Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat en/ u4,mt cyazn 3cgg6,oergy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise th0mv0v a4 c/hbwe temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic en/lt7n vriu6co u7+xfonw-91iz0 u:saergy of individual molecules is referred too7f061i7+-aou 9:l szuwxu rvcnint / as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a sw8fi or -e42rkl7xpz+ jimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T a8l+k-z er2ri 7ox4jpf nd the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of ah7 d2tqwx acfw1)ee )txkh (co5 2x5r3n ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half) xd)a-6dfj)oc fso6z the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperatur)6dx ozfscfoad )-j 6)e constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy Upf:r;g3q cxjv ikeab 05is 76r* gd(a* at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is that-f1 fch/h 0 cei-9,9uiubif yx

  It is a well-known fact tha*q2f vl9 3goss;d ;w pqg3b)okt water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat,o qlpv)q*3f3 sw; gbk9;s2dog 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold pb9 :wxkt,(gwchr ni7) dg )b6gieb, ndcggit69))rbkhw x :7(gwce of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the6,+5tyseedpa y d;ew;i *o.wh liquid state is referr+eo*ed hesd;y,wwiy. ;tpa5 6ed to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is ebmp4d v7we61 ys+jh3 n*3 tfwrefejtym+ 33sw7fwn e641p* hdbve rred to as the

  If heat is added to a i*zn a208ky, i 5xf.m w8j*lasu htwk9be+rv-pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezegub9d6wox )2h coe:v- a+w.gss

  When a liquid evaporate) mll x*dxyn*)s

  When a vapor condense0+omn/h8 qbdtvdv7b2 s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water drorwn 8nemi4+v i-.l1dlplets which get bigger nw dml.v i+- n8ierl41and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan v0vx rlnrjy/)*)xzgxp4(s 0qwqc 21bof boiling water causes

  Equal masses of waterw5 .tx8 n;e5d mppyd0n at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means)zub*qx:b 3n(4 aeeu ,1q jhrm of molecular collisions is referred to asz)(3u:qea4 uqxb,*1rm j hbne

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of ani n.4zm6:(ecs6j 9ylru7dwo 7vd8mdh iron bar become hot whens9:i jymh 4uzd nd8ld6o(r .7wm c67ev the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of met8;z x- bd3x-:r**f ltwqxrlwsal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical prlb3rf;l dr:*zq8*-x-xtwsw x operty?

  If you double the thickn1-c ,dw9ql +*nfm rxfxess of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperatu9xd* qff 1l,x+ nrm-wcre difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placezmf;gv2bf7n;(q( mlccibf9 wsy c+6+ d on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal cowbcf6nf(cm;bz+cyf+s ; 7(vqlgim29nductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one ) m/4lbooqi7;4punp +w4a lzgplace to another is referred tn gioq 7+ppou m/4)z4la l4;wbo as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of wati hbxzsn.7 1;ner heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur:m5 t) 2(wpbpv)bwgs;rqj;z ueu3 j *j

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in c qcozpxymmh,0v18g.e 52)wpe mie1q x7t1 )n main qteyc 1i2c) qn).memxmgz07hx , w11eovpp85taining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where 9v2op(nysae1yccuw)v*vt)0tlob d i c:/c 35 the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air ony)5lopsdcy2/ (a: wc voce)0v bin 3vt1u9tc* one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboriej uut2+rl30jt i(c7kj ;rq zj6 q;-ylng rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain t; c tyzji3q 72+ utl0;jqk-l jurjr(6ehe same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does thj+u,l6gc q*i oe radiatic6q,o i*lj+ugng power change?

  The process whereby heat d/l):pd xc7csd v2f(aflows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does tgc1ez2z opc- /g ae89qhe Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat kr l3+b:i y5j0q;gpp+zubro9?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivale /lg+c x(9klcbnt to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temb7mg 0ffr*i1aperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0ga9)uu mc;wiq,s:,zk kg of water, what is the resulting temperature ,kcqs z)9gwi: um au;,change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block ik 3;g4-a8gif htfjj)is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature o3(vq.3 bixr nhf 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her wi spqiay4p ;s(qt(/;0ji k,obath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kgvqpb )8 a:1a:ok upzsc()cc2 j19iedb of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat i)dzcbsap:u(p bka 2)91ecco:v ijq81 s added to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of meta ekgg*e k6,is(l is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially/ vv1vsufi,3s gzdy40kedu *9 at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material ato3 q9k+ohhm/n $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects m2pty-vy+m6 / nza8g jjake up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial tempt6jmj 8a -gpy/v+n2y zerature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the w 1/enpwa aa93gutj*e2+:lv3 l nl(curelationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen d13eau n: u9pl c2anlea/w*gj3+(wtlv own a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 6crffc5brv /*r j3u b(m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature do */b6r juf3b 5vc(frcres the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat w;,8ay r:1fdlwdlemp nsr q8+ *l6a/uloss, how long would it takf; nryd+wls1,e p: rmua8lqld 86*wa /e to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. eb3i0h dm))sm How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fromsidhe) b 3)0mm $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass2gk/olk (vkxzq +k9+ d 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knfjs(ed.;3j (wt,81 8fvtu yz1 gkhqod ife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from ste ;la07ed ztu/mam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kc4 bme -bf,++ 3mmelxsual/kg. How much heat is required to melt3u l +m,s4bmxee+-f bm 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy dg) 5rhqca1e6is needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g r ,o7u 35bf0ef9 nafceof $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion ozmn,it8vcw 18e,zpk(y :w,wbf ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water gpo8i.3426 x d c,ui0jpk9sin:utkv tinitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a:bt7b0*69s la q-hmg+fayn xet $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wa /lr73jy xye.4hj+q q-1+hs) nvurutnter at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gramcvsx8,50 arra of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to cec h0 tgxq-8:yhange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot te*.9ic yymcb g.a, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of fpms. (b- 0ma:b xa/zxvaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melt bmm /:.sf-ax b0z(xpaing point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of 2pn5 nuh4dfkr-ze7 y-concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (onzw/9urkjy56sklp qm 9t ),p:ce aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii./r: pu6w )pkkscmqzl 9t j95y, The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the9pz3qjd8 pq8y hs)kia-8 t1en outside temperatureyih3knt8p8pd)-sa9q 8z j q1e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick hadn-2+ l.(l 1sb8 e fjoxf/vch5s: mxurs dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature isenfm825/f 1.bl+rscv -lh x ( uod:xjs $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a7l3 yu0 m(0py6tq qa45snku ue 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete m3ua ys0(pq54q 76lyuteukn 0($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heaip*mu b:a zb vjjpd; 9.t 4sf:a.0(hzat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost thro on 7c7p.sq6pssh,3sjxo 4bs.ugh a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refi,4s5kl byx,mk ning steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emit,m4ksyx,5 kl bted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is -y0k-n4ouh c c3fmli/ d e-d/qxen+u1 at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection x d+ j ,agigkw3bz:zleu*9.0 jarea of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.