Which of the following is the smallest unx,ye23 k )qig2qd; fg9gry6ciit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to r4we7 k s sz9yc9yn.s/1mpnqii(h.lonx a/ *2oaise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kineto8o z(a( khsbx3 f,cy:: trs.fic energy of individual molecules is referred to h :8 fk.rtc f,zb:sya(x(3so oas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water.tmsr 5;p bt7v: Compare the temperature T and the internalbt:m 57prtv; s energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas ve g(p bt 9a-ilukp5(v3 sv5r*depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed untin(arz bmo :6b* .omh*sl its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internmo(nb6b* .mzoa :hr *sal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U a xx5q vxu 2 .+h.t0lxy9gx40th udu9czt $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary draqw) -sp9* wjvastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capx +e+l 3jmt3inacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that +n xeij3lm3t+ are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hvzw84*xa bm4bot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain ormzwv 84axbb *4 loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chan2sz8c 7t gp,umge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as72 umzt,c psg8 the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liqu*b5vu/hxh 6f3m:ji u. ,ezujgid to the vapor state is referred to as uhxeb u.*zmg5u/f i:,vh6 3j jthe

  If heat is added to a pure substantv cg.1 xlay)8b hf;r:y.gfo4 ce at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes j t:hrr)ql)iy) tl++y

  When a liquid evaporatq :xd2q+j /yum/u 2fwles

  When a vapor condense7tah djza*v0kxr w+*;s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which efb1o(6ejt h. get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in 1fb je.te(h6othe clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling )1dfw xsau 12cz(z*ej g6dxr5water causes

  Equal masses of water at5g(sdej9 kw6; b* kzys $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisioln( dwh jmz:wqq+(/b/ns is referred to asq/nw /(mdwjl (z+hb: q

  By what primary heat transfer k)fl. p rbcmy( cdj-*u6tyf:5 mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other ey*6tcm -b j(dpk5r yf:l.fc)u nd is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than )rnhl /hu9 wkxp,;th9. sqxl0asz02t a piece of wood. This)l9w2n0s zqrha0xk ,h; /x.tsuhl9pt is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate:rnyd hzk6vklv9j1 f8 ) :h8ye of heat loss for a given temperature difference across vrd v91hk:h jkly: ynfz68)8ethe thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with themd0 zxllyjk,+8 0mobp 3pq5y9rmal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thick50o+zyjmk90,db xq lmp 38ylpness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one pd+.:4/hfhwt crts2 bzlace to anothec2bf 4ts +t/:wrh.dhzr is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heatedi lh:g s k7:; rvyno:lup-fq*udt9t. ; on a stove?

  Convection can occur1 u.w) mmf6wsq

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is importansy. o 8b(.yedp2nac,st to humans in maintaining suita 2ye,sa(p.s. nybdo c8ble body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment;o;/n:v ox 36sh zohml where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by thiso6oxz 3o;h v/ hsl;m:n heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular hedg tu0uah:14rh 101j l,kodefq,de*di9d 8touses built from the same materials. One o 1ee,du 14fuqoat: gdt*l,i81djh09kreddh 0f the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fact4;q*ffnr zje3or does the radiating power chang*f ;ejqfrn34ze?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referre -p5zosrsrl1)d to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm g2e s(o-e),iz 9cfkgjthe Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heapbe-x8m4i khytma;*4 t?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wor .bi.nrzr8 :w5*p7hk fppuib 1sp9m r4k?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g of)p: td podv zfc7wc/33 lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, whamajfhr6*7mzx *dc:q/skh. ) wt is the resulting temperature c sma *whz7fcrm*dk./q jx):h6 hange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originawl kp3*:3 i(qkj)mvb(jc)hi c0)ox pelly at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the6+ u mfnz.q azo9s*hv+ temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L oklc7f7zt7 z wwym6e,/a aq/: v0u6ylqf water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of coa ewv1z(r/khuj6o; x*pper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature iz/w 6jx1(*oau eh rkv;ncreases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of meta1qgp :1vpq(x s: vceneli)+ 3+yju/m fl is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initia 88jpmo0rc2jblly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atqmxxb (7u .zn* $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that mk0czu5 0 ep(eis thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial ec 0(muzekp05 temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attem );8zmt x d*vneqjui29pted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the* 9vdn)m ijzu;2e8txq rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dcjgd9tka; 9a ob)un27*iys ,iistance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperi*2n stbak; ig 99uy jac7d,)oature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water hyr* ck 9( q+zrtijzv3(eater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in t zk c(qziyr+39*vjt r(his tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How: pub0ws a*fx2 long will it take to heat 20 kg of wab a2spw0:xuf*ter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1d sk/ xvm-s07mezcp nnx b(,bwrh-: 5)000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heaa 0ym(y8geb s(sphp- 2t = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steaew2 q(d2gyk f6d5 vi9am to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat ip39swa gnrq0u;8 f.oqs required to melt 2;pa8q9.on 3qrg fus w000 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chan/:gje* 7k nv)ksda,- p xilc*hge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fromdmed3kl1:rc e:)0 nrc 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When7gs(ol w1pl3 v 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initia6 noejrwe47 vf npm j,349xyc(lly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atwx,bima1k 5 .1j9ocrfgdj/ u3 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed t6er0(vo h bsn9o change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gdk5 lqpawc5 (w h1c rt/*2s7exram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to c x -.icugb,3fm(75bmh9b agyd hange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding .kq3oqg2 wm 4py 2(d)vc kiu5cice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion o.;nz zfk3dmi,-lm l9lf gcc,7f lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point is zc n d lc,-,mf. k9fi;gz3llm7$328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concb hsk-0)*lg5ap . ;owhuml1k vrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of al502 pe(tc o:8eoa:rnh za/seh uminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods (oe50 cn8p:/rhteo:sh ze aa2 are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimen1wx2 o 77 1fjkpq7zo.wq* cfoxsions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturoo1wc q7fk zqp 7*oxw.21jf x7e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thj 0uj go5- srrj 2jng8c8vwn355m:j rrick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature-2 n r0 gs:jnru5rj5jr8wg mo85cv jj3 is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hou(l ;s kokd; ,p3phv2pmr through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (p,l;; 2p pkdkh3 msvo($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 calem ./ixokw(kao j+,a1 of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is los y-.j57e ftkbmt through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refiningxxq wi5rs4k+ 6 steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emxwri+s kxq654itted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiat46v*algvx2e umd /sb ,c0djhk/1 1gcming energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists insid i*p:)b04 5i1eggeig djrrl8xe a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.