia 6length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator i +me ,/vs.5iwaab*wc i8 e0dxls doubled, by what factor does the radiating power change8bacm s, wa.e v5ie*w+/0li xd?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium iu4r7 2knozu4y s referred to as

  By what primary heat tgq wongt u:qxa3 /*l3)az;q(uxvhq9* ransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how muaf bh4bl25p tp0 5p)xkch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent t1ptz5fiul krce w-t,fs/ ;6.-yhb7 wq.nz2 hy o how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature o0wpz 5wpfwya 7g4i28ub6 0.q lzsu*uraq 9 d5of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperimf10pxkdve t)i0ip: ) c9g2gature cha0pfg91ct gm0ev)2i):ix p dkinge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at upwoz +kv yza/ h90:o8$10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperal(zi*lphc85;x5uoj + , iwgvfture of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heddxd i4 z(1 *mr8t,b+amf0vj jat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. Howb9;0dlb/a- knwvf1b j much heat is added to the gear if a9w0bf1dj/ bv;bnkl- the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is za3xvw uk;j a/7 3ug jd9zu.+zheated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initialojxj f9*c:*p ely at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a/ /avco b5zdphs7 0q8kt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that ikok.k+ )dn)tcs thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initia+k )knd)tk.ocl temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, Jamlzsl4tr )u5j+ es Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What rz5j 4uls+ )tlmaximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dista3b ;ge w8nup(dnce of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water 8d;wp(b3guen rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no fo7p o:ki32+knu r4cpo)bnb7heat loss, how long would it take to pbnicor k)4 :23uo7+ 7obnkpfheat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used 1+9+cna8ulan w sco;fi*g 1dgz v8borf:6yn* to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water from ca+8vnca6b+*1o :fy8grusno l g1d if*;z9nw $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mzx5lbo n87s:v ass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade j 6d77flsbpxlmx146ta 7-y nx(specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed fro2 -i*qdrz 8f)evn)w2hssyf s* m steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 qoi*gr v/. u2a g,4h5y0v yztgj;vmn;kcal/kg. How much heat is required to mel/5.v 0vh v ruityoyma *;2zg g,qng;j4t 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 4g0044- u8+pjvifbpn f h.pa-at qnlh 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g pb5huandt.ny9s8 91f of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of iceln:3gky 8e. oom1 p;tijx0h4f is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at nk k4v v8i8y/wii2h* zky*ht0$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water az6b mk aka,+ 0cwg-(ttt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy io2pl y 6peha96s needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required kr3u vtk (3+bv mypyyf x+ m2eg2.6s a3w8cs:ato change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g o )/gfsjvlz 004icgx b)f $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by a ltm3i2 - liqu xfop6s0o16m0pdding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 20xv pr:7g t j3q6pkp5*p7 kcal/kg, and its melting point it7kgpq6p r:x3v5pj* ps $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivitgxt+w )1skf+ltk0 .l. th,ta ey of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity ofwp t n:.-u6tmft *)c,plj7ebr aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end offt,t r *l 6j)u ncwm:bt.7p-ep the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensin96*a)*y gyw 3;f 3cywfmmo hfons of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatnwm;)*cwyyyf9o3 a f h3 *6gmfure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has diz,kzc5lli( os ll7j8m b69 )mgmensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tem so lbzjllil698m)gc( 5zmk, 7perature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour thromm)q))q2g+ 1m 1iak t)hvcjjpugh a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (q)jmgkt)j cpi+h1v )a1)m2 mq$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it takeuxb- bzcm8m1- to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of he1oi) ghbjd3/h suu3k r9:md -aat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is mon )a ,2v l78pz *pc,gut2acghdyitored by measuring aly2 u,hg) vgp ,287 tpcda*czthe radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when.)41ruvle1 i,vpuvd u it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar col x4bwmz8r ,f8iadtr6*lector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.