Which of the following is the smallest unit ofbzlj* c+0 shd;so xs*yw)k3(lyd/6 ow heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the )szswm25m2yaxgjz bfl yx*ej6. w+ ,;temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is ref; us;n2 kf gq)y6zt.lovgvs23 erred to assql;tsn6;vfyz ) o2v 2kg u.3g

  A cup of water is scooped uch4330 oj:rjpyih e8 vp from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.pio hv 0e4j:chj 833yr

  The internal energy of an ideaky h7h7 w/l6pkdp *o:g8f kv0il gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half:cg kfnanw3j )9l z5e*- :zuvk the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal ek*e vg5 z)3-n:c zf:9wjnku lanergy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U ed 83n/kvrmsg+p,z )jat $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperat34grufcv)qy7 gm 7n3mures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specir7adt4 3n gjarq jm,9 8i;ybj9fic heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same,j4;j 9j8btan7 g3qm rdr 9yia amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a,p he.8zc4, ngy6d oay hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of co6c8dy, az,e hg 4.npoypper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is vab, o +uvwpsfx( -b1-reb vxf+1-vps-o w,u( abferred to as the

  The heat required to change a substanc)11d ji-4hokq.klnmu e from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as kdqok)l nm h-114uj.ithe

  If heat is added to a pure subqe(7 cnzqtel i4h-r *)b t)n+astance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezeih; 8yjcw +rv/s

  When a liquid evaporat :fl(bi*9 nvlfes

  When a vapor condensex*(q g53 oczljsip.7es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which gh8zyfbc20 -bymdb22+u,xz uqet bigger and bigger until it rains. Thid fub y8b+yxz2qc 20bm2 uhz,-s will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling b9yxygmu-zoa /0:g0j water causes

  Equal masses of wateriw26 q24t7lpyj qsk r: at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat fltxj 8 / oc5y,p,/oaz.mqsa .rsows by means of molecular collisions is referred to aq/o, /.otys.rp xj5acas,m8z s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of 06ui /1x/y y.61bgghcrden 2r4vs k psan iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a2r/1s0 uvkr/ghd 6bec14.pnx6siyy g flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the l zxkxs rl,u9c -7f79ftouch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference9 -7kf lszf, xculr9x7 in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built fr q49tno*8ug)pm 0 jzeqom a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given tempera)*z 0 pjo8n9u4megqt qture difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulatingeh8c );pfrd2j3 /iupv material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layersj fvdp28cpi/u;r 3 )eh have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules f;8 lu6pnod4fhppk;br s :./ grrom one place to a :s;pr4/fr kglh pb8n ;p6.oudnother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transf 1opmjf r,fcpb()1m0zer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur8x/age rtp /d1

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to u ndt 4r.p9,fbhumans in maintaining suitable body tempnrtdpf94u.b ,erature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an envie*5f ersoi ;s. j3l:pdronment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated b3esesd o:p5f l;.r j*iy an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the sa( 3x-zdbeuzo-h;t/ wame materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditi-x3ewbzz; tohu( /d-a ons, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doub;:ph h6w 1ew rh* o*xmeuwl8+hled, by what factor does the radiating power wp;: o+xhe* weuhh8rm*lw h61 change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the ahks6n1y,dx4xly82va p8j5/f yn7 oil bsence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism d *cyuw sf(( blkl*() aw)lll,koes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mu2l0h aup6w* m(mw:vxfjjl 1ie0 t .nx8ch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much woxbu -ay(/4wuh rk?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of leadvwm1ygzem(:n*tzk:+u; yhpv ,4slx ( ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is thea +*:umjyxta7b(/met resulting temperature chang:aj b*7 mu/my(et+at xe?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally; - odkman5we) at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material u5odua 1qwe0jxdtnps(hi) b f,8mj3i, ;dv25 by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bat5e7m*1qs/2dp -prb ik 6 1qmlbme df8rh water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16khkzcl(t-8n, 9 wt3 xf kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the twxf k( k98z,lnc3 -thtemperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heat/,pe x.t g)el25uz pryed to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, ini:g idfu((/kxn 66guyku55 rwitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at cjm lfdu* ve68 :-xao4$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a sysuzmrswvp:d5-e (bq o73cr14 stem that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperatuq(zcd se5rob3sr4wu7v m 1-p :re of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule att cj.*rv uwaxvrq+qe)s:d5c*puf v ,4s)w5h2 zempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of w2axw 45), s qv rh cc+r5fsed*q*)v.pzuj uvw:ater which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Njfn2-3-wln o3on 0dg oiagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is convertfn-3w-3jo od 20glonn ed to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no hearc wa,,)x yk-*c7lv dox tmj3*t loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank frovx)lad7, oj w k3m,ryx tc**c-m $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. Hodcql0jfy;6af3 e0z/ /9iqe zcw long will it take to heat 20 kg of wal qciez0;zca6qje0 fd9f/ 3 /yter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000t.iy;c3hpbxqwoq( 4 :0 fkd/ i g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife b3w 6o02yide0 fqftz0 clade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chjum- (z k19:byurzry (ange it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is tv hs)i3j0 y5/wpwo 0qrequired to mel o5w0tps 0q/w3yijv)ht 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy iv a);o4 e( xcrt qm)a10an(awls needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed frombtn/6)2 fdwr l0eo jb. 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ivu 8ljxh *aa9-- fbl iy;hyuz47t+q(yce is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water in5p m.m-)pwsm 8qot *8 gp)pulqitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a4z,ed;1aeh) c ;kjvgbt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 4(tqltl0,pd u/ jye6z kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to changb)3z ;tdcaz44wvb;ag) blau1(x8 ffge one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 1a7gd p+xmt y7y+/o 3uo00 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addin;pjl8h s0c (4x hjq xa,y3 iob7z(grb;g ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporiz(.cz y zirym)pt c..p34enn :kation is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point mir zn.yktp.)c.3(cy:4npze is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of c4w4r vctttpkg 5lx376oncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity ofb-alj,ttp o0z nitc 7-jv05n* aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined togethe 7*vjb0 l5innj0 -zto-ptt,acr end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-; 1vc nnxs8zin-gj;p* cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatjcsgi8n;vn; p*x z1-n ure is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 mv. a; hw(6,yui/j)lway u:e ht by 1.5 m. If the outside teutv/hh6)eyu, ;w a.w i ajl:(ymperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sec e qesyipq/js), 56yuof2/x4ition of concrete s 2)peyisquoxey /j465/if,q($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal o5u lm4pa-k8ez / o (a0t5isjmz28gm;1ni q fuuf heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lo7 osxq:zdfy q(3rr-5hcbef ;2t 7mhy/st through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitored b*u3jqolst 5z+v ,jr+q) k;kc wy measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holjku+) k jt3sqrc;,5o+* vqzw le of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body rakw59rv yoo;-siz ac a,1+ubq /diating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists iim3 z0gq3wsm3 c+8vrs,dc(gxnside a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.