Which of the following is the sm. kcgux d+z)x 5,4dgdh, ids5wallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necwi0u c;u(*(gfg .zs znessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy q*hj)q9.(suapxa xd4of individual molecules is referred to axsu.49xp *qhd) j a(qas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tem:.q(1jk pl6ti usd6f xperature T and the internal energy U lk6 d.1(pq6ju tsixf: of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy oz t9d+qqqy(zj 2sxl9 /f an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the m) 5wb;v8 jrqginitial volume, and then it is allmvr5)q8g wb;jowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal eegvy(p d pmx.ar/q26*nergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticalsn,0+ug s6;uo ;e sbwqly is that

  It is a well-known fact thad;n,,b2 rseggt water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The sam ;ns bgdr,g,2ee amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated systemcz(4zxdi um,ptqo :vl - z96iyo)xx;6 is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermo 6x-pxylzcvtdi;i:o x (49u z,q6z )mal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chan 2:ydbq;7pxirc d 7(qfgixc2.ge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as cqcb: qd prif7g7x x22;.(iy dthe

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor +(l +x1gaycqy state is referred 1l+g a(q+cyyxto as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at aone) zglwh30x /zuw/ . steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesb7d9zc9cu 7pz lc5a )b

  When a liquid evapora hbz o07zzh;*( l-3dgwz.pc amcxfv91 tes

  When a vapor condens4jk+lgvc26 w ;m nwvhr;+gu)13thnx ;pvw5rbes

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condensesvk j0ro6 ,wm9vnh 5qp d;7wwl* into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clo n5oq*v06dv k7l jrw,w;wm9hpuds to

  Turning up the flame under apn w-aj1nf1 z; pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water a ;)k, dd6cuhiblc dk+(t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is refer*c 1j2j i*i/ti0rgdscred to atc*g jis2j0i1 r ci*d/s

  By what primary heat transfendhw6ni-jj+v kc4469fxvkl3 1zea2 hr mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the oz wk1 dajknh3he4n64c+v9ljv6 -i2 f xther end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch c )1/e.d2cm w+rfnfez than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical propert/. 1cd )2fmc+nw eerfzy?

  If you double the thickness a6 diews(*x3x of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate 36(sid*x exwa of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermazv /aa2u3sv +rr+ esy2hli,r0l conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite va +szsyra2rulir, 30 eh2+/v sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of moleculesixv;5 n+.;5 rjaf abqs from one place to j+ x f5;nr;s5aqiabv .another is referred to as

  By what primary heat tw 7 yjkp* qj 8.fuyvc69 *upuh)1.grfcliv 7g3ransfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurxy*de3qno,y frp( +3h

  Which of the following best kgp,s:ybp68 vb-)wdc explains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body tem-bpy6c8 ,vbpks) :wg dperature?

  A spaceship is drift zei 7 pabpf*w:d(:irjcd09:(rz +qpaing in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an elec pazd: (ai9wrj0rpe7bq:(pi *+:f cd ztric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the samyh7ng ;o:vbt;e materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat ovg7tn:bh;y ;supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factojn(tq; 5 +lfjzr does the radiati+nq; (fzj5tljng power change?

  The process whereby heat f,) upm4vo s;sp ye1z,ulows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mecha7bi239 j:bcvbd8oalj b,wou 3nism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equil/sdsz8gbd (i/ q52yavalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wk.jsf+vvrdhb6r( s ( *ork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the lw6h sg(.)poh6r 6wrd temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the ra u mv tm2oq.bj8b+b,.esulting temperature ch,t8. .a bbomvjmub2q+ ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is ui-/r jsf)jgzma w+sz;v/.v,originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises thcgw zk3..d:1lf0 nwfhe temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to he)tl kyuuv79ri7 flw3i(sa)3r ezo8u*at up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. H8dl qab.+) gvmow much heat is added to the gear i gdq v.l8mba)+f the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to7jnojf5nz9 r- $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, inih.fwvld:,c qhmh *92ctially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material fm o/zgcb0+ t4at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from its s* ynebkf( e:)k;nspr0uw; pl3urroundings. One object has an initial 0sperb);k*u; ylf 3npk(ewn:temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationsh+y-mrg yk( k;cips between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maxim + ygkc-r;ykm(um temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops x 0f.n;zdw( g w0ibdc r1x44ila distance of 50 m. Assuming that al0gwdxb i0d .n1lxicf wz(4 r;4l the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. An tpsxlus1j ;vh1;k /; f9/is2kqcc;n ssuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this s;kl; xs 2;cnut19h/nv; 1s/jpkqciftank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will ++ujm2n7dyxm1p -gm nit take to heat 20 kg of wa +pygjxm 7dmn-u+nm1 2ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, sj+ 2 4djcvkrduf h362$c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blj aiad w5pd6:4jeq-p0ade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be remaa;q5xqbf l zt9;wh (5s/ric +oved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How *u+ kryepv+xknlx 5 06much heat is required to melexkkulx 5rp60vyn+*+ t 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is neededydlpdf84w7v 6vzp h )j6qxt4)x 0l8d d to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removebd /on8q ks cv- g)q00ds7(h bui,my-td from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 i,: kzk.rsha*d a *-bpkcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiaeoq46)j ag0r hlly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atb j 7glys;w05p 2kfd-wns+ kx8 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to,jl na8r :x-bs change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gj (1rm;bvo pt(ram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change9tz6v qmf4df; 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, inin -nx rzil7)ugj+66 am1a-7 ecmxxfo.tially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of bv mn:q)dn0bfrdp* 7k.teef9 ( r.ap,vaporization is 207 kcal/ep0dn.,afdmtkp9.: bre( fn *)rq7 bvkg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivityp;m vpio9m,w* hz( 6em5kkxp.p,0 evm of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is tw oumo838 zcvqk8ua*jy- 3nf;rice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) urk 83jfq8vzmoauy;8- n* co3 are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick hasd+2 kv8*f au-3qdbpsppt(+nd dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature i+3ndd8-+tudpqs p k*pb va(2f s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm 8ggde 4f q69vu3pwztt+/x94aeyukg3thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature +a3tx 4df3guy9/k t8qg6e g4vu 9wpezis $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through 9w(: wgg:(zor )buonie;b/a bo)7uze a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (b:o i wgw:;)bo(ueazz9rn e7)o(gub/ $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of ue.h 18g g9r 82hfiadvheat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside tem0(cctrim2p 9/uy 8clnperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperatu :b05)sykr t6ago8bh gre is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted th s60bg8b go)rt5ah yk:rough a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the huma rsb1lzl) 4eksj*;j/qn body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection areau57ld cbcd:p5 of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.