Which of the following is the smallest unirecnma4-h-h 1 t of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise td ; tc9jkoa8uj 0e 4mp5d;tdi3he temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of q w.gh,l : jdn /kmfmlzngnvbpq8;l*0u(- t -7individual molecules is referred to asnz:p(8qv mlgug/ lnqfdb-.* ;k twm7n0h,l-j

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temper *g,*,qhn.6oe2 nfxol .ghz yvature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the sh.6yh f*glqvo*o,.eng2 nz, xwimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas deps, 6a xgglp).ylptv2+4y6tj yends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the inik oaqjj*pm(4) 8cj/9a*lfh kftial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal eqh/* ol)k984 jja*(fp kfm acjnergy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal93p 5mo feb:9af8te 9 lpqaia8 energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean tempera sx:o7tto-ola;j ( hy-tures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a hwye5/f nl *x wb69)jsbigher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibr nby9wfb6 5/e )wljs*xium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hotj: kf1syty/ -n+gx*an piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equg x/n-n*1jy:y+fa stkilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a su k;,sprjj4+q 2oxzc1ibstance from the solid to the liquid state is referr +ji2;14xr po,zk cqjsed to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to th*0j7q d(ov ck8 xtqh*spnjwbg,51wx, e vapor state is referred to asw h7 1n,( g* t50k,bqwj8cxdxoqsv pj* the

  If heat is added to a pure substance aeo3mqpwn:e 9 + :5cd4zmlmce0t a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze*4yw.8zfr8lkfp n u y4s

  When a liquid evaporat ql +j92zs9hy7y8u wpees

  When a vapor condense. be-l4f7svp qs

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water dropletsk i.yd5e*tmd i:*9pr0y4pciw w(pw q+ which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will caumyt iw.dww4 q0k(5r yp+* eipip*9c:dse the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of bour u yoe+8 )4ynau7i.ciling water causes

  Equal masses of water 8zqdps : 02ffyat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of mop .ex1z,ch-lrad f7(h upf6 n/lecular collisions is referred to a6 f .-7lahp(fh urznc1 d,epx/s

  By what primary heat transferkci n/e6k27z f *e-mcy mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a/ki6k2mey z e *c-n7cf flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touchp) 4dd0 i9xfsq than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in wdp)df9 x4qs0i hich one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materia*p;a)fwb ; i4oqh, awul, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness w4f*abwwio,q;a;h p u )ill

  A layer of insulating materiaoh-wiz : : sieg7/lldl 4-4hvvl with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material d- ihso:l:4hle i/w-v7vglz 4 of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass mov h8 +qda)vvvzx4ev( ,yv.bo4aement of molecules from one place to axe vqy a v 4oz)v,.(48avdh+vbnother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heaty*y h20hy9fk: zve3s pb8seb2ed on a stove?

  Convection can occur dto7k 4s pw6nspc2u0(

  Which of the following best expv2zk vh)2hk z+fo15vplains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temp ofhvpz2vz2k v+1kh5)erature?

  A spaceship is drifting g.k+1anvnis 5in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is trn+ns.i15v kgaue about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materitw3m7a8ds1 -g :m tikrals. One of the houses hktga8 si3:d 71 twrmm-as twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what facsp5wi xwz37hu5s2ql( tor does the radiating power chas5wq xw25 l(i7ush p3znge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medi4jqrezl3lh+ , um is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanist5xpib01; q w2. ik4o/fukzqfm does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heabl (4imiv*)z +ru2-tbquar2 ct?

  16.5 kcal of heat is b.f; bo: zz-tfequivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperatulan)54igly zm 1 78wdx8p+wgc re of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of wfqprp9c,wsn )xy/6-i ater, what is the resulting temperature chani np)f- s ,w9rcyq6p/xge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originalp)1d9gg 6 z(cps. gtotly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temsesq hnza4tk :ju: ohvf 208/4perature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heasere1ia q88ey jz7a42/ e bcyl+6zz;wt up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0q ypke1zccc+ 3w*2b q9hc /*.go5x(i3 cxoudc.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperatxbi+c1qp*3 ywx9c oc. /cg3ohc5*q2kc ( deuzure increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated tod-m-k9/k sex i $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially atfm(( zg+s( azi $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at oqg*r 93yno8rye a4s4k5id9 y$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally aqkc3e v oymhc.7yup)) +,-qtisolated from its surroundings. One object .v+ at7h )upeyoqccq3-,my) khas an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attem- uqbb11k -emhpted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall wit-qbu1-beh1 km h a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance r;y p;jg.ppa (of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy ispj;arp p.;yg( converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Asgjy, w0d)mp+ yj9 j/yj(;oh hbsuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tan);mjh,gh ybpyjyo9/jjdw0 (+k from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kq11(igs+*eo x/mtf( x x;djmlsn ) 7wzg of water sm1i(swxm q7)*1xotf;xlj+ zde n(g/from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000k6* t.c rohnkoja a so3s7u8). g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knif3bmpgsx 5+j -1rw- blge blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed fromuz;oa9mc8 lx3 steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion8, 5v-1a v ztivz6l3kffg m:is of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200li-vvs 8iftg m:v6z,13z5 afk g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to ch2y 4o .faedsg 2sf(dr )ol;wk9ange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed f 9q h47s)t klx2ei 6xgs/wpbsav +2d5trom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal:0q(g yyy em1ate6rc*/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at.f,1tzj aem qrsw4st /.my1:p $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atos3l azhiy1orw ,e46+ $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of qnt0nmgzg2i 05:f e;f water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to zwa8sm3hv *8kchange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requir9bzpz*k d17nged to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addfim/v3j;,j hning ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of frwx ;ct v-)g-lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kxcg; rv -)-wftg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity ofs)(jtkju) ,4f e u8axg concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivie ez9g4nk-.fmo f (ag-ty of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass)mgfo e(f-ke-9ga.n z4 are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.57j53xn9vkvt*ylb/d.m fs ko , m. If the outside tempervy*3x.bflk,n9tmk5vjod / 7s ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by ay)ojfeyi3 r*7- o z xbs)o3i)1.5 m. If the outside temperatxr*3fs-yoi )) o)oa7jzbye3 iure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2-0.7uuu ey,d6cuuqm z .0 m section of concrete (0u,cuq7 yue. dzu- 6mu$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throughj.ir; / totlz; a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal ofuol,f0pm4: m6x6w c fr heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monito: (npb q4h8csired by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small h(48isqcp: b nhole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when i-8pzd1q;df)v n rvl4x t is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effec1u:qsl5 qrg3ngyc ,( 8w+wu fbtive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.