Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat exkwx:;c)c lv; o 2 wqe0/ox1oqnergy?

  The amount of heat necessary tos qhjbkqva fv-f70.m7d /t.)o raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molegdh 0( 9xgsn b1med+ wz4*/bmwcules is referred to dzbmhw9x s(4md 1w/n+g*e0b gas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a v/rwjvm2tv .p;;e21yer9ea d swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the evrr2avt y; 9wde/1p v2me.;jwater, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an idea+j7,zc1h j scyl gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volu e4m8 i qd1grga n46zv;.,c+otexuqmj,rg8 ;bme is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand . +dgunqc;ggr4 bmj ,m4zxo6;r8eaq81,v ite until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U a 2x l)3/ rsgh6d5gqifrt $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticbz fg*t 9f71yually is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than t,ld(+mm3lkx iron. Now, consider equal maml d+l,mk3xt( sses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluzo+l2* gx2/eq6 x3z jn. azsykminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the s2glsny* a2z x+ /.6zj3 zxoqkeystem takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a su(z5 g5mygyt6bg; l ,lrbstance from the solid to the liquid state is referlr g;zgbyy(6,g55tml red to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is r 3l dx(-2pmwl.b;i qbzeferred to as tbz iml- xbd2;lpq .(w3he

  If heat is added to a l qmf a-ggg76 ywl5s3*pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes qqao;*w3 3n8 pgjvj q)qrl 5aq/)uab0

  When a liquid evapor2/c kp3/jpj ujates

  When a vapor condensx s:2niy /v2pses

  In a cloud formation, water vapw+ev p,xjo z-doqf3z 74(p :feor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperaturep - z(ovf3f 4 d:jezqp,e7ox+w of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boil1;ia 6f1 b as5cnkday3ing water causes

  Equal masses of water at j/7hzn qiy1 f2r/ rua5$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is refer,;+ofmrtgco b3 mz)2rred to aso,3z)o mgbc; rm2r+ft

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of 1cgi g2 ,:.hcid3.akd.+pd*l q:tgbv hkt)gran iron bar become hot when the other end dqvca.kbd.:*,pr :kthdg1 cgig ti+3g h2.l)is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the s6n0-xjvx2t p(d0n cx 9f kqg bd4iw2+touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one ofdcpj(xx 0 g024t 9n ns+2x6dkw if-qvb the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material(sm io wfq9 slkf;q8./, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thicknessq9o. (fq mlw/isk8;fs will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity4dz )b 10 hk/)rpgwzos K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The/ )sw1brdho)zkgp 0z4 layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one+ 8im(hmipr 1m place to another is referrhpim 1i(m8rm +ed to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on ttlz5 42go 91hdx xegyg9h0.e a stove?

  Convection can occur 6;ft i ,c.rpjjmpff,:

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is impornncopg by3vu(u.,1 mgxn+(c4 tant to humans in maintaining suitable body tem+nbomug 4g.vpu3 ((nxyc n,1cperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in(yc m;dp 9oi hb,reyc. g(pv;c( if31k an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one sid3(c.ig1 ev;k im9yr(yfc,(; co hpbpde of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangue,dhe7 pa gu.*lar houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be trp,dea.h geu7*ue about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is double stvzp88(csc+ d, by what factor does the radiating power chanpss (zvct+ 8c8ge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to a pm h*y5dlhg,xxe*b96nx ri:cp+(dk5 s

  By what primary heat transfer mechl enj:tn 3 )j2tfu,+pief7,reanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent s *m2fas6r /7)nwiq.rgsu( lhto how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wj2.c3vl m:fslhr*t6 o ork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the 4ws8fg:qtl) k+z l :v24gqqwy temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is adbg7 xh1ei *+cdded to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature chah7gx *+bci e1dnge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum bl9yq:mh )m ; e4j5lhotpock is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg otms)x( hw (x7of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath waz(16efthiujzcqb- bi.45md7 ter by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0fe,fnyjc9: 2 t.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temptefy :2 n9fj,cerature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hea5b/kxo j*dk,yjp13 n*/rhrlkted to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at n nnk1xpgvc.j9my4+5 $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at f l,0l(a psby)/1 aa)g tfl*ldr 9;kmd$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolaj ;tj+ec- 3z 1zwpslc/ted from its surroundings. One object has an initial s/wze- t ccz+13p ;ljjtemperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betwee ;p,vni zn3ibut+ 331kkw4okln various forms of energy by measuring the ris;libkvu wn,p3to13zkk +in4 3e of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls )d.b j+dnd 8yhdrops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rd)ynh8 dj+db .ise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assumi m,cuq-hpe3s,w g s4t,ng no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water inpc3u4st,q-s wme , ,hg this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it 4 t/): zjdo9d tl)hmxltake to heat 20 kg of water xhot)t :4l/z9lj)mdd from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000)(,o( f0d1 uengh ofypeoy0t0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel k)g,cesfvrn2z:: u ze ++y*fhe nife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must b,oael3(1ao u zv k1xc0f-df:ye removed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 84 pgyts:o*69 z+bx bb8 lnfv)mqdq(*y0 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 20d bf(*6t:x nl9m+*sg ybzp)8b q vyo4q0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed toj- p 42; ;y-rdids +nh zd.vkntc8gkz; change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs 2,:y7nky gjvebzaab-w :+)j cto be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 j+2ufshcp1co27d+fa een+fs7 9n 1xdg of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initial)x2x )k20 pr:d jbeoaely at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aiww71jlu sxy);f2rsww 8 0a9y t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 h791p yt3 /ncyclm8f tkg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requimmgxub) 2)) trred to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 1vm z ,e( f5n/tlh:8gvq00 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initic9; 99wfeuv9ugrg v0 i+w,htkally at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kbx1cl,p8kl;v cal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/,ll18;xckp bv kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of cowzaiq:zl ,w 2;n8b q0jncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one afobgccd;*hch 8 7ly155j .ehnluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lenyh .e58 dccbg*hhc7;nlfo 15 jgths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outs9lo,vxh 9igbnqp h/ 8(ide temperatug8pvl/hib( q 99honx,re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. f(so )-u0gz mf68 vfos If the outside tempef8sgvfo6(fsu0-o ) zm rature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour thrrd;gv9uij+ ;7kq )s,eg 5y9ppz e1 cvkc7jn-gough a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ( g)pi e9y p7cs1gzd 5e -k;guv7jk+qvj,9 ;nrc$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,00,zt qhg r1jp, 1j.;ntey4a4 krhic) /w0,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lostmj0qh9c c95z , hqesli0 gh0w7 through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is kspv f,gy0f *a7;f*7yssvo5xmonitored by measuring the radiant power emitted throusypf fxay7 5v*gs fk7,v0os;*gh a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human bon8)jcmq(t+an6cl-9 n,hlw e o dy radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effecvks m0: 57qk frlx++vytive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.