Which of the following is th7.si i1o 7hs6us( ppie+7v owhe smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat nece .h 4jhezy:x:7fi* 2oo tbm-kessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy oflu- m)wof 306+q.bz7o si6stlimwj2h individual molecules is referred to asib ot ms07ho3i 6lzqj2+6 mu .s-wwf)l

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming poolwx:0c ypwknp pe1r,lxl*a++, of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water,1xxp+kp : +la,c*ywle wpn,r0 in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an id 1gaqd*ag06akeal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is fibtu5c( exft96j7vo b:rst compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is doneubv f7cxoj(bt5t6 :9e while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energ-iwy1ma0g/a k fw4tbxhoy-4f :x(k 6jy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturv7n f 5rydx3 e)eqt;rv4(.e ukes do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat cap bzgsq p-uv)rwb j,/+:acity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initp-+/ bwju:gbs rqz ,v)ially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of a a/ yfo-/0as ;f vydemem/;rn0luminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during e/do0mm; -;a/a/ f0erfn yvysthe time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to thqod5x5 a9 jdzf;4c9wrc7io 0 qe liquid state is referred to as 95qjrqofo9 c 5i z 0dxc4;7awdthe

  The heat required to change a substance from dhd+ 80ie xym,the liquid to the vapor state is refe +8 diymhx0,derred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure subsmt.b5a)bxe p5 fnr9zx8 56dbntance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezek 6t+zcqol ..qdpa4s .s

  When a liquid evaporat zsglj1cf2 -v(*/wy dees

  When a vapor condenses a)udup9glvki y n682.

  In a cloud formation, water vapor (jerk:wn 2d;zp dl9 fqqo1 /b,condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of t 2(pd r1nfwo :q/z;e9lbkd j,qhe air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pyr-vk9j j39 tean of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at 2heai3 q bedm1 p4y(,jpa2o7u $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is gd4x:d+da*u5 ; wb2s earmef 7referred to asx5:+ ad dem b dweu2a*gs4;f7r

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of aj yiclsn*p(-2 ldu2kp:s x65zn iron bar become hot when the other end is yssz* ln2-ulc6pxipd:5k 2 (jplaced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much coldegducgxipm35/5 g 0j n,r to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical propertyn3ixgcg/ pmu ,d05j5 g?

  If you double the thickness of a osg: ejw9ku*o.+t (nafx z(p*wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate(nu ojaft:o*x+gs* (w .z9kp e of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal ctqy 8p5k /inqa/c62c donductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivit6 8p cnqk/2yc/5 qaidty 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from onpyf e h ,amcukvkh7 bnxi3q 4q3g-:*gdlo; -.6e place to .lkig*- n hx7, e3da4 h - kqyvgb;pco36fmuq:another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a sd9 7 i(xfi nz v9j,u.5akiiw+ftove?

  Convection can occur7 ulr uyhdya)7qm g:,)*z sivgq5-yc)

  Which of the following best explains why sweating i.a3 ;gskqouoyvg04/ h,u4 msas important to humans in maintaining suiga./,k vy s;3m44u0 ug qaosohtable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an envire i6+ +q(fl1qsykh soey6 z1+ponment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of tl+ h6k6qpo1e+e(z1qysi+sf yhe cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materfeva g 1vn)*w)v5brm- ials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat sn)* )-bvaevgvr1w m5fupplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what facte0o cm,;ui 4dnor does the radiating power changd0cu, i;e4mon e?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is8+nkebst)*x xpy v* )n referred to as

  By what primary heat transfejdvs2i5 t/mh6( os nk)f8 azw5r mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equihbq6((q9st xc.n ip.ovalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much work?y65gx xvf8k++vddoz :du) em 6

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 x9sd mqqg; h-b* elpkm7tz6.;g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is addedcon7mx7 4xfiq11 y,emch4. vn to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature chhon1cnqym7i4 emv .x fc x,147ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origi p;qm23 i xsd,+k pxi9pvlp3+ynally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises.osj0zr nc/+2 d:hl qm the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by addnx6o +vr p otl .w0ok7,o7ps5xing 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. H cvwcm/2 )k74ifut h+vow much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increaseshuv+ )ccm/kw i7tfv2 4 by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mu ps;2tavto66z:s 2g i(3 onssg 26cetetal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiall , umy4jfqo2c2y at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atd y8okl8r47 qk $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolat(lum995g kdfo.,laaeb -v6j(w/l myjed from its surroundings. One obje.v-(jld6wbukmm,l g e59/ a ojalfy(9ct has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships bet(zuw1x) d4ik e5)d ;pqxt;praween various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one pap))4 k(x rq1d;x w ti5eduz;expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a qwo )1q4o1( pl 9stg: bp8nbcddistance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to the9ct:4 1(8wp npo1g lobqbs)dq rmal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heavy p7* voq-6co6w, ,bkp avr-vt loss, how long would it takvb o ,w vap7 rv66,v-pcq*k-yoe to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat watefin:/ v +6mrftr. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wa i+r/6:ftmnfv ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1*hoe0ed *w8 al:ev1 nlof+*qq000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knif-fz:p zwtw4g)5gqg,k+2j4+0nwejf scdcv l/e blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from st8wuyssn y cn66nb;r37 eam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion o r9 fwryg9b3e1nde,lz (4dj a:f 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to meltee9, z1lyr:94fdgr a3b(ndjw 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is r/kvin*7:neaha4 l dh0 kyl66needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs tonk28cb3- px7 gbktjv , be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice ,69ia(- agxec bm77; ;*vbteqk-xv-emjg rwyis 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially atx yuyxo+:2 w1l:t.wp6k1 ymb i8v.mit $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water ab1egsgm7/:kl af1.vq t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wat*o1vl /cl xyuwer1z5 zp(; t+ ),dykiter at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram txxieo60x9:k2m7zanqyk4- m of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g ofjt(r) :lpzn+h $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, i3(vtyl u*v.af nitially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, ano:/ex w.y , ppvxx1y+sd the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melti: xxp s,+yo pwx.v1ye/ng point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete i4j8b ouit 6; j (tiq0h76tn:)xicwtx is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivityjn9elppg :n9x +/1 b6yracz1d of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The g + b6ejyp/ nxlzrd1:a9 p19cnfree end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outs.szb- zibv f:+ide tempe:ivb b-+.sz fzrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick haevyv4.5q buu,w il+5 ns dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temp5qvi+e. ub4y 5n uvlw,erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete q.dmf5nrkl1 )lh: j0ol1l )jf.5oh0q knmdr:($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to t () 4amzea0 nd xtvdk93m3k;fu5 qw64mhwh ui7ransfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of 3d 9p3xo ciw/mheat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temper:ebq tcnbfjm k8hy 731-o l8:cature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emittqcchem:o-y7 3lj t1fkb 8n:8bed through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is 8sgoy 4h r*,gu3:dtjwqhal; 1at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective l c/e40 rjru:tayo7,jcollection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.