Which of the following is the smallest uniqpv- 6l(u z-q;eskh9 gt of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature o o-nf (-dytut/f 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinedih9ij ar:4*8xb1 lgm tic energy of individual molecules is referred to bi8:im4*9 xrjah 1ldgas

  A cup of water is scooped up fro lo9rsx+t;f bnsqu9dtu34,:c m a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the 4qbrdsx+nlot9t us : 3 ;f,uc9cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gaog t jhdftf)+ nq13li(c o;27as depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first comprehvfb6 :z:kmyxa*; )u z;y)nl +(icxihssed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the init*xzm(ni uhzxa +iy:fv ;byk ))6; c:hlial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inte;fy pxxsukdq:9u 6 3w6- zg9gnrnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is t j ;8n9 ojjliy7q(dr)rhat

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific herq5j,( ywkg/d9 yel)bat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal eql j b9ewy)g/(yqd5,rk uilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated systfe 9x6n:2k a.2egirz1t cv21qga:lv mem is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes t.2egxf 2mntvqekczl1a :v a62:ig r9 1o reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to th1h) j;8:gp q6xs ofcncya 6tb7e liquid state is referred h bjpcsf1 x8)6q tgcyn;7oa6:to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor stx mnk8:7f cgj2 vdt95mate is referred to as th 9d 7kntcx:8m g2fjvm5e

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady ra n+p;dmt2acl4 amwh.+ev s +g/te,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesu72fr5zf3gp8b :qa2v,yl hwl /op9ra

  When a liquid evaporate89qnj6yr:us( * fq7 mwp3h vics

  When a vapor condenses yo)fv7l/ mf p+*n+xni

  In a cloud formation, water vapor cxc-;fxxcoid e :6 8;c k5rogez-0dew)ondenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause thei)ce df:6w 0xcz x5e;--8ed rogoxk;c temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of bqh er8xxh sqn24nd58 f :q9i: *clrdi*oiling water causes

  Equal masses of water axz o,di/0ewx67 v9p9 iybwns 4t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referk42ini q o(g) pk41lwhred to as)1ig2p4o qh k n4l(wik

  By what primary heat transfer mechanismj :ma;d(w0(tyd; zm hvh j5(tt does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flame?0;h(whjv5m;td: t zm(tad(yj

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piecekou5(w4te7r el g .1:lkg 1urg0rlxk* of wood. l1ekxkkgr(grtl17le 450.wgru u:o* This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homog1 cod+ 0z**x icu9hwmveneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thicxzuv1*w dho0 9+ cc*imkness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is pl0-vy 0ljoe(j )7qhzlnm hy/+d aced on a layer of another material of thermal conduclnj zq)7yd/0e mohvh +-jl0 y(tivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby m bj4gt 4 jn9zc,yz(nhu: b-q6heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to anomjtj6zn (qgy zhcnb9,44- : ubther is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a po -dve:*jmsx q5t of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur lpf kgd803-sb

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is im- chuxvq)zx(j3kgp,s ygc+q7 tic-1p /h/el8portant to humans in maintaining suitably /-lsux p-8)xc7ecpt 1jh+iz c3,h kgq/qv(ge body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelerm5 u;27 4hu nvrlggd8;* rkcayation of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by ;yv;7g5 4mr2u* 8k rgahnu ldcan electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same matvjcb+(5t+ f . ; fd9bosjylnm*erials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small.ymj f+ tj(nvc;db *bf 5los9+ house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the raly.s)a+r3rd tp*flw/ ffya .7 diating power change?3f*wfd slrtlypy .7raf.)a+/

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mediumdnd;.xh pen brmo. .ca13js 9n(has05 b+i: pu is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism .2 )lnfys-xu0f9m tla does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivaspuydq 6v5vdm2 b, (o0gr.:uwlent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to hd13u+ipj tg-;w 5n r.ftqpj*cow much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed o;ipf9*ir q li)6zax7to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is m 8r9,vukb y1be2k ph/added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature chv by,m81/2pukk9r behange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orm.lx.e,w;reesxwl ,9 iginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2ivlqe3 )+ejyz dt:q;; .0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of wazv-h*tme0).hmk gdx0 ter at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consist.3nr 28j+o z;fk mqpgqs of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to th2q 3z ;j.+8 kpfnmqroge gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hesri5r5v cm;j1z z(ew0 ated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially ap qxv -(z97pkkt $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material 7 o/ 9s;gtsy qi3dz, gqv7oy-vat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolate5;y7bnw:p fm/uu d ;bk2st7 ymd from its surroun7 twud/sm;mb;:ufyb n k52y p7dings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attemptg* r kh(qg25o .o1hjbeed to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a verticakgjr 1*q(obogh.e5h 2l drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Nj yexxukykao( 7u)/(7gt :*,1rgb wubiagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is convert okg/,ej7u7y1b rg*xyw ):b(ku(tuaxed to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric waterx2 rruvd.m)u )xbm qk; 6famhlm.bn8: 7;cgs2 heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tankv )xbq hku)rmm :rslm;u68 7mx ba2f2ncd;g.. from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How lo/b,+bk gwqrad 3f7n c60y cj;png will it take to heat 20 kg of war7k +;b/ jpfbnq,ga06ccwdy3ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000jk8hf 9 gr3x4gna+(wc hu1ra, g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blagd/3 y(c t7y6bse9g2c mdms s4lzg-l:de (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed rz n47 nmwx3yzb*kvt.g2 .)byfrom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How muv:.wv+nx8 ci3zpgit ffy80.k ch heat is required to melt 200 g ofzi.n0f+fg kp8v3x 8 ivtc.y :w ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chan6bo:xp90w yz.y) no6;vwer bv ge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed t yt 2ko4-6yajfrom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice ibywr /6og r zxeir7 ic;,j610us 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ikv5o56e n t3ginitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at fv k/b 4g4s5p-di;ayq$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is np9k8+3o8f m x 6d.k;tycowinkeeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to 3tyruvg/- :tpchange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to 8(- jltbywt-4)bjk-qr2 l scc change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addingo6+bttk j/sin. o y,o59m9wd z ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/k qtuf m/i dp2;+qyie6m-b8 a-fg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its mel8yiq2b-fum+fm/a dpeq i 6t-; ting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of con:pnhf52y4 depl9 jx( dcrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of branfmv;ipig)mj)j+g,q hq7vfd2 33) nu) q2q i ess. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end qm;g 2 )juv) j3)nh),qm7f3e+dqv2ipigi nfqin excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. g+t/2;lp h:1ux ;af1c yqapwj If the outside temperatut ayj+p xl;1g2;: a uw1cfphq/re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the32uv h e wry)av.gqg7(k4q -v3uczs :i outside temp.uv332hzgcgq ():q vi k7s4v rue wa-yerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section )79avvi(yac-f+ q cyn of concrete +-cf 7c9 yyqi(navva) ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,00rcl4cw 7.e s5r0,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature i 2f5rhk00agbzdp yaki j8(7h35z,pzb f 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is mo zsk*wrok4i76q ses-,4 fxf+r nitored by measuring the radiant power emsz kfq-4,fs w6o 47e+kr xis*ritted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body rad.n+ mdr4x33poj 5lqxf;sfs qe- hd f):iating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area of1srix -7ju e6y $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.