Which of the following is the :8 7b2w6d+yobfowtri smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperkmi, /6isuo7y ature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of ix 4et 7 7ytblozpsckwo6.2;d;ndividual molecules is referred to as k zp2x b7wt;7el;6tsy o4co.d

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperaslne ,)yu-rlm)79b2we6r*zy w )vifyt yywey suvfl 7)6 ,b*i)menw-2z rl9)rure T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas de9r m ra bp/6g(ndo05qax:x8 ikpends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first ci 9im8r ro9p6aavkkv052+nvq9p 4oe compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas icriq nro2a+9kv89vo kip6p ae 5mv 049s U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with interirh .lu5 8ptf9(s 3rjknal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures tq m60m*yb- dido not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known face8( 8 ovseyfq9;qpb34j ts*o wt that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and ironqpo8seyj q*e;v3 obw t4(s9 8f that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold pb9va6 l aqrip*t8q-,j iece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system t aq-r8v6p l ,9a*qitbjakes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquida d)b5fcww5/ 7x: nvidysjb9 . state is referred to as theaswv/d 5ci.bxbf7) j 95ny: dw

  The heat required to change a substance from th 5feicym345 yu) o1ulhe liquid to the vapor state is referred c5yf1hulmu54i oey)3to as the

  If heat is added to a pw(bvvlv h),iczhl wp .f8 *0d8ure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesbm+z5na4sh nic 3; mh-

  When a liquid evaporo-;vt j;y *t.7g xa(q3cpyl ksates

  When a vapor condensesge ,4z87(9k+rquo yt6jm gkda

  In a cloud formation, water v 97)pgaujzfvxw9l-ye0 u( 8n.pe;yjtapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperattp ) u9; ylj wpv8j.u gexyna0ze(-7f9ure of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame um8 d(ynj+ z4qwnder a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water m h5se/hncdjw :c:n07at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is refer;3z4wr8ngv jhd 6;o9;kw kprnred to ag;rd 48;h9 nkwzkr p6 3vjn;wos

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of anmsmr3-9 w pg*aui4:td iron bar become hot when the other s- 9r :gmup w4*3itmadend is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much cold9i 0n; boqf9+vzb-ibt er to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which f 9t- zi;0 vbbionbq+9one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built fjmds/z.ywkf*/;(s a prom a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature.;s /z ps*my f/jdwa(k difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material wlc(7-gx;t l kxith thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of anolkxxc;-gt7 (lther material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fqe xidiu(q8/d.q9ce-ljs fp)i6*xy4 rom one place to anotui xlc f4ep( q/x- d9q.isq6yj8e d)i*her is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism mgvde4 bzddwl8)ey/4ahb, 86 is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurgqwktwk- 4,5km5 qpo( hu/6j e

  Which of the following best e 0gyl3x: gb8nn9fmb pu0b8h(dxplains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatu03l08b8ym9 b (ngxd:ubp hfgnre?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the ca;c-yxuzk 9o: i5ow 2acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin i:kc-iazo9 y5 cwox;2us heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. O3/ 9emljpo)wqr pvp* 8mj(pl ,ne of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a col3 9jwl pmp8/)e j mqo,(vppr*ld day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by w;wdp/jha kn; 5hat factor does the radiating pp/anh 5 ;kwdj;ower change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any mediumah/+0k ) tlk*z4kz-ahh xwlk+ is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun wa4qsgl )k-v15oem q3 ujrm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalentr) :0t8 r( cjloyodqb :4x5gm9grnu(u to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much w:b.r* b;e1cvids k w-aork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g f; at zqwxw26)8y5xs xof lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to /:lu8 8oj gao- nwwgj02.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature ch 8o jg0wan8ojg-:/ ulwange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is 5 u0.ruxeve0h originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature v7 3+lte i2 :pogeve6fof 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water5ezo8 g9obek y6w;*;t2 bf pzb by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much ;2.dm x)n6of+jj/imyeq f.j b heat is added to the gear if the temperatof+/di;emx j nbjm. f2jyq6.) ure increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metalcw,yp txhx-x:f uiq:8lh2/ )i is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially atg) c2n qui8*fc $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a6w;m9jw u jx5-fm8h:b dr 7fsrt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that cbra(pg2wp j f6(hwewk .2 )pp*:qi0nis thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an init e62p.wf ag p( 2b*:qp jck0pwwh(n)riial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attemp8 rxnal4.fj5ys/ f6 stted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which 6l5r.nsx4jy/s8af tf had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fu wh16q ;oc4dsalls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is 4u1qo s;h6wcd converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss,,;zoqws;bmn . how long would it take to he,; q z;swon.bmat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will )exusd y:4qofo7,- /t6cm biywq +3pxit take to heat 20 kg of water f63 fciy /bowmp st du4x:qe)x,o+7-yq rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mas/(v z3it6hbsm b(1cu 7 sieh8is 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife bladftwx ,rqvtp4/bnafpsxe:5 t(,q(3-le (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it tr c gah-fw/lofi- ::q+o liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is requirznqtf vc18+ 1red to melt znt81r 1 +vcqf200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to changezu 7cjn tx.wi94 lr0 i4lmlx4 7 i2,gxqib8he4 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs owj0p8 nv.44q*ahja pz)v la 5z/w)foto be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kc sdwcn bw3x,y**/*ztz5:rqt8a6 q-* ibho rbqal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially a)9r ztuhjd.t tuig3 wm/e5 64lt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water api(/ an/sra9t) ama+jy)1e t wt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needld*e3f s) jw2u(.53vigip bqged to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requirez -k tf .fc1/(y eumwl4/hza(sd to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requitgl x 6k19z*j,3nc ldwred to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of ho *go3acg+ z;ckt tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead isn:za (ioli y+6 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melty6+ziali ( :noing point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductih8 h lud hgh1 xvrr* j2ui,),xvg.7)+0zbq ysbvity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. c ga )+z47 d d3r2m-s7lowhnfi Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent the3fg )lc7z -w ds4mhanrdio7 2+rmal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside94lajv:f9c4/i nhmb u t/bi j a:h4f9cv9u4nlmemperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has t 39n w,akmk ( yx(4n/vmqipi)dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature i9x)/a (k,3n4k nymp mtivi (wqs $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through azo7y zo 53u4nd-esd0q 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete uz enoy54d os7z -d3q0($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a +ignygffanil0 ))7t/ $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost to qxs 2qxuks81u: bur1ba3)h: hrough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for 5o 43mi4gdg4rkiknf, refining steel, the temperature is monitored by meankikd f445rgo,m 3g4isuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating 0,hc2j r ,exvvfg p))menergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (e) i lvt (bms5:1 adu/ab4ljy1tffective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.