Which of the following is the smallest unit of hea +)rgk;(nmaq6e rree-t energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tempm1x6:xu6(6jem pknp lch: h4 lerature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energt;j3m h/ dlw8iv*lng( y of individual molecules is referred to l8;( wvml jth3gdi/*nas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool ofcvwglg zb6:(+-w 0r rp water. Compare the tempera rcg(-wg 6 lv0r:+wpzbture T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas6vmydkf7lt p3b x(gef-xk9 07 depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half t7e)9q, oh/us8d )w yz za+ p7,fzruo/elk5jw ihe initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initialy zp)di l,/ekue osj q87uw+79h z5raw/,)ozf pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internalf4 (ov4lp zr;l rxs3/y energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures dh3 *yv3xsc3 hio not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat kb rc* q; qonvvd51sb2+x9v5bcapacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and irov*5b d 2+19;q vr qsbvcb5nkoxn that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piecel(e iexkyosot7v8r22 5yvy( j+ 6(lkl of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of c56xlk+o y7 (vk28(sjelrytliey2v (oopper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solij.2-x yrgm*lo d to the liquid state is referred to as2-lox*m.y g rj the

  The heat required to yqt18 +t-e3/r;1zv jbfy jan wchange a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred tov3 qb; ywf1tjjz 8ye+-tan/r1 as the

  If heat is added to a pure substq dd6et/-1ygzkww,iq ,9rc 8tance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesp /6zkdkcg. y3

  When a liquid evaporn gvr h+iq p1r8/cn8+pgfw;( lates

  When a vapor condensrmd mtorm rd18s-- a*1es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which gd4laysd,b+5w y. k gu2et bigger45ldwk,y.y+u sgd 2ab and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame 1sd t6nfarj*z4x..q6bl r y9munder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wate)g1599p qx te znkzseb 9.hip(lzr5 c4r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecula(j /jq3yz:s1v xpu 6ctr collisions is referred to a s/u : zjpqx1v6jc(3yts

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar becomew/ d gvq5fugb1(j8xjl ioan2d 44ib5. hot when the other end is placed 4g8b(xdibv51gqlji j.udn4w 2o5f/ain a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the tou2 j dzyp65y2c (nhq9col)gh:gch than a piece of wood. This is due to th :gc 2 h6)l z(5djnp9hcy2yoqge difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall bund xpi)2qn 40wln10fnilt from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature dd 4l0nfq2w 1p nn0in)xifference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material wit, kkhdw,o1d7f h thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another materifhk 1w,,dko7d al of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows1.m2e fq-s(;tz)x rw afgcn ;s by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to as gft s.z;q-1r2 ec(wxfsm;)na

  By what primary heat transfer mechani+28f6k/hv:fmcocn ausm is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurvta3y9nfg qj;b v0ydu:0-y 8l

  Which of the following best explains why sweating iss*ae6;2l mw39 aznvn qbt/ku+ important to humans in maintaining6/anu n zts+wmle92vkb;3a *q suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environtinl0(s2 ;;ui d+2 vcu-xjfhbment where the acceleration of gravity is essentiv-;l i0 c+ju(fiud s2tnhx2;bally zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangularwj9 2inx*hol 1l1m;eu houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true aboel; lm21u1* j 9hxnwiout the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the rafgo //flnw7/crk x 5n3dig o75r/cnfx w/l/k3fnating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is refd4nqe 9;ofo:qk 5 ;wbgerred to as

  By what primary heat tranv 4k3jvq ,zqh06a +/ lmwf5opp/mi-b xsfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how u/y:nav t9o/; z 7ariymuch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equiva tiv1 ocv.d;u0lent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is need*fjc x8qd:.9:q0q bnf6rl bg qed to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperat4)bcrnoo2 lg f 1ke8j:ure chae2)l kgofnc:r j18bo4nge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is oii 5 wvsbsrstf:(( 2g0zms1+briginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperaturpeic138a; qn fe of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath wk4gfkn;r.byi2j mbc/kr83(dater by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How 4 ixdcj,gk8; xmuch heat is added to the gear if the temperatuxxc ik ;8jgd,4re increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heate*9i.cl uxht w)d to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiallxe .* b(l,xzth(* loq(/4dqykn;i fxnp-)m wyy at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material h)kj- aopn /ddh-v+g5at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated fromwru3 z3ln(2b a its surrourn l(bwza33 u2ndings. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore zok/wgy rm50t6q h9z+ the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would onq9 gz tmyz6+5o0rhw k/e expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls 0u4*tjr+dk kxxdi /k) drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is convert*tu)kk+d ik0 /rxj4x ded to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. +yn)fj m14v:wbrn r3:3jffn i Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in thisnwffj n4iym3f)jr 1: v+3n rb: tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 k1ug .t +r)q/us 18jhqvn,jv 0yrlg8bjg of water vv ,jt081jujgq1u.rh qyl+r)bs/8gn from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, 5ayi 8, yn92o;deab ( 8qalvxy$c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific oc0,osbn zb+-;tpv2 0.fa owb heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to b. q (em:4mceu 3w)rubchange it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How muc*asqoo,j-x 8pv po.c3 h heat is required to melt v3*qo s8xp,.p-c aooj 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is nee. 1x90k lijjtbded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g of 1iox ar 4x6q7i$85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of icgaqub:h *+ .pte at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water in) wh.8tugvm/ iitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at4 c-.rmczuv )f $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg ofmia-81 (8hu g pa)k zo6burg;j water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to m il9 3(zx 3s7bcnwb8uxl;. dmchange one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100q v222l ocpwtm6oh:6j g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, inih9qb 1) ,hqpui9 djd7otially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead i:m2i y redlf7;*3 e1ghnx rwi(s 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its w *ndiy1rhm3ifg7x2r ;l:ee(melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivithdh,g2cige2qcd ; qs ./dlt+2p6 w8 icy of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivif,ln/ch )mp b v8)f9vcty of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to e8lf, n 9h)vcm/bp)f cvnd in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1b0 -yh4;kyo *,s rfosj.5 m. If the outside tempera,r jk0*of4yby sh-o;sture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1. npl)smw85 js5 r7ckx15 m. If the outside temperaturex5 mlp1jr5)s n7kcw8s is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a w,hduvr w70kfk5: r;x2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (v5 ;kr0udfk wxrh7, w:$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heaj 6z+m/ on*( ee6eiucxec9xr7t through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is loswj(k9ss58en,(p nzqg-xnt vz 5 s q0:qt through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the tempyo bkhg/h08tio-gxx30k 5g s8erature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holeg83kox/k8 x i0sybghot5h -0g of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energyvor/pj w) m1f2 when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collcmw/ q8l 6)ggf(i pnr*ector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.