Which of the following/y y*-)d x1r14rnhp)imyp yb d is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of:nm-p6 )fgy wq water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual moleculeke )k8 tu k)dl.i1qlc8s is referred to as1eck .)qk)ik d8ull8t

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compar,q:oomi, ilip d33 vc)e the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and 3di)vqm,i,:l3oi c o pthe swimming pool.

  The internal energy of)jlxvy7/+vvx,k z , 9 w8wdbhg2woa8d an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume isl0,b a7u3+rvj9 evnsk half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of thu an v7sbj3v9e,+lkr 0is is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with int* 3+jmbn,1hmyjzfc ds/j8u+ ternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary dray.11t3yndue jstically is that

  It is a well-known fact that watzbeztf -wd3. (er has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heab.ze-3(fz dw tt, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold pikc4e:/h mu jt5ov/ f npv nj1g+2*u*fsece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to 2jn+u5cv/g 4fjo ts*h fp*v e:m/k nu1reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a subs3 hz qcn8:c/cl3 -ifustance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as theuc l 33/hznq:cs8cfi-

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is wk, 5nr m:)cijreferred ,mc5wn)j:k irto as the

  If heat is added to a5 i445tch9s; 3(1gswfokjnbj b pls1 k pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze3 hyl b0 ,l3m(m.yks0je7qiq3j*aurq s

  When a liquid evaporamp,gy0s iu 3(otes

  When a vapor condense+rm ly0l+nl8(y- epvi s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which getvr 8ah k:wa(;b bigger and bigger until it rains. This wi(bv ;rwk 8a:hall cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame u7sv)xlx2 4ugb nder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of watekh2e +4axcsujbir 09u/sm07p /qg gl /r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat fl/tatxg3 g,q p9ows by means of molecular collisions is referred to aspxagq9/3,t g t

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an tu1jv/ crult kg2j2 v)otk- h3e4(7ac-jg gj(iron bar become hot when the other end is placed ge2 -r cj vtughk-(74gc /1vukt2ljj(3o atj)in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece)3zvzubwax o. :wu1 x4 of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the di1)wx:3z.a uwz uxvo4bfference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness -svul.2gma/kca7am1 of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will. 1ua va7gm-asmc2l k/

  A layer of insulating materialzkgjm ,gews)h; g9j/ 6 with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness h6ekgsz9m );/jj,gwg. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement+18n /wxneh jj8wwb4z3zld k(do +(pt of molecules from one place d t w(le1nknzxod/4jhwz88+ bj+3 (wpto another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of wate, bh9l2/i0fa*/ a*c uhg givlqr heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurik i0 (0w8cfo +s ux(r1k9*n1gbwv0tlso ap8g

  Which of the followins2 ku( ixer5;yg best explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable ;k(x2e5isyurbody temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment u dryz-2 pyrj4*. zyt;where the acceleration of gravity is essentiall2y-; z.ut*yryzpr j4dy zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from ther)xl2i7i+7 1fygf:up7rc fe n7c jxd+ same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, i27g fjcdryl fip +f1rxu:e77 cx7n)+width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled s6;7.j14nxnmsmo dnhyej 44l, by what factor does the radiatin67 1ym;4n sj onjm d.snehl4x4g power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medi8 ftwhr1su/.so0uf h0um is referred to as

  By what primary heat s.u3v7u ol5jp )n l2rn(zghw/transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equfjv z e99lri,4ivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wokox1(3 s ddmq6n+xf5frk?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise i3- owxtx1pw1the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the rs0n lg bl.90chesulting temperature ch90snhll.b0 gc ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally 49 p5 djjf(nzhat $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of materias z nd6u91,rqjl by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of watepyxvwa(i 6 q+4m1 o;iusa m91rr at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of ,pjm9 51r k.x6pmoe2kuun:j dfm3l *o +j/s tziron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the tem*6e : 2 p 1o,rdnm kojj+x3jftuz9.mlsmp /k5uperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal ehh 5++obbm:o is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppe9q;fmhp4v*sq:cy - gb r, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at x(i:aao y.gke u m83(z$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is theq), apu0hezg++fk(s yrmally isolated from its surroundings. One objecte s,k hp )y+0u+qga(fz has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Jousruvrz 4p:qwv-k-32uozg03 ui f:c)ile attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperato 4u:kr 3cwq2u : i3usp-v-rz0z)fgviure of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance ov0 rb hvp9+0cf3w/ak 0iaqoe+ f 50 m. Assuming that all th +obr3i9 /0+qkc 0avawevpf 0he gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long ..bw3 w(ynt7, 9 zcnlqu dbxx,would duxy39qwn.. ,n b7xbwc ,l( tzit take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it tyij 7irbad1vjx72 6m3ake to heat 20 kg of waax bdjm 77jv13 y6ir2iter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (masso-at;m02yl x s 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specifics( q -yk;*gq2lwp5vm j heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to changev* g-q dlef f+3-v4gle az,8fs8g owy/ it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to m 0:aiq *azwv:p(ed 6huelt: z(viua 0 ep6had*w:q 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is ne tszza /up*27weded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g ofkr,lxkbn+9kez 1 )qd;mx 5;at $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice aw /bie3vfhqk( k5++6hti wda ,t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water in+hz kp+r*uj*eitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at ztag :56cdxs rydk: 3;$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kgpi y7lef0g7/ky7)o py5bkmv) of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requis-5 et.paklwdc/ ln20red to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required x3t qza ;ah8i;to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addingdfg6 ;n 1t gnahuq/-,k ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead m*(+6o l5kdzh cwp hs5is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcalm+kd5c6wlzh (s*ohp5 /kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is 0ew9 4a t2 slefe1o*re$0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two roxdy,7-o)pg+ +0ohp u+etl a wbds (one aluminum and the other brass) are join tlp dg+xe0 w)y+a+,hub7-oo ped together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 z,o: 7e 4kflfym by 1.5 m. If the outside temperat,ezy :fk7f4ol ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1. 2cy)z 7x tdfdl+wz0qc4fu5g,5 m. If the outside tzqgwu2 c7+ x , cdlz)tf5yf40demperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour th lvb4 5.bhsaq/rough a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete /lvq4h .a5sbb($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of hva1 (m82m7iozyp hdx9eat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost throughemi+ak9,k+*h +zpa ua a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the tempera ypn ;c9.jcufpu7j73ature is monitored by measuring the rad cnp7 u;cf7uaj3pjy9.iant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiatqup o -,t)t,pring energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection areajx/noop,lb i.;p60:hwkxk s 2 of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.