Which of the following is the smallest unit of hea54 ytm hp /1d0n2hvvopt energy?

  The amount of heat nkuv4- n10v rull76 7k2 nfertlkuf7x3ecessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individuc7x :)myw4o8,sze-5hsrqj+cvgq0 z h r z7w+k al molecules is referred to a5vs-h o)yr z74wzk+0hmcr8c+ :qw7jzg ,xqes s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. i7kolk7oc 48k1z4lf5 r joxxs;2ap; v Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the wateijoxs k4k1pa 8ko5oz7; ;clr4x2fv l7r, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal z u u4g8bea0k/kvu4, xgas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the ini(kny25t0htc ntial volume, and then it is all5 nkchn2tt (0yowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enisrgr02h7:x5 zj l4ccergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary+57 )o xniywr)o63kntgl uz+ e drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a highe n2xvim m9tqinivx(4q . 8 erdqzt7124r specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that a 2mv4etntqi7xv4qq( 9 zi.mdx8n 2r1ire initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated syuz-mh0 zo m:l 4jh2s *mn2fm;kstem is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of cm l:jknou4mhf2s* m;h z2zm0 -opper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the -:gsyhta9o9reln 4mae 5pjy t4 15n1dliquid state is retnh 5aen41m:rg pt41 9ye5adlsy9o -j ferred to as the

  The heat required to changjkv- z2gxzu37e a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred x jzv3 uzg7k-2to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a st-qm c :;(lfri-oixo0/ ;e+s- 9opksq rbnj.qjeady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeu).6tta 5a xjg. nf5rsv)jk4n s

  When a liquid evaporatetlax* dn6mm 0 )u9.srmf ;nih5s

  When a vapor condenseskikz6 :n odyx02 lo+h(

  In a cloud formation, water vapor ctck3 9 i+tqjxfyc t454ondenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temp 494ijxkfc 3 +tyqc5tterature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling watzr(ri k:3mj *der causes

  Equal masses of water;w;jl*z.zsh jo::lj c at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisn6(c( r,jxfb 4phj8v iions is referred to a64c hr8 ivjxjbpf (,n(s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism d3haya o qff )d5z4t7*poes one end of an iron bar become hot when the othdfp3zyq4*fh5) ao7 at er end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to 3o1/ noeps9irthe touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one9/i 3re1oso np of the following physical property?

  If you double the thic h30cnf3m5qq:2gg8 pfls 8rqn kness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature differeg8n nf5p 0gclq8qrh2m s3fq:3nce across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal cond0-(nyiughm x +w a: la2yaw(u*uctivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sn* +gw:h- uaywaxamu2li (0(y heet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecugg/cs zk() yzcxss9f ,i 983,mutrr7t les from one place to another i79rs) fzkt/g, xc srcu m,zt9 ys8(3gis referred to as

  By what primary heat t + k;c3mhxn:iea59lj;w.9zw r4t dxwxransfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurtkh)+vch943shpd7 edvy ;e2 jh; y;ru

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in mkz0h cdk 8-+ kai+f9kgaintaining suitable body tem i80dg9a-kfhk+k+zkc perature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where to. cz 3bruv6:4ub+pvyhe acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air bcvu rvu+ 4zb.6:3oy pon one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built g r67xqzpguz/:3uq,w,v** teu61u i 0r iwzrufrom the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the r*07zvpuqwt/r x6 1u:,,uiz3wqegi*r zugu 6 same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperazk( xndl);2f gj.ml+z ture of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiatingmg l.lfdj(x2+ )n zkz; power change?

  The process whereby 7gfb1i-+n7/ k(ijj6cq iua vjheat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanz su94ff(s kljnkv+y +am4/ *pism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is eqpgih* *s ba4*3b7dz5pm7n yel uivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equival/ kvnq4 n)xcd3ent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the tf 9g;mu xydkd*sil 4xi( x, e5q--u:oqemperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to p*e1/oyk5t gs3fsfm0 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature changg fs etfom*y/s150p k3e?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orighl ju7k bul8oe9m6 *)xinally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of 9,xrj8cv-v4d judz 6l5z+nv gn ,fl 2sgco5p +material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water:b nq+dm0ogr0g i q-j2 at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heatdpa-mzu. z- u) -dzzupa- . )umis added to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is he, 53t-zui0o zqrzo 2pbated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppe)k c5us.pk6bhr, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at g w+3s/ *;zrx ddw0hw*bi0qqy $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isohpwwwuva* o3f-2* w +wlated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperauvp-32w *w *howww f+ature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the rela, i)i) epmw5q( c3xgdltionships between varioi)w l ,)c5id(meg3 xpqus forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over y xs9c.0tkem8Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the grav9scetx0. k8 ymitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. u.b.1c nros, t,j;ctt:ulcmtf1 iu90 Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this ta1.9 1c.ft,b:sumnctjucu ; t ilt r,0onk from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it tu0sx gzmpy*s fa, 2a48ake to heat 20 kg of water frg02sf*za x4s ay m,pu8om $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10lu.ewv:d1s wl : w0hn(00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specifmdqxf8x+f 4cmou 0(( m kr6qu*ic heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquid?+tyt4 ;b) 1w0knh)iynf/t6,i )ww e zuwss.k w

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How mu p*8cz:b7ronw) icq 1xch heat is required to melt 200 g of ic:wcxncpb)o zi*r 1 87qe?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice a)ws0vy,xw1xu6 r9 its6 *qtz lt $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fromw(1 z3mfbo*es 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 8b ( *rrmf(klre xxl1ysl5(2v,tyi 3q2t;1na y 0 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ing.e /deqxm u,2itially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water as 6;jy *hrby7kn .9ykbt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to chang1v f, j5a4ya,uj)tbhze 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gy9 zlu-q 85ts 4lsq skh+*7xjqram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requjc /kv:3ryn 6bn f6: fz,u/rj5aj;d cfired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tz ygcj,*8qdvh8r 4 0yz:q6xvmea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, anqg:cq fct;6-8q+z)zkz/e.r x d4g*ehzxya9 ud the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kz4 6;chx - +g/c)9kzz.xfd *:eztqa8qeuqyrgg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete isq)y ;b-whdbf uf.-zc 7hqlr2o1l/j17 cz:sgg $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one alryvvq07k,n7ai -f/tz puz;l ):2 gaax uminum and the other brass) are joined ia, : g/a -0tvu)2lxyvzfkqp n7rza;7 together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the otp02y n6mvux 2utside tempptn y2v 02uxm6erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsided5e/4b i8vp i3wep 431pakwoa temperature wikao1 8ap4/3 ewi e5pbpdv34is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in x8m92 sd5k0 qh :x wlk4mxtol)1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete xkx h:w9qt02k4 l8dos)5mxlm ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat d+bqri9ai.o.xf10wv through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat ish7zch:+nzqcoh7 eb 09 lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace29xn k-,7rj-pk xr: pc6b pefu3nvx9b used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small, 9njxxn9-fr bu:k-3pb 6kvp pxc7re2 hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating2ju +etuwq3h + energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effec4 +n*4l yggwkd 7eoy(d,xegh+tive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.