Which of the following is the smallest unirc4z uktu3j.cw ms 9 4nb 9*wq d;gwkl4p-/s6xt of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise thegabtfo)p +. xjo4y9*xlo: g*u temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the averi v0 ptl:yir6/s *4w1ba:dze zage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to w 6b1tzd/via:ps0y 4*:rz elias

  A cup of water is scooped up from a sw542- ecj e t ye))ttodl+zmqs(imming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming po5d-tote2ct j+)mqye ) e(slz4 ol.

  The internal energy of an ideal gwm5*bouoj a8(wztsdjwj0 e:z5 q4 * z-as depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first com e-no;fu:x4+eec fi (uvs6nz*pressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature const c ux*nsfve-:z;iuo6 (4nfe e+ant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal ener9toq1ex 6 xeq d3gf4x3gy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically ismdjeojbcj: mo+c6/ , a*a:-p4 dd znm+ that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity twqe :kwn;vw8 y qq/k+3han iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and;yqqq+3e/w:kw8v n wk iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is mad1u:2aak yjsc8e up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum 8ak :s 1ycuja2is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid stategllh /4d:7im: tl0ab t is referred to 0lglital:h md47 /b :tas the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vamr )hq)tbo/c/5bwjra ;qgc3x7zb 4i8por state is referred tocrbb/t)h 5 3)moqcg 8 /4bzax;wi7rjq as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a s-xfljd9 g;u;ztz7xa; teady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezenq aj.z*tdd 2go+1ut +s

  When a liquid evaporates k(oe:m: o*jqh

  When a vapor condens4pz k0 .qsgie9 d0kk0br48v hges

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets whicl),pemd*yc2 ph get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the cloly)*m c ,2pepduds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan ofu3(+f : ejzlay boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water a .fy v js28inm/-mga9tt $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred toug:5l .cm4bdhzoo(p.niptuf 0*7u. q aszt.du(7coip4mqlu 0f. u h:5. bgnpo*

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doest/ 2u 7i2nsmkrk i7tv/ one end of an iron bar become hot wheu nt27k7srm2t/ v/iki n the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal fee2oei e* vh/snisx33i0ls much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical propertyxei oh /s3s iev3*i02n?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from apb9 pnqd 1midzh7d-z.zm o 62mx*o8o 4 homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference acros7.-ho9 mqn m2zpo64 zmb 8*i1dod xzpds the thickness will

  A layer of insulating mate 5x(rmgbv l, w(*btg8nrial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effectivenr((wm *gx gl 5btbv8, thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass mo8e;1 ubnrnrkgh4 8ry +/6jgto vement of molecules from one place to another is refeku8brn6to 8 n r /;4+rggh1jeyrred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechapk k ci1n3,wv9nism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur ja+xw1 6j+knp

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important ,*emxh/fpxt 7bo r 1g/to humans in maintaining suitable body tempe/g xer1op*7 hm /bft,xrature?

  A spaceship is drifting inibj j0 a ,1+-qjdnvhh4 an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero+a0ihd-q1 n4jjvb,h j. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring recxs;vb z0nabb:rb68m4 + as1y otangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has tr b1xb; am: s80bzys+v6nob4a wice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperatuz2)7r dalfj* 1(zgsw zre of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power chazza )wg*7(1fsl d2 jrznge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the abadt,- ilu;d/ksence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat trans/vqoq :** m6)ly)e .glshgfk lfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalentbw7z 9z0 ju*ie (c/wcq to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent t0 qvdn.im)0h.7mreor w 8:lr no how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100*t xd e0mhup1+2bo)yb g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what isr4.cxqmv418zho8 7ab -v apim the resulting temperature change?mcrqx1 v.7 bp 4o8ma z8av4h-i

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originall4 ej fc3wbt -+i+c/t3 scg+xohy at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperaturzenb,kc -6p82ynqud4.j v1bq kert 1 ;e of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L ofl;l0tbj7+l/hg d l na2 water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron an)*l blkk :7t1ty(g nazd 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature in n *k1tglka7):yb(ztlcreases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hea6* fm /;gmisei22:csj*e zoz-kf nt .oted to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppfcd6vy td rdvf +8t4n3o7; -wiiux:t y5g*-oter, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a4(05d:gcxmklwgscpeo5- z( k wxr+v:t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from itsf:9;mfo h vyw6 surroundings. One object has f;mf6yo v9:whan initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwe -qa.xp86fp,n1lj8 8k gzpmw cen various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum88 pk cpagq fp,n.x -wl1z6j8m temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Ni4kx+0s vhog+ils7v 3yagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by whaik0oxy+4sh l3 +7v vgst temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would.dmdsy3lnn 7+ it take to heat water in th ndl+3msyd. n7is tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is u nyl j/+a(pqo0 aa-d.zgfy 6gt-gzs,a -wcj /;sed to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wategn/ .p6aw- cag-z /z+g jqatdojf( s-a 0,yy;lr from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (m8 m, h1p-heivid5n,r(y zoz 9wseu40aass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specifi ar:d0gls;v1 ole)b3bc heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be-qg alirw*1mg4k;(p g removed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcd70izql rfive:7 4t .ial/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of iciiriz0f4d.7qe ltv:7e?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10dwv.1 r,kk75t p3oni iil/* yi kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 14lc 9cqxz-re v*mmn 2g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of i9 ;aa6)i+:oa cvbspzmy+x +e pce is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially c63: ptk jla9tiwa6 6dr1bhl( at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a taqk+gw58: pe sk4/ dz+ux6zrt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is nebzk van5 .+aj *-4extgeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required dsp0s3h,n p 9 eb)k9lsto change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 qo +b4ln3 b)g n8 zf /+xc:e0usgvq.org of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, invt4*piq e) (hlitially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 + h73ig.9zueini;vwtht 9r ; dkcal/kg, and its mel. thu;rd;t7vii wzhi99ne + 3gting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivitu hg -dkq oe,1;:zy*(ev rr(kjy of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of ak;e7l y/m wigb; .c6zyluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of thek6e lywb;yg7c; i.z /m brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3i)c ve0jjv n.27yercw- ls )/tj6:k en.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempec.tnr 7))cn6jwv:jveysk2/0 -e ejlirature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1. q +zyz/2+ -zjbwjuhh(5 m. If the outside temperature is q yh zu2 +jz/b(wzjh+-$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concreteam/s( un5 .5cu w9kjv+ 8gx7rpe.hp up (5p.8/kpn ap h7s c+(u5er.vxjgmuw u9$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal oz(:ot0n p,/n bvc:myrf heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcuj ;e*cx, vw8ral of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, thesfuma-wbf+3 +1 (lx8jzljld7 temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitt7l31+d am zwsl(b jf+ lux8fj-ed through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energ 9ld93ntm* iymy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effectivez r) 2,m3zoxdbx:lwr 94 or:b5l q9las/p d8xi collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.