Which of the following-8p din5so(, klxdk;ttf bt5vj r//0 p is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 grajxc0(21 7 j7tc;xu rag 8mpumfseto55m of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kineike 4;09o4 jcimp 4wihtic energy of individual molecules is referred toiom4ikh ;4i cp0e4jw9 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of wate/ lq4,,wv18v8fbacmhd ,c -lxs rm-jmr. Compare the temperature qm -8-cvr, xlf,mw/s 1lhavmjd 4cb,8 T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dekr/co,27uq d0 ruof6x (c3ievpends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until itslwa/(b0ru, *id*0 gm5nk l asp volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gal/ r i050 nwbmg*p ,k(u*sladas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy egsz47a,8 w vdo9yc: w; vl,psU at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticall4tlx n:e+0w; 1u/ malofe,.jmn pc ys70w xy,py is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a highed3 ( ayd2, gwnnh*/4pfr:ewh b9ru 1bur specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially93 nwrdfrhna u /*b1p: de( bhw,u42yg in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated systemxbp jn*m2d(v)ce i8 k9cpp5;m is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are (n2* jk cpcbppm;5ixevd m8)9in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solkupeqh zt6u fo8y)3mu /4 f9)zid to the liquid state is referred t)fzqkmtyz u/h6)3e49uu o 8pfo as the

  The heat required to change ak dd5dz78hqe 4nv;p e ag7rr)y-h7 ;fj substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referred to zp)f -ed ;yhrh5 7jqdaev847n;kdg7 ras the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steadym/q ,8x)bd/ aw uxcv9l g(zj.q rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes s 6xl3/wq8xqovgwp. 5

  When a liquid evaporap3q 8:kb;q *7jns-4idf fnbj ftes

  When a vapor condenses ), dssq/ ;eutt3oc6ine*1glc

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which 9eg3 uru+xs/ -0dr rvjget bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the rg/+ux sdruer 93jv-0air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan 5tg j;0w-eafy of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wateerl6ojq za7.7ess7++mmcn (z r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of 2xn /;9akqn jqmolecular collisions is referred to asn2;a 9xqnjk /q

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doe, sy*,:ga*rvzv ps e8cs one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is p,vazv 8g*ysecprs*, : laced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece o-(y yp.tbn1qw kx35k ff wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physic1.wy(fpk xk- q53t bynal property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built froyo 4e8tlpoj-yci8w pw*,c46cm a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature ciwo p-o 8 4ety8,jy 46w*pclcdifference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with ther87u /nf/c xopnmal conductivity K is placed on a layer x/ nu/f8 cpo7nof another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby he0jgnlxgkn) f1 /-tb-q*qot8 w at flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to*1q8-0 -/gqbtkflot xwg nj)n as

  By what primary heat transfer xzbj+ nqorrf0 e9rn;:8 7v-my mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurx0o9jyjh 9 k0l

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important cl;uho0ev3ky:(wpb -to humans in maintaining suitable body t3 p;h -co ylevb:0(kwuemperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an envir8(nph(r+ n -nyn jdp4 )nkio7wonment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the c( rdn+n-(7pk8iwy )nnh j4opn onvection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built fro3m87+ .ftfz+ grv3s*cfqg neim the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic coviff e+*ngzs8. fcmr7t33q+ gnditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor dez i;vl+a*xz (uq-dt+oes the radiating power chang-qleu(xa*+;vzid+z te?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred;sf (7xruzgvg0r xxu+b+ l0. iz mme6; to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?8yb +e-cb5vr 2-g liab

  1700 J of work is eq(k,b5e5ovz d*ctvc ;e; ,uvawla04gauivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how -e/ z.pwh 0d xs: qw3 eud-iah08r9+kwsgzjb0much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise thgwp+4qqkp p. c2(ck(xw x7*jc ymu);te temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.h (uq9a3-h hkpe70,b xc *wrgy0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperaturhak r 3-yx c0qb7e,p* g(huhw9e change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originallyy6 -h-os:.r-6y n.qvslf, yzuv6usf o at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperatun dvv1)ra 0a:, n/bf,cxf nmul2r2(flre of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat u7t q6 gtbgh)g9a/+fc qp her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copp4y/,omj o+79r+l du ntwf6:df k;ytrjer. How much heat is added to the gear if the tempe9 kf7t/6:otjm + y,ld4+;jdfrno y uwrrature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal k y1 f,le:0lhx6)n suwvb1hi -is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copp*sz2uxxog b)2v n3-ka;rz ;sqer, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at ugazq9p: g .mew7:s.e $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that 7h.ddp- g +9g)s. uza-jnq ;v/hy wnznis thermally isolated from its surroundingsu;9gh/.yp-vqw+ n s n.zhj -gd zn)7da. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betweecbmqwrld4l1k01 a25t n various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maxim1kcl2lda w40q 1m t5rbum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops eccviuh 6,vk8o 1d350kww5 vfa distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is conveve5vk3 8d 0fch,w vcu1i6 ko5wrted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how longkv a*jfprjgr*1riw 7h od:n6t2 3 j+q4 would it take to head nao t63rh*iv*j+ 1r4jrf72:p wgk qjt water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to r1.k8uif gmg,heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wategg,8rfu1 imk. r from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass yldsv9;*ji-iqe uvo8visa.( c zs79+ 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel k:tjl7p/nj o)l nife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to cha,36e)mvn.tohpl y u0e nge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How m hd7r i /6rm2hwo+9baqiz mu88uch heat is required to meltdu/wqa+h brhm6oiz 897rm i28 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change pu bc*12rt2bi10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 10n,7 ;c cnobmn90 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of i0yg4akn 4- oy9v5fcsqce is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initnt wx;25w+ sobially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atxr+ b ruq;d0*a $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 6 ;94dn h ge 0pvv2uqhen2pks010 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one,ldv- kp9xk6 x7e *ob8p,0mj/ mnzibi gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to ch0; apam; xvg/nange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addm fk,x8r+1o(dxhsn ,f ing ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 2y2( -v8o us 0kewjhpq007 kcal/kg, and its melting point iwkuph 8 sq0 -02jo(yves $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concretye176z :ds ftc ;wpjsdn-x7y( e is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice xj0n8sp in/tkxuw-23gx;iz;w(p j9sy5wdf/ that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the oyzip3 8 k0;tid5w2swj;u/g wjxn s/np9-x xf( ther brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If th1i 7rz6cxw aqdo( .i-ge outside tempx-i ia16wc.r (7 gzdqoerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If fmjzy; r)h/* gthe outside temperaturemzy)j*h gf/r ; is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in y1naxo3u ep,on-sa9a.pv0uw5ae65t 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete powaux.a a,non91eta056up-5s vy e3 ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000, (qpa 4/:cy(pmascl2 x gr1 vg14ms,xj000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost x )wzzu4p)(ec through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for d( /kyw) rq8bdrefining steel, the temperature is monitored by mea )qy/wk(r8ddbsuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human bc+llj m 6s8*ymi9l i7pody radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effectiv0*octpd jg6o5 bl,+pf e collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.