Which of the following ic)bkgir1-. ya: i o9qhs the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to ra0pj z3uopm7 0xise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is rruied3v4u x y z(43x:oeferred to : dzeruxu4yo4 x3i (3vas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pmk8zc: ofr i2k :bwocc yzp.t; kdtna03499*qool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in bot 9*0a2 :m3ndt 4 cy;zirk8ozp9kccft :ko.wbqh the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas deo( ;/g of j6dwy/cdm.epends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed 26romfr flg f b1m;n c**tv2h3until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expamf1trov;mr22f* clhgb63 n * fnd until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U a *vf6b)il9avercms sl (5ft7r n 8u;.gt $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is that ue6sc1n v(6 cvtzgjf,vh 9c,5

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity thk7/sn/k zu:c ik +hhk3an iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Whi/k +z:i3sn7kku h/h kcch statement is true?

  A thermally isolated syste7 e9cmo 2gsyh/m is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal hm/2e 9g cosy7equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to changrg2q rx,t;m3 he a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to asg2,t rm3q;hxr the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquidppq2br 3kv+ o; to the vapor state is referred to as theq 2r3ppv+b;o k

  If heat is added to a pur6pujel nw ug))ba v;p +t3d+l:8j,acde substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes2y*b:k vwls cn6cw6we04 obt,

  When a liquid evaporax0nv9oz me*k5fzto34 tes

  When a vapor condense42bxs-ajsr5f7(. q 1v ho tjiaxb (be:s8 bjc*s

  In a cloud formation, wazdijhy t k5y*dmd/l,(szsh5h4dlz :c.zt7 /. ter vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause thdz 7dk.yl/zdh:ym4ih z cht(.5sdt*zj ,5sl / e temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boili-(+ djutgwte3v /h5p nng water causes

  Equal masses of water atp35jfczp y1w vd,)p/q $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular colli(by 44uv lc g8fbux*l(sions is referred to ayugu( v(fc8lxbb l*44s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar beco, aa fm)qzz)mwa2a6ej0nv3 n.me hot when the other 6z)am3va ez0) nq2,fa mwnja.end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metahc j .2i3qrlp28n mps/l feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the f3pp 82rq.l2ihncm/s jollowing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous materix:1y p fymua+rahm+(3al, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thi+3y+auyafhx mmr:1( pckness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermac/2jmz2w 2ussw,3jyh :nu zf *l conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermaln*c :2zjz,mh fs/ 3su22uywwj conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat floh;,f (swee.c -4ivumn; e8t fbws by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to te;u eh 8w(mifb,n.-; 4fscveas

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heate.2i 3kyb ivwc+ejq()w d on a stove?

  Convection can occur 9nfx.,up8)qumwby +r.tbln.

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is importannz,i aif)+ kn9hln38zt to humans in maintaining su)i 39 ,n fiazhnzkl8n+itable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration or - m ccw;qms*a42q3lcf gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the sm rw4* c;32 alc-qqcmcabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from ts)p+gtk q3 zu2mdg-+ che same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a z3)ck +-ggtm+ pq d2sucold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a raj36pclg h jj)e8+ln mjo -n68ndiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating powermhnjcj3-j86e6 lnog 8p)+ljn change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absencet96cph1kste k1; xm4t of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sunx4a f-+jb;5g tju)jl- mhoic 1 warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat?c:l0d(fj vx l u16gyeq/ck7 q4

  16.5 kcal of heat is eq;r mcs70)ror ubpk j,3uivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 10m* *3z:,zavwssxhvhoz) -8n; fo 9oon 0 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what znpvqwms 95: b4vf (5+oh4phk is the resulting temperature change?wm94bvhp5pk q+z5:( shv nof4

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is oe 9w:i7 js+3jzrrwcm /riginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature o*ryg wk7e ./rmf 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 Lmup;jyf)yvek):f d4b 4j-d/b of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of c+a xusv*yz:he3( ip g)opper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increasesu: +pag hz*3ix) y(sev by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated lug/epb:q ;3(dsc3d+ /ej,t qygen o+to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cop3)yd ()ralprxuj.xf 5bv*1w l per, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a4mlt9vmt4dvaqclw ;;cit 88* t $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objectsa1wfm.sz:)uo o((ra4vkzcl, make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. Onfloacr1o(k )ws(zmu a,. 4zv:e object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships between va6e0 c,.2om mzft-e xnprious forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. pz, e-m2.mfte0oxnc6 What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Ni.eqg 5r1mypz3agara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy3.mr qpezyg1 5, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how lqz 2r:q(tw:0j+wmuhs i:5s erong would it take tw ijt wh0rq5r2: ze+u:ms(:qso heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat tqj/ a coqxc:+n-*ly9dou;m* water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wt/a- xlmcn** :q jdo cq9;yo+uater from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 100 xhqj1r z,3 414urwhoy0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific a o8 e*-e1nwxnt2 rc3eheat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from mp u0n (qwq3p1vp6e: nsteam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. Howtkon v m5(.uongtt- 03w ij .y*xid(r3 much heat is required to melt 200 g of rdtjmn. .yxku iwn v* -53(0io(tt3goice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at ym:u m8la0pp 0$-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be remsuftx125 gh +joved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of5,ehl)q2 f+ xnj1qj doc;b6 sf ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiallh(w fvb(u3:h by at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at75w,n,cag) y cfphwv( $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water dt5d;qjqe :fua -jce3:t5sb,at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram ob8tc-mpzk3+v5 cl i)tf $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is req*-9ths8vd y.eajo7tz 9ej w b4uired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, s0wm/z3 8 5i0xfnwax ginitially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization x a too4;p+yiilh(1a. p+s :dsis 207 kcal/kg, and its mel1apxi(apy+;o dis l .+:ht4soting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivitkvsr igt68o-gk7vk+ x ln6:3q y of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rod,/z7r cojm(,b+grn x4hm0d7mjiqmg 6 s (one aluminum and the other brass) are g77+ rq, m,nrb(djgio4jmm x0czh6 m/joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m z swbdasl2c:u)7i3 x7 by 1.5 m. If the outside temper 7zwcs73 i:2ublda s)xature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m yqklph;q,; p 1by 1.5 m. If the outside temperp;q qlh1 ;,kpyature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ea:2 h1;njhxo0ox9 xj(0j:x 1o2a ;jxo enh9hx$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to trqdkoa718 2i)wkv ,u;l wgdz q+ansfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperatu8p ri8sxb /vmd) 3rmn6:bz ut4re if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temper.y8n boommz+)ature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holn.ymm +8z)o obe of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body)iqb hob)9iebi fgd3 xbc2.:(x2 vi -z radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (e3.;be0: his hcpgrt 8sffective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.