Which of the following is the smallest uni(4spg;n +f: mi0ujddy t of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of wa),/o wk3hgi:.dl ai2c1j jrta ter by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the avemmv (7 7,wn3bd 4ps iybsf0eq,qo6h:frage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to a 4vmone 7sf,, q(s qbdm w670pb:fyi3hs

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare tkk/ x vye)uh+:a(s y5qhe temperature T and the internu) :v5s+ yqhk(xk ea/yal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal ga(*vtfbz+g5; 1uo opji77b vb xyem ,n)s depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is hald/fh d/o/t- 2isk1. 4h-m3svk myzmudf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of thk4m //yim3d-uo hf- dd/1zvthk2ssm . is is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal enerk:ca )j: y ihcoq4hu2.gy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary d1u ,v8k 6a4 6sinlmksbnew:6prastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity .(i2t aglhm irv8i;q0than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 302taii8 . gm(r;i0q lvh calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum pa4gqvi d .h:oija*9-.4jgiu epb g )3and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium-beo gj pi vgha*q9a44 d )ip..g:uj3i?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chalh s584ye/ u/(gow kwwdkm2ud4o-k k/nge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as th/k5u/sd42g-4hkem8 kok/w d (wluwyoe

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor stateeds0;.;x bf wi is referri0 es b;xfd;w.ed to as the

  If heat is added to a pure sp cn kq: 7.cn6;zcd3vo5gt iikkv:+7t ubstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes+ rx*vhd)-gx 6md o5fm

  When a liquid evaporatetqe49 tiwsq 237qaa p+r 1udu/s

  When a vapor condensesu0 65: unrpxq4 p0fmumx-zd *a

  In a cloud formation, water vapor p,/p u xitjo0r u+q 1ug5i7nvq u-y2;ocondenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the tempu5tu p,nq7yu j1p/xi +2r;-uoigvqo 0erature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling w tnwu5;48xi qghgzcjsjd3dok , 9c-;rm :-2d dater causes

  Equal masses of water ate w6s8 xvn z:7ram-,vh;wd6k 3op meh; $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of mbs;)4 hul(/nk(vp vgtolecular collisions is referred to ask;hb)suv/ ( tlg (pv4n

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iro8voehg22 7smyy jkzg im+5 ,lwzbc5/ 0n bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flamkvsi55lgm7+z2 /2j,8zcm woe0yhb g ye?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to juog pu/1ih69 aow4sy.d chc7u:8 iu*the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical properio1s4ua i 8 9dyuph6h7 :/u.woccujg*ty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneou8movf0h :k 5mqs material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference acf h85m:vk o0qmross the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layr4;m anh0/fow s1:bdver of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sv4hsdwao ;: f/nmb1r0 heet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement: du x4fnk8c*k of molecules from one place xfuk *dkc 48:nto another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of wsq0rsy6qf s-lv9pa( 4o.3y tr ater heated on a stove?

  Convection can occursgp9,caz-ngt ;zq /i f (0;bsi

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important toyd/ 2qd.tlb8k (1qxve humans in maintaining suitable d1 ykd/e.2b qvtl qx(8body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleratiovmf ri t,2c fo(1c(2wen of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true aboumiv 12ofwctfr c2( ,(et the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighbora uy2ss pfrm+*y izccw-w6757ing rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to 6z72 mf*-7cy uca5sypwirw+sbe supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a . u/k6ioqnavoc2t i(7 radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power change6itv 2q7(ca/ . oukoni?

  The process whereby heat flows in thety+pe3i o6t.skcap/ lb t:tak+8ot0r8j b ; a/ absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doc3 2w((hi mkgoes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equiva2;jgit-necq)- cd2a3l7g nhtlent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wox 1+c. 9zb/yhuy dd(nirk?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of leaf0j g0*hqg/s kd ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 qb jii-s*d ;g,e3g*ohkg of water, what is the resulting temperature chg 3s *;ed,iogjq*ib -hange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blozpzz) 7lu :nf fr8a wg6o88hl4u+5gx qck is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperatu6(13y6v(u m zc*-t7ymmr kysotmqkpy::qt/h re of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L ojbyunw 0a7:. q,)eejl f water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consilu5/k f( pjme-sts of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the tem(mke5/pju f- lperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heatj m;5n2ix h*e9jkxyt1 4l.tyc3t8yf zed to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cop mfjz ;-mpm* d y/,gdai24hv-bper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material (somkee4nbty kanhqlv0*2 b193. of 6at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermf5g .d0*lpv,cix up sqq3)4noally isolated from its surroundings. vo4q . u5plsixc )ndgf0p ,*3qOne object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted topl t7s 40, eobcgy)d2my2xy o5 explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with y,c o40 b72x yyme52)sdtog pla vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Af,a5r fwwt)uhv -y7l:zq j0a vke; 0f8ssuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal enk u e0ywfja;, whv5zr 07l-fq8a:vft) ergy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater use*6so,; ofms eze(aiz j2c* gl+s 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would i a; *o +fg,6zsso2cz*e (jielmt take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long wiloeqc 7(pfpq 7hml-;8s3itl + ftkmh 90l it take to heat 20 kg of water fromf9m3h-cp7i0 eqto 8 ;fmllht k+ s(7qp $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle ( .p. mzjeql/9wmass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade u z4i1;pfup g3(specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquio;w 4,y 285pm1izdp4q lwzv lsd?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required ti cc2p-swbuaqs6 3*u8 o melt 200 g of ic sib6*28pcqu 3u-wacs e?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10d5agh nfi9:d4lnbb,-md2 ,g v kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be rem,/8jsifs.y aud( h:wroved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When(qaz )vvk(d mh4 ke1w4 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiaxw t8pl52at7 jqz-b x)lly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at5nl(y+cd y9b xrwuz./ $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water atxmw .nwt+ct r9ha,4(j $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one grae9 t,c .b4jc:ti byo(3bm d.bkm of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g o ea olj*iry. p-84:mbdf $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice/* 0tdum6 vgqy l)n-yr to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 28dcj- fu1f) nl4s ,kkurs2 3gt07 kcal/kg, and i4k,3n )stjcludfugrs1f 82-kts melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity ofrjk/,w mg;4)lb, vjlpkilv6 ;rj 5r9q concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is 5uh n2 cd;bjp4twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equ2;4nbcpuj dh 5al lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsidepnjg 6+7 gpni/*psdrbf2m* n8 tem*8g bgi7nnpp/rd jfnm6p2s * +perature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m cb;o3a6fh u j3 sq8iz0by 1.5 m. If the outside te0ju zf3bi coqsa; h863mperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour thro0ic;tc ijt08(zd0gcaugh a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (0 j0cgi zd0ct;at( c8i$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat txh.ub;m3*(+vitjd ,s + mcutn hrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of he e(u*+( w i pp.sjvf-ucg g65kuv,vr;fat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature ise 2ly;bi2 ep69e ug4dv monitored by measuring the radiant pob gieevpy6du2 l42e9;wer emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when ig2h pchy;1 1+64dek+o pey szft is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective co :8 zarw;hg9em0h hh*7w6xd ncllection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.