Which of the following is y7:ws4jdi hzb :td7 w*4y( imfthe smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of waz ,s9s+j5(i:wgciu xhter by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred tu11wn fru-+wj,3+o 8qhq,z ,jqpeqo p o 3p11 nuhqfw,q,+8eo+ w op u rj,-jqqzas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a.ppcek:uxj 3/goxr9 4b s 3etia 661gv swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of 1uv6c. asgpx3:re6j /ko4 p9b t3iexg the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gkf0y ge)i.)thas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume it j(y bqyfmorvfa+z7:d9(q, v me070rs half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. yeb7rm(0f m+r t v,(yvdqz0q 7 fo:9jaAll of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U0xxq w5m9yt 3q at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is thati+itdi s:;a-z

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher spe ycr skw7b;h6(6lxto d ftxz2vy1k+,.gh.5nucific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which sy (6wsoh h1k2;cd6. 5t ,gtzun7fv+l rkxx .bytatement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up4 yd8rt)meq0 f of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The spe)4erm ft0 y8qdcific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a;:xs;1sbq;ix1 bwuoh substance from the solid to the liquid state is referreiusxo1s x:1;w; bb; qhd to as the

  The heat required to change a substance fm70fytbq3qx rw86 5wz rom the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as z537xytw6qw 8b0r q mfthe

  If heat is added to a pure substancnk0ayv qm9)41ltxh bni -d3i5e at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezestgzv 62z,7 x*fn2i boa,fz-so

  When a liquid evaporate)ph, mypm3i rb,94, 4s:u vqwybb0ahlpim u1 0s

  When a vapor condense.ioc/ .b*evyf5-lm g js

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condensem4p) tn.1dluns into water droplets which get bigger and bigger unp dm.4n)t1l until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame u/isvj-+sqlx: )ua.0 j.r hj cgnder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at y k(7jh1rh -uy$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means oftsfqvf + vx v5-u9tr9m-y*f+ g molecular collisions is referred to a-f9v +ftu*qrxys- 9gt v m+v5fs

  By what primary heat transfer mechania 7 m5j5.ccvtlsm does one end of an iron bar become hot when the5cmal5v c.7j t other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch 0p6 9w (rwecezthan a piece of wood. This is due0 e(6pwrczew 9 to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall sfg2efndf-wu 7/s;h0jx wz4:built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss ffugs w-jx7;f0:hs4e2 fd/nz wor a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed cw39hjh*7kp 4n5qfen+g*.6b8hgn8k g h x aavon a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the come6wanbkn8 f7 ak 35 8gxhh.qg*hcv4j* n+g9hpposite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules froahi5r/09d dt bm one place to 5bthr9/ ddia0 another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transf7swu.j- -bzr u 40,d8*uzxowxh w+ jtibj-vv)er mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur 4 f:8u;vzeock.z.t7c/v5sv9 wengg o

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is importa:da1q xg:ays;qe1tmj3n5rg : nt to humans in maintaining suitable3q5:d1ga1 x qy:tej: nsra gm; body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of p+ 0hzdy4g70gr cjmg3gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this hergmy ch4d+30g7pg j0zating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. x knoqzylw ;7xe9kd (6 a *q)6d-l:xdkOne of the houses has twice the length, width, and heig*7- z 9x(dedq oxl:)6 xnq6ka dkkw;ylht of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factm:e srgox 0(8aor does the radiating power co8(sxr:ag e m0hange?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absenc 9sux fe glyl2wj72ovux 1(1y(e of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm thei+sujg wjp bz/g+ezj7 k(25ke;q b2 (f,c3wpe Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heaf*yfq2n+4ahi vhx, s 1t?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equi.yqiuc 2lxw:4f6 0ubv/sz. se valent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is neer0,g q/8i p(j9hvk /qy2fzhzgded to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, wg b9s1hj4nizx4 )ao7c hat is the resulting temperature cha44x1 iz g7j9abn)s ochnge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally a +gkq; bc23nq;:vmovet $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises.(s okahfs:4:-+m qj v o4oz gwxsu e7wbm(o*5 the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adms7tqsybz : k 8p ds86l*p6;ll;quy/i ding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron an2 r3xbyim2h fv 6pv7a8d 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the 38myv hpxb v62rfai72 gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of me rs(+sgh*4ei++oh7-je rkvr j tal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppei 7r-yw35m emtr, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material o.. (5iryzw5 *nee ma(wr 2yctat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that igx2 r (zj+n0yns thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature ofr2 j(znyx+ 0gn $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to expiwe2b*x5d(ic 5ei* vnlore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Bla2vi *iewebx55c*dn(inc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of t+f/(j+ e3xm tydvr eyz,+4)eo e8vmv03os t z50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperatv/3yeem z,tztd +t yev+sro +0j8 mf v4(e3xo)ure does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assu:( lcu+ zo hrqt6rk-.qming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in t 6 qrql u+ko.z(-c:hrthis tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How lo auh 77hpc.hrf ;p9z1ta 2l/r7ujo ereu001elng will it take to heat 20 kg of water from 9p1 fr r7epa;je 0h.zl0htaulu/u1ho277re c $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (m zas*ug1c-d6w9;lkd:1 re*zyk;g i fpass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blarxsa+vh d/br 0+9uas ,de (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must b2g: hi(/dwjvcbee: 5h a+k; vpe removed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heapfxa0g1z if,ac8s0o 1t of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ice8 gxa101fsfci,op0z a ?

  How much heat energy is bu zyqda+k 01)needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be uav0vh7 ys; :d wib)+bremoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 jg gg krv3:jcxu(c +vzb h1s:15a0e5k+9dklakcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water:4fyv)nc5 rlz9 ho s*c initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at cli*ya/:f k+h $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to ch2 e3,gk*tujweao+ bzxuj0y 54ange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to ch zop3ov8x- -lykuxha 0h;w+ *aange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required tg8s36cbc/mgmb g019meysft :o change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ioz(c87u(oqwb j z/o7rce to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg*:ni nse88+f)ovoq es, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melno is8:sne oq +)8*vefting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concre5s.n1.nm,fyz xbl h.pyy f k5(te is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. T 2 *xv3nt xj*rg6vua2z(08vsc ah nr5fwo rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is mai r2hscvrxvvn n58 jt3*aazxg60 *(u 2fntained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thidgqep -y r -b)s8gs;7ouj k2:3od;eleck has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is3ops gy ojl2-e-e rus;bk:d 7qegd;8) $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 tjx(7.jifdoiv . -+a8fwexa0m. If the outside tempera.oa0 if (v -edxta xwj7fj.+i8ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flc1ttka ;mgzy5 qf 7zq*c8t( 40peczi8ow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete z(qz 17y0cm8ke gti4*tpf;z 85ctac q ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take z m8,vsg7 oto5xbd84s to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal sw. x9)h*s79u)toqcm9dgrq c of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furna 8c0rd-gffall8( 9 r(ycvy1su; /s zdsce used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole;l ly1zycur s-scv/sffd8r0da( 8g( 9 of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiatinl7sdb rskgu 4 0 xhb44u+0j95uc6 vnyqg energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effecacjk);ln 7sh, tive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.