Which of the following is the smallesj s 0 as(ubofoua-.:00kobct 7t unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat neces ah 09z)5pfcbk gm1.ngnoc7k;-:rqjw sary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of ind5+* )obsr. yntimpl6 eividual molecules is referred to aep+ 5i b.6ysn)mr*tl os

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare ;y/l 8,nrl zkyii:5g bthe temperature T and t;zyn/:r i,yib g ll58khe internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of a:;y)dp me:l6z w *nbga0i6tmzn ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first comp /e zr* cyurem(i:r/8 x17swvpressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, thypsx(vwcmee81r/: /rirz*7 ue final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U a6o5o38qtiqp2l0v w7vp/i ynh t $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures7a8uaerwelr-i3 m;(y50vx k.l(irc j do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water h - p i 4hk.r+*q2irn9ighqg2svas a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat,rqi+9* gk22i.v- rsnhqi4pgh 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a a5z f,hclnj 1-cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the schzn- ,l1aj5 fystem takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance fro qb-6isxfx3* im the solid to the liquid state is referred to as thxx6isiqf*3 -be

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor+p9 / 6)qioxf jb,):ah*h3ychwp ggum a 80ypr state is referred to as thexgp /hc+qubp9:yf0ygw) hpaij a 6m,8) *h 3ro

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady rate, *g0b1g m4almb

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesr35j9 zj f7ewt

  When a liquid evaporateu*(lh1+ :3eh*fsjdl fr /p xles

  When a vapor condenses 2x5( korpjx7q

  In a cloud formation, wat-kcpy10 rw9 nier vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until i09ryc -p1nkw it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame utw*5g-7 d gl3g jv4ncqnder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wate. clv00 u*iert( h9l+azri5ebr at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions+vz0) yj9*0ss o fiyfv is referred to as*)0o0 vysfvsfyj i+ z9

  By what primary heat transfer c d) :c(h)ssnomechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the othecdsn) o)h: c(sr end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of meta-i: mnz6)i5 z8x tpcnjl feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the follzn-tmx i 6 pji5:c)8znowing physical property?

  If you double the thicknes (4x6c. najgue-s,nen s of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a givecne-j(4n s an6ugex,.n temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a ljf ub5fr**bviy(pc -2rzl1; 8mxa3ouayer of 3paxfm 1 c;v * lrr(f*j5bbu8youi2-z another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement on j 38zwmmz,r;f molecules from one place to anothewz j3;mzr8n, mr is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mecjm rg c,khug 3g+5,-evhanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occura*m v.ym (3z8rg2vvsa

  Which of the following best explains why sweati9qif5 (.me,p0o. of rt6b7dask ;bdmkng is important to humans in maintaining suitable 76e opdt fo(9mqs 5bdr.f ;.kbk0a,mi body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelerubrtm59) r-zxation of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by th -59rmrbu) zxtis heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular h88iv15* k4oggxfi xloouses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the lvl8xkoofxg5 *g 841 iiarger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature o3 :a )bao8 .kswa* 7pkrsz)xtbf a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiats)b: wkbks t xo7.a8*aaz3)pring power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to asnau3a;2ai:9zr dn)w7 fkhrx9

  By what primary heat transfer m, (ae ewopj) nt2zaie 3;+crv5echanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent te8 vlh;.d9, 1jvy vtkgo how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how dcgnrxr, 3: +m6qgzo2much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temqih(d(z0 :, x,8/bgdvc nuh;m9m et cjperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resul5r2 ze)au9t2mmkix jvvh /t 7,ting temperature cjxa, 2er m2ukmhvti 7z5)9/v thange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block6 fzbk1 31q9e0drk1 jbqs)ors is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature td)z cef48i8ck 9hz0foabb0 yk.k9i4 of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up hxmik /xiz*;;krisyl dji 4x74/54oww er bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 o ,2ciuj:8: tus wmg. cr,g2pskg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the tem m2.:csgg 8t2:ijwur,s ,po cuperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is he(kylor qs -u,1cyi iu8 ,;ves1ated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initi8 )f (r+ondcvkally at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material o)rz o1y2e63jo f5t;(mnpksfat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated fc o,* (8l1krp yamt9klrom its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature p(t ylam r ,okck*l819of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, Jahvcl,rx*jlo1r, +9 mxmes Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various fo*jlhv lx9r,x+ ,rm1 corms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops b4td, tjq7 21a/l6inedi jf,x a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal enej/,t,n2dibjai6f7 1 qtdl4ex rgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2jw j*+ 5m+hgdu kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat w u*j+m hw+g5jdater in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to he5w(2 jhw)e eoc5jv* be /8sgfsat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water froebo2e *ejw5/gc)fsj (h8sw5v m $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10n4d bh9hh40te y6fa.hb6o *ag00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific q8 vn u(j)r)toe*5nyqheat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chgev wh6jyzcl *-n15bb 19i3twange it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is rawc464scs3(w49 ej6e k i /dxtla yvv2equired to melt 200 g of icec3s2a isvcv44d kwt( x wely/ 6j6a9e4?

  How much heat energy is needed to changepynx 8k: 5fzg0 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fh2y :h-hgn-aaynv)w 5rom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of i y)2gjimf ;dd.ce is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiallwjoys2i3, ( upy at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a-7jk8go ;931 twsur-dt u n( fdg5gg1.urgel nt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change2hb4x g44dbr5d; hsaa 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram 7mb32-k zmha sof $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to 8vzn:+e yt)spp *c.k/q-*l r ;osmrzachange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initiall+/a, 7bgxxtg ey at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9ezvlb;1lu6 o 8 yba*v2 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg,a16zb ;28e*yvvbolul and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductig) -wvm+3hwdq vity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (on g ud3ugjn4+pfwz 4:vd:62uwpe aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equawd4 +duvw:pu:g3 p6fz2 ngu4 jl lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m 6t. ,mib7ypc;dpt,u b,jqc+d. If the outside tem mc pjp qbdy6i,,t7d u;c,b.t+perature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensiig/o64uly ;llud e 1c4ons of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempe6 icyu;olu dgl/1l 44erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hourmx +x ,t3j la3.z6gm 7lrjsc5i through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete a,3j6lj zml cr7 x3i s+5mtgx.($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throughb(4o u85g ih*ilk(5x6xfe bts a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat i5 t2lv tn4y 5adri(:hrgw/ wx 9u0jn/is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, ti36 ief)4 exd.attt2lhe temperature is monitored by measurdt2ti. ife 6x)t4l3a eing the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy whe7 .ou*k kqg8a4pb,gc:p cm5gqn it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area of 5,qbqu (fy t)o$15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.