Which of the following is the smallest unit 18acki0un we .of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempera0 z4ruqhqi oyo 04j z*otwlyx/2m)h 0:ture of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules 7 pf*2aqz 3foaxauy.u3 2u-dwis referred topf*a3az3.yuxa7u od-u2fqw2 as

  A cup of water is scoopeduscwsu2+slpq e ea. ()j3-s y7 up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, s+yuq 2.3l jewaucs-s(e7s ) pin both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal 8h+ lnv7zuty 3rqk1-ogas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed unz(+c+sqjp vbil(z*9cv+n 3b.je +en otil its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the il 3j+b9vn+jqezzcpi( b.sn(+oce+ v*nitial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with interdtx6 ;-pn;dw 7dr3mq dn)wbfjx d6:b,nal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary dreaxd+omv9-h 0 astically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water hxfab;dhjj*zus +k 38 5as a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30f5j3dhs x;bz*akju +8 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot p9hdk)6dt+ehoev 2-n4yl/ 4 y9mkccv niece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copptk69honv/c d4 hcem29en+vdky4 y )l-er are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the li7fxq0 ypzqe8b)m; .: koxhbt +9t9)hcfq a j7pquid state is refe)yh; t c oa9t 9+ fm78 qfjpz:qqxek07xh)bp.brred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor staa 1 ma.vebnx+b whi+,)0n, jzmte is referredzm,j+n eam a 1 b0+)i.,xwbvhn to as the

  If heat is added to a pure sulo+zv p;srn+;) cgoc+dk2pm 7bstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze(i k1u sv5*v4ux y9zqks

  When a liquid evaporafpw 9l/6gye5i tes

  When a vapor condens;4-yg0cf .u 1krgwueh csr2rys 1 )cn,es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses kz3p+wf x8 vc)into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouc kvx8+ fz)pw3ds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water cg;. 3 ta pergj/sbi9l5auses

  Equal masses of water ati3brvacrkd y3 6w ;l03 $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referrer ex jsqo:w+xr .+oef5f lm25(d to afoxsqe 2r:+5mef (r jlxo5.+w s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does c;;k,*ov8 m(omvirw3 xq r.gqone end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flame?v ro3i8, cogv m*qkr;.w(m;q x

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch tnb+z*n pbqw2 h it p21u5ozv51han a piece of wood. This is due t+p1u*5znth2on1 wzbp52vb qi o the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thicknessr/n 34v za/lim of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness 3 ml n4//iazrvwill

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed oe6sm1u9 *5cqa + 2iscaf8 uc n+o+kagin a layer of a2o *esa6iqkf8u++s 5cig9m +cca un1 another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat f:;mp 5ghk(tqg lows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred tg5g;m (tk: qhpo as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated;w ta4r0g x+z :nmkb-h on a stove?

  Convection can occur7+nqc4a bhlz .

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans / yidw (nu+y6+gtsumrs 2 fyzv:ho2+ e4nau7,in maintaining suisusz4+vn7,o2utye(:2+uhy rdm y/gi fw+ n6 atable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting iz0ahxqe -f-lu-5 h9r on an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabi-q ao09fr -zelu5 h-hxn is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from a:*wl amp3mk0d6q ,ifthe same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Unde63w* liaqfpd0am,km: r identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fact)fjl )hxo rf btj2b0: r/ledh740nn-bor does the radiating power f4jl0no7)dlhxhr b/ be -j)b0 2 ntfr:change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the abseuf .trft12yh wyu-+e+ / +ecmznce of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechbu2asw, cz(l9 y-f7 um0 nnku)c e.kf(anism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equival,0ixkhb ;:d rhent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent ton 9;n1a4lz)l sz+m5zh)qlsph how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tempe.6n qy9,n8(9, qzjyai vlzsi xrature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the re(macv ;1 j6txjmu;e.x vp1gf8sulting temperature chang j1x p ;(cvg;.vu6mt1xafmje8e?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block )s3bf, wb1ezz is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material i /jm hkd/hrtccj *r,.1 vet *,+4ndikby $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L o)dcc; ,gme2w*jql w3 nf water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kgql zq,oowiv055 ,v:w4 njn. ejn:s;es of copper. How much heat is added to the gear i . owjnnj4eqsqv,,o:n0sz5 elwv i :;5f the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated tj 85 gr)anl2*ldxp 4wia 7ncim8b17ixo $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, ix-b3 jpsa )bv4nitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atx k;vpn e((g04 g2qxdoec ..yj $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally iso1; a7( be q(grx-gpzpxlated from its surrou1q ( b xpgre7-;a(pgxzndings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the rem-a*gpm8 s by/lationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperat ms* -8pbgm/yaure rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 jh. (k3zyht u2m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature djztk .h3y h(u2oes the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water hea (pp2f olnp v2xi:r,+5;ekw i+wofa,cter uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in the+pxo lo,f:kiw(w5 ,ipna2 2c;vpr+ fis tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to n3.(( 42fipsefnuh4b 9 psloc heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wa4olp spbun9h(.cisf4 en ( f23ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 100t dj: /0twi7wy0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (spewh g:j -wv02zhm4pps2 cific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquiy lb dep2kh1l d0hoi6)ipd*( 7d?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcaeagig9;v yh p1;n m;mni1 f6q1l/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ice?vq1ni m9ygi11aph e;gm;; 6nf

  How much heat energy is needed - e)l2uz7xjkbu(. rs o8jrfu. to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removy3h;ba ji,q0u2b8 yshlwy 0r3 ed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion os+ylwy (p/m v+f ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water)do6 doi z/z1a initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at t 4l goe)r1o27r-w lfd7hn+ vo$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 k yal , h7;472;vaaq ,z9e q(cnymgziohg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram.w*aalb-ab2joj0 p;c of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change muhm h.-n :(yl100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice.8j)ewk9-yrqey wsy1 to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, andh q;.rvv sdr y92(ak+vi)6c nh the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, (9yr;kac2v) d hvr6.h ivqns+and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity op*w-z3ml8 yl zf concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. jzo o))/(u0x 52/exkbfekdexd 9n4 le Two rods (one aluminum and0n k/l5)o9oeedxub2) fj/x(e4xezkd the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm tfuhlkz ;+; n l-m gf-t5i/jz6lhick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperat/ l;zj-l5mgz-ik+u;hn fl f 6ture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dime;:vrd5 vwh);mj )f sp8 x5wdlnnsions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temd wv5 ;)8mwdjhls ;)fn:r5vpx perature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2r/dk g: ynv*cba+k f78.0 m section of concrete (/a+8ndybf*k k:g r c7v$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throug4am :sx5i1t68 ly)f fp -xzba*k:fdz kh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temfdzz;fbp o t6323nh k/perature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature ix4f* njw1 oz+ts monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of no j+41 tfxw*zarea $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the humy sd):/ jki7my7rsf,/+tgw aoan body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collecti; :*/8ubdh9 (xzxxti pjfj7*/ntbjy i on area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.