Which of the following is the smallest unihc4z f4t8i/fl t of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by i dv/k gpmvn: sh g*z5i)1h.h-4o;k-ptmp*nj$1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules isl yq,2ovt hx42 referred to ax y2 ht,4q2lovs

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of 3n)qfo-evb o(water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and thn (ofoveqb- )3e swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependsop 42gd-n pdgfe6q 0i4 on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed u/u9f7t uqarv 4ntil its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while hold9qu7va4ut f r/ing the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energuft5*xwi/j7wuo 73 l xlt, bp zl,n8l(2cpam 6y U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically bk1f7wumtt ijama 8((s:w:q252cw sm is that

  It is a well-known f*unp/ /mcsz8 ipu -fehi)y q-4act that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added up/sci 4uyzhqp *-/) eifn-m8 to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated *c b* bbgvqn/-: bybx3system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude3 *bgyc:/xbb-* qbnb v gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to ch2e (1ocnk2yhtange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is refe12ke 2on ycht(rred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid towf fygul.dhkyy, 4 :/qz)s*/a71l sjz the vapor state is referred to alfls7h.yazy,q/zwgu 1/ * fd4j)s: ky s the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a s5rprdd9qk6+ni eq,. ubk -;ptteady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes:u6lhtf 1et 0, qdggsydek;67

  When a liquid evapory, d3s46ovbkiv z6o5 xates

  When a vapor condens.jp syzyh /pdo+ut cy);t3 p3(es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condeguq3l9mzyxe2 q9t+ +wnses into water droplets which get bigger and btq+w92 m+luxe yzqg39igger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling h x9*87bhc2s4rdv g qhwater causes

  Equal masses of water at3g1 eem2uk.yp8utgj 4.s( sa g $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collmqz(vr/6x5 *hvna ,bfz4s f;tisions is referred to av5; f/tq(,4z6szhm abvx* nrf s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doeme.67 hk9+ra bt cu+x.xo .g.e;hbahe s one end of an iron bar become hot when theabmh+o ex.7bagxe6h +c . h.e9;.ku tr other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to touu.. lf f+u1doz:7cmhe touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in wu.oc l.mfzof d7:1 +uuhich one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall ptu7 xam+b jzodiknuj:dgt4 83-x/:0built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thktz:b:dogxa 3ij4jtm/d0uu7 -pn 8x + ickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity mh8-cqy9+c.h 0 pox dcK is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheehh- cy8c 9c0m .dopxq+t?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass move h63wp.j t)xoement of molecules from one place to anot3hpej)txw o6. her is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfe rv dw/(jf3rfzo*06cx8on c: hnzxl/ rm79uf /r mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurx 3g l-udjt4w/

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to hu1cjhyx 5sg1f6 mans in maintaining suitable body temperatursgc 16jhy xf15e?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment6b wcl)nq8 e* v;u9kwt where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is trc) lw89nkb* t6;vwqeuue about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangularr:bl )xfv0*0rxk xa b* houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the lalb) b**:0rfaxv0xxkr rger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature ohq7s ieu: xvd0ivrq tf16x+;*f a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power6tsh1 + idiuqr07eq:; fvxv*x change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the abs s4g p .wb/1mh0d;eebdence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat t +dei ./bca8orransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how tykn z(mon;h.2 7uvz3 much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to ho0s7bem-6,y m xkvw- am n96bzp-)znjpw much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to rais,m6iqu*2(tomcqg0x be the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting tempe2iay 0 b(5l7s2imh nr*hxer/ srature chanrm2 isl 7/s*(0ahh2y 5r biexnge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origsrrao1 bres: . )yc;g7inally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempeunoop g:-8 gv4mnq- /+jtfg,frature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by addin c7 0cm;cvcib.g 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0t,wx hj2 m0ng.h j, isz*f2b.n.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature innx ihn f0jtgmz s.h, 2w,jb*2.creases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of me -gzydetw s.2,tal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppai 6i zcsz j+0q1fbma/6s13bjer, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at( ehdbd8 qyec(9)1uon $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally ijycf)y cjx. c( t,umr3) z1h)ebynlz : b,,u;msolated from its surroyucj,)y) cb ujemn3zyf ,1) zh.;m:b,txl(crundings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to exo9z)*qx 8k64h dq0bot ukx4ltplore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a ht bo6uqo*q x)dk940xz8k t4l vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distanc/oj3pnv)u3 (nm meca wj;wv 4eqi+t*)e of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal enero u/c+vp v( 3ijm;mw3 )jnen)aqt4e*wgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss2*smyw)2rmmdzy7ed-o k ;9yk, how long would it take to heat water yzo229r w7;syd-d)mm eyk*mk in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it taeaybgh*1etni og +470ke to heat 20 kg of wateh bgigya07 1en4ot* +er from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 100 /9t hn,wn:gze0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat =smp.vy5a 3nft3kx*-a s 9kw :u $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it tok7d6q2s vpsh 4cv4r.;b nlwe 3*xz,wx liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is +hwgriaw sl* 2k *3 6g37hxcfprequired to melt 200 g of i3ic ra k*p2fsx6*gwl7wh3hg +ce?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg ze 7*nh,3iehx of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 gyuzf0av 0* xs) of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50:isr9.i + mawy g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiapa .r/x0xd9a plly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atq3 jud- 9lyv,t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed t xez,dr/ id,b;o change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to q 6th u vkrryw1*4i.s3change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to ch *twrueg3ax 8+ange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding icexoq - /kh84o6yh ;ttzq to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg,e706vf uv8b av+r-evj and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point is60vr ave8vj+ubfe7-v $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of cwgt +vuay.;;5duhzf6 t46sc roncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twicelydml) 7bfc6. that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and d fby6cmll.7) radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thic0me0:m 8 boiamk has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatm ibm8: eo0ma0ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m j ssg:p3k1s( (gbqvi8 by 1.5 m. If the outside t8: i sjgsvqsk bp3((g1emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sectim-wrd ;airg j8i)ed;ey,l; +:n uqp f6on of concrete (; ,jrldipfnu;a e6r8dweq-+: g )iy;m$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of5uo 7 ya7yjudr+vx( ;+fjese . heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temg j sav gt;5v6*-b( gyjd)gx9-k)eqopperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is m4/ + sdzt5qgekonitored by measuring the radiant power emitted throug+5te4 dksg q/zh a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiatinb2ptwz vfrk.i :f+/h.g energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector blx/gqu 4 bt ettz/5,0(effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.