Which of the following is the smallest unit of heaypa s 78qxy(.zt energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to oei y wsxcwe72s./n76 x/ )szkraise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic enep:)we.f* jgturgy of individual molecules is referred toupw* g:tfj.e ) as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of wath-z e:qt :wu.xg8ks)un8 fib1 er. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming po8. nziuq:wketg8hs- :b)1 uxfol.

  The internal energy of an ideal gaykjv7tk6mq + 5jk5 n4ms depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is fi0-z jj+jw3zgxrst compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the tempw 3 zgzxj0jj-+erature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal en.lli ny t44x j/zh(fl-ergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticcl 1u2k1vy .bnally is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat *t 2dp831-49tp 0ecdhy rnxtxv w o0wlcapacity than iron. tpr 8 2wdnxyd0-*w1tt 3 vo9lh 4cx0pe Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of amzruy 6-i1 9e g/mhc6ikqmm.5 hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater m6 ke-m5ir9m1ci6/ uqzm. myhgagnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the sovo2g69kx -(je jhzh*jks l-v) lid to the liquid state is refo9gejk) -s-vk xvjljhh26*z(erred to as the

  The heat required to change a subszni2dhx82 r ehd9o:b 3tance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as tho:h x9 dnhd3e228brzie

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a uizb-7 pmmgp/d 6 :e/tsteady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezewlki92h uh,b:cs*q5 ts

  When a liquid evapora,;3ky)bo3xdtbyr u -t qm;l-x tes

  When a vapor condensea8 bk((zmugbwfws5 .7 s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water drop5e *g8g fm sqe:or31sr8bbapj4jg k4:lets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air ir og:g*8s 1kqjmf3p e:jer48b4bgas5n the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a panl -i5smea4vg th/w2/p of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water--s eei*cfrg) ,wr yx- at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat e*gb8irf 7bfm1v4m k7flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to af bkm1*g7 m7eirfv48b s

  By what primary heat tronxq3- ibxvycc72 / h,:s:j ydm-sey0ansfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when th -sc27::y yqxcbexnvydj3mh /,s- oi0e other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the toucyptit pw ;v/,ne,/6j3 pvgp8j h than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the followingpjv/3iytpj,; p 8g,pet n6vw/ physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall bu q w.kw-vpbo9bf 551szilt from a homogeneous material, the rat5fkp b.1bvzo5 s-9 qwwe of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K u do*k) g*yy1cis placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductio1 dgkyu)c*y *vity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows4z:ezer ,1.ask +sbi c by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred : e ,s4iacezs1kb.z+ rto as

  By what primary heat transfer mec*,b yv mdq)nfdc;) so3hanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur 1 ami 1yp+cwr.9vy5dt

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in maib99mv lq8u w6fntaininwqf86vl9u 9 mbg suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is driftingz r1x6mml5ti4 1tg.di13fdwj in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentia w14.li z1t516grdt 3xjdfimmlly zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighborinadv(t +1 ejwp,g rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compaw+jtd,ev a(1p red to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by b c):adxsafg0 tm/x;p4ng zyai7011xwhat factor does the radiating ;1xn t4 x0f)pgmzaaba7g/cixy :d 10spower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any iltucsr;/ -+u medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat te.85gt2xlih p v; jh1bransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalen8g r3c3t d-tf4cxft1) hdsfw 5t to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is ou2srt4rp6cj8 y 4 )tzequivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise xtk2s/5dh iw6the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temy10j7 :vopac8s l/zqsperature change cp70jqy8l ass :v/1oz?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is o lsjf9*vv2nere *q twh e)*/+driginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0ou2d5k4+ 7x9py lfeom kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water fuxnb/,tniu;gn 8vh0) l )xp-at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kx86p+ezv 4 itsp+t.r.skdf g2v z)-dp g of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperatuitpk -sz v pdt)+8pz.xrde2gf+s6.v4re increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to apyfa;0ki d +5$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, xh8l/y,3d c.79rnk bbv 8zpbminitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ah+j/;s j fl)s6p5ow ykt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a ,m)lwwg 4 vxrz0f0e4uv;k2w ksystem that is thermally isolated from its surroundingw44krf;gv w),0 ulm 2 xew0zkvs. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explort3/ainzk-e(s o* mlr7e the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one ex m( sozlei-7/rn*a 3ktpect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fall v1 *fh dn9i +feu+eg jaei6)xf21fl(xs drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature l dhix)* f2f f (nvj1+xeua6ee 19+gfidoes the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uy atdz-ne+t0 (ses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to hz-d(tae +0tny eat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will v+lf5bo :mz6git take to heat 20 kg of wagz5o:m6 +vbf lter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 07qf1 hybj(okg, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (qn 5b, 6itf+ndss 7lm(:k.nof. z-xnd(fz x1xspecific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chan- v.(x 2y5y2qc tixchqge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How muchhd2u ki,+/sd p heat is required to melt 200 g ik ds+hu,/dp2 of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed ja2aklgp :a7 fy )h1w9 d6ztnxn,kx8*to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g iiwnc9h6ut6s;31k diu ;slp. ijn7 ip)w5g; xof $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whe2kog3o isp96nrr6 a51g+ki5 s b.ctcan 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initw2tos(o72 1aq0rp*w l74tky zjc 6awe ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at , akfqsh*2nlaw1,k ky97,rwl$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg u 6lkz kumsrgdure/--q 2ud7w,5j q2(of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required toe, k3cgu) 2i luqrwl/1 change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requirvt u4t /k2, c3xeca fac.ng7f8t1iw b8ed to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea bu4 * zumozo/8*a+hru fy adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead u wbl gw:cej,3 tr/x721(d tnris 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point tubx 13cd,t27/ jl:(gwn rer wis $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is mruaq( voa:21 $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Twofr+atbqhuy:)c 6x+ )u oias88mg. h 3lz6v6jp rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of e+oh)8yqjig:s+x lhcbamp6u3rt .a6v) 6u zf8 qual lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm vhg7-nbg63an wis x y7+i-.sythick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempybs ayxi7+6n -7h3 v.ingws-gerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the oute2)phlvuw z trx8ybv o2,tb)18od*8zside temperature 1 )ud)x88 t82po*wv2z,btlvoz ybe h ris $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0x+ bkw:1o vj00 hn-kos hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete v-jo+w00 knkxob:s1h ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to tb2z85h 1qt aikransfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a;:wr8 dd 7 3v wml-hhr/vkd4vt $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnac/dek17ltxda 8g ,rcbfg(na0 )e used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the rag,/d gexn8 rk1) 7 (0acabdftldiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy7 f)ihm(bac 1ptb 8o/yk93r nl when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection at4q yir p61wb18ry 3aqrea of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.