Which of the following is the smallesjsvq4dr++2w 5v v) wumxdqi(,cb ey59t unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessaryapmervpjep3;,fx 1* 0 to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecu;+d20t vkl5m;3 ec/mgx ilze fles is referred to as5v+ml3x/c; ;fg0dt lekeimz2

  A cup of water is scooped up fromh vp:ok8u9z8-tcis *e a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimhk-98z *:8s cvteupoi ming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideae4p zil (k9aeb 3es2e5l gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half t kmij81k34tw7f: zjc dhe initial volume, and then it i78jjzck3 d 1m4 tf:kiws allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy 7fe7q+hxdnod o d2645mrxm usovf 74,U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperr yr*4j79o at02jpj,mge)s l aatures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacitydjd 6k8l8l hpo77ed+d than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added tojp8k7dd7h8 dld e6l+ o each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated systeq+ 7c8;gssg gmj *s(hdji8mg+m is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermd g+gsh78+g(gq 8 * ;jjssmcimal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the l .(2f xk 7yl(uzjwxcw7iquid state is referred tj(72wcyl7xxk. wfz( u o as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor s2j;7tab7gw g h.g hlg,tate is refe,7 l hb.gh;7gg2jw agtrred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure n kzpnj2n )6k4substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes4 na0lmx (4ml)gbhw3y

  When a liquid evaporateswtqyk(ls :z9- eh(.jezqse+ 2

  When a vapor condense,e8d a4jysnlg g1 e(2hust6p.s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor cond 6viqkmrhy4 3hi;e:(censes into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air i ;r6yh:v4 hqec m3k(iin the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water causeag91tw) 8wbklwgig3 a)zze,*m /a 3ib s

  Equal masses of water kl+yk e21iw u/sinr14 at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby hx fdqoo6 ;-z4feat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred to asox f4d -qo;fz6

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become ho:)moc c70k9y: ygum ett when the other end is placed in :c7y)cy90got e:mu km a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal fe2nbvn +n +s9gbels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the follb n2bvn+ g+n9sowing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a ho8 ib55g tv l37nyxhully8h /y.mogeneous material, the rate ob.x35/ t8g8u lvyhhy7nly5il f heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating ms x ;w3ignb h8ts :lhw5b(/ds4,tkq-vaterial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal hbk / 8-ts35t,;: v(bxhw4wnig dqssl conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules8qvmt 5b grj+5 jl2- 1kf7) 61hjbzw;fuqzxr s from one place to another is referred to j qvxsfj-z r1mz)u;1 bl526wf5kjrhqg+ 7b8 tas

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on lmbq+b l m.o;la7fo*/ a stove?

  Convection can occur:bhu (my(tj /h

  Which of the following best explains why sweh:sxq9bal:8 zating is important to humans in maintaining suibax s:9q8:zl htable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelerati mkuc98,gj9r9/u7 ig(6ozdsu+ ryqrgon of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on cu (9oggi+uq69krj srm8y/79r,uzgd one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built frombvr u;f3* gd: nycu76d z ywk3f/d+ue9 the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? b3ved37+;w*:guu/yff z6 udrk d 9nyc Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor doespqb*hco 1*(q y.zcat5 the radiatingab1*qo c(h.c pyt5*zq power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred t6( 2 6ae9td,gexvjrm ro as

  By what primary heat transfem)xd)dl jgx(z0sui(t8e 0po 9r mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to rsux uxoj+xym6/ 19+bhow much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wor pgtv :qknm*)ra1 b8h);yiw/tk?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is neededbua5z1( u i/on to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, wha:g :;vwd;dwtm7 +o0 nosg5 otfxws1x+ t is the resulting temperature changetogdw ;:wo x0vst+;dx +fg o :15n7smw?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally l,dqtsv0y l1:at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raiat(gx so7s0 r7v*y irw q8,kk7ses the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath watw rdaxi0k6y96 ,jy0vv5ipt /xer by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. Hfagh68- ic+ w 9t:,ua h7zw1vg;ksn enzsn a*.ow much heat is added to the gear if the temperature incrz;-ch* 7a:h816 ka a+s n9wnen v,gswg.ituz feases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated t-3t 82rxs9qby gvg 2vvo $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of co wv25 eo4ga)q ,g0imbepper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material s mo/vca. po; 87:h.l:qe khmngsp; j; oj-xe/at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system 1 l: axp(i,m bl gx8/k*wnl z+y,rbig,that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperature+kpml( :b, /,agxbz8ilnrgxw l i1 y,* of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James qrpjk23mn15x yohq) / Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of enqm5xho23q yj1)k/n rp ergy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuminq.bm ty25m wxuekamdnk 50.2.g that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does yk 5m aeq 0mduw2b.2x5tm.nk. the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no hepea;re -x-u:4 obzu9q 5iox1bw g3e v7at loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fru5 ruqpx3be--a7:bxg;ve9 1 woi4 oezom $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is use pb)fy2w 2y+ne1ib pp0d to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water frb2w nbp+pyi 0)f2 eyp1om $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000mo ky .0dlt7q7 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific h e +s*zt zsh.nv i3j0k7oz04azeat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed frok )r ,,acn.gvvm steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to*r.w w-k vnb0i melt 200 g of ici0brnw-. *wkv e?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of icmxl:do h6zu c9( vsl.-l ur;wz)/t b9ce at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g ofw2 l+tgqdw4pd atbsf. b7/,+8rp1+f p oor yx, $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal//4k qd. q5gmwlkg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially 9dh(ik zq/ p(,ykubn1at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a0 ,fkr,ewk +yq 9m5ukrt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water at 5kyy: t2 s)vhkwetm-0$50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to ch 3epftaj .,ba4*w tgd7rdk(g h:u 6q2kange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requ+ q).m bgfnqa basu 0 7d-6a2hjqw/:hqired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initiau;(vm*z wrl j +/y8pnqlly at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizatioefdk 0 qi*w6l,n is 207 kcal/k6 *fiweq,0 dklg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivitya517 6lrjlbs a of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductiejd y c-w+1e/gvity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brassjcgey/ +w1 d-e rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick ha lw;*:/1ttbv9) jc y racze ,qgk:d8jas dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is k:v: lzjtc;ca*ty / w1ba8)je gd r9q,$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimea08qzb n:7jcb7zxfp+ nsions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside t:+cx07f jbpzq zb a78nemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour thro;ta9d 1+ (l1ykps9zo 7fjqjwrugh a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete kzqda9l j(9 7;tjw+1f por 1ys($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throind4 / nga hcs cui66 230 ohwvsoike/28i15ovugh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is beetvbrwl- 0 n7770lolost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refinin qapd 5bt: ; floklm27;juz)s:g steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring thzo j;p)m :f2tblq5:;a kus 7lde radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is a 8e;:p i s+42iukdeci vfy6h,ft $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar :m skfapn- -n6collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.