Which of the following r u p;wb*j0*9qq-yb giis the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of waterrx,y* gdyj+2x 8(lx vr by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred t hkdmaqmr,r0amf,lo 6 m+96q7o aadr7a0rmho k,6,6fqlm+m 9q ms

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperatgq9c6 bj z1c4tur g t1q4cbjcz96e T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas .uilthe0;yd1 i16ia gqg4h4h 0o6 olidepends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initpq8i - pnfpi-p/(/cz dial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the init(/dpc/ pfqp8pzin- -iial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internlh3vzkihp /f2kdpqv9 ;sz6;2f: bib +al energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically q:39f ym0*z;ylxp6t vy baufp-m5 i( lis that

  It is a well-known fact tl s/m* r2pe:gqhat water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amouns/gq:m rl*2 pet of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece on4 um; t)otfa zk4q2fgy0l.np ,+ 8hwof aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The sto24+q f0mk.8an no ; pfy)g,hztwl4u pecific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to theio6 d38o1z e,nr,+fmkdc/jg1 z +bzia liquid state is referred to as theord+ k+efzio ,c116z3g8ma i,/ nbjz d

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapo 0q8n. u+ 3wxbubysv3or state is referred to awb u0. nyvqb os83ux+3s the

  If heat is added to a pure sub5 ueyb3xiq *r06tm(a ir,8mpkstance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes ebl3mz4 s9/vh

  When a liquid evaporate4h; z0ptj j.uhs

  When a vapor condenses2vx/b2 lc c g11+tb g8kffki4f

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get p.6+3 t0ggzhhylxird +h lym2ki50g ,bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouhm i+2k+hgp0, 5ght6. gyl0y zxdr3lids to

  Turning up the flame undpcxt s.x5mb 4n rn8vkrgo,618er a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at u9u3 y2vv 3 0*d audjgfda6e: -brow(g$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is rq k,h * ky3fp9t1i )mk4*o/djxj7nfnqowb4s; eferred to ask3fodwnjjbo74) 1i ;,4hkm/xtp* q9 *fsnkqy

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar becom04z**qhqlksq:s7ect z a* 6 uue hot when the other end is qs ha6ul*e04 s u:tz7q z**cqkplaced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a pienvms;xi 8l)bje:6z ;jce of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physica:6svezj ) n8jxm;i;lb l property?

  If you double the thickness of a wal5yypz.i 0bv a 49*kbrbl built from a homogeneous material, the rate of hez0rib9*5p.4bvaky by at loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material withyvi6 ecj)1+;wsu 2rlm 6l1khd thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of therma 6dls+ 1v;2ulej1yh cm rw)6ikl conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by50 f7t two0tsa the mass movement of molecules from one place to anoth07sa5ott0wtf er is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot ofa)q4e+i1 ; htdn9h :biw;rw r;xmz 4td water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occuryzs2 ) pc*4/begh41s6i gah ui

  Which of the following best explains why sweat8thcrlon,d)8l)p5a7 6o bsh ting is important to humans in maintaining suitable boo7)ar8,8h6 o c hnlp ttsldb5)dy temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in3( jx,,y h0pc6wcntkr an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convekx0,3cp,hrt n6jcw y (ction currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring 01a kq0;njuht qy 28zlrectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses ha ;nyhqkau0z0jq8 21t ls twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by whathc)jh q8rwd7; gd/4qw factor does the radiating power g qrh7hjdcqd) 48w;w/ change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referrz0 zrr(rdg4u 5ed to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does t z*,onlpb1 ihl; das7ev3o9q*he Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mu4thw3zt ivg2yngd *0 .4x uo4wch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how muchqt5fc 0tc;qc d9*30mob-f rsx work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperatuxt/0xx8l zc5ixm q k p7:o vhm,,f6ir68i+zjire of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting teottyy 2wh b2(tvp4,f +mperatureybvto,wtfp 2tyh2+4 ( change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum bl igbkwrkstsdw 04/o9p8h 16-sock is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tembj-k17pjsm8yhew.ah0: q( fpperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 Lu jdrsp1hr p1jeg+4.. of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. Ho1y wrjcdq7jeukk9: gr, 2,i, nso9/sm w much heat is added to2g ur97ie1nkk9dq:msjy j/ , ow,rcs, the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated;v v.x 2pid,nr to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, init;yf)tlb3 pln. ially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at n2wkj64 - fqfd$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolatedqmu qb4m )h 87ueun/u0 from its surroundings. One object uu uqme 70n)qmuh8b/4has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to er(uy 3nyb; lu0xplore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Bl0u;r(ubyln y3anc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that na9 ,wcy*kf7 eall the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does th9y* enfk7a ,cwe water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat lo3 al q0u. jkwvrqe4;1tss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank frok u.3vjt4w q eq10alr;m $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat t(0(w*xpju kj enk5rpmu )w(220 kg of watt5( ( umk20)ppxk( wwjeujr n*er from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (massp/wcp. ( im)n,dt 3bzv 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bbh)3 ks -qy cqor-+w0u9t)mvflade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liqup p 2ry,2g tw(*q*ahrcid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 8 d-lz*gr h m(a d8lf;gws eon k4yrm(c(07c+f.0 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 20r (aoe0(dcsz.fh 7d*c;lrg84mwk -+m gy(fnl0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chb p-ema;.sy js cl8ih1fh06r1p7d o0b ange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g h 970k o-:dd9nv la.pjgdl8 adof $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice ior. aup1yjd2 yb45*c va r9b)bs 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiall, efxdi d om9d3ru+ligh .o:,2y at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at edvls*.** :y fbonvn /ekhm10$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is ne)h/p;q miena;eded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required tonb5bl ;3t /z -r*v3kcfld6d bh change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 1-iw jclly n+t0u8gr(x dkn) j3. lly(+00 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg pl6r:-7x kxxz0erk.bbrz 9c) of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg vkym7lax .+r), and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its mey)r x7kvl m+.alting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivj. wy k7q e2eyg k):(btb/fql;ity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum ism4 8jq-v+wo73(a baf1 bkf4/iuik ovr twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contac(vaw4j bvu71/8iob3kofmiq k rfa+- 4 t. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimeaw 06 69gpik ;n+lguopnsions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is p+9kgw;gna0 ulp i6o 6$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0r f/pg4c t-cad+0z8 oum*( qyd m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature is (cc0/up d+ qrg8dmt -oy4a*fz$-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m texce*6ab. d2* ub1mk x 2.0 m section of concrete x t.2*b e*dmbc6 1kaue($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat throufg0w/x8 36j:d 8cn:ozary.rp2x yavpgh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of he)+e0slt-m rvp0c/gnd at is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, vk /4ww*dc e 6n2:sgxgthe temperature is monitored by mewg/k4 w ed:sxc6nvg2*asuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy w+lug qmbr8 l.r+nc74*m4qmi nhen it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effed2w uqv1*qd2pvb6p / dctive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.