Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat e8 z h.tnpp8d)dnergy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raisok:ovi55gj+3z y(1spu oky 7le the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of i)kbwcby)r z4/ndividual molecules is referred to/4k cbw)zyrb) as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pk-+13-7bm4qpde mrezlw tpgw nd0 j* *ool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal ene1e*d0n zetpmgqp7+ -3 -* br4ldmjwk wrgy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an idealuc4+(izza5 jof5.g z q gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first comprg.x(hu7kb v-aessed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gkgh v(a .x-b7uas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U ijs*ph5e8( 68 zyamrzat $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperat0e .(4u kbravzyck,p 9ures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that wh d/u+ehp)dc hm715h6g4,myv; uz sp mater has a higher specific heat capacity than ironm;m vd/ph)4s+u6ypc z d1h5egm7 h,hu. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot pi i,ohtmuf:vxb1i ll)5. ;+ak nece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more tha+atbol:vn5l1i;)x ,fm hik.u n double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid 5jk5oo1ss i7g 80 pwo :s*qo1tcoj9vtto the liquid state is referred to as tho1i5 9ooocv sttw5: gj*1s7p s08ojqke

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the6eli vm tb 6kvb.3iz;* vapor state is referredzb k.;mli e6 b3t6*vvi to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady t:2ugm-xr:hb63mg v om(lb1 :tyf c 9prate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes3, q -l2kof- wezcpps8

  When a liquid evapor- +z nim3soe8uy5 lyr4ates

  When a vapor condensesxh 3c/p e8 sj io)(i+jp,oy6zr

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condens6zkwyu (.uvkare4s ,-o 7pr1pes into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air4-o uzr re1pa(k67puw yk.vs, in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame uny2 g bsjzj utbh//0ya, t 7o;m7uw4yv/der a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water tu50w* jtj78wstylx8s+pa 9x at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is rentfbs 1k3h 8k(ferred to as3t8k 1 (kbfhns

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an irf4obq) +x7c k0ha8uluxf,n t 0v5mgz1on bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flam)x x0ufb1g0 4an ,qol kt+zc7uh8v5f me?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch theth4x*)t..hp 3fxol ian a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the followingix4thlp* 3 .f)t oxhe. physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built ,:qmmgz1gk.3+ ak rga from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across tm grq:g3a , 1gkak+m.zhe thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is plb uj;d7a*9atv nb)f 1ur/azm0aced on a layer of another material omu f0bdna;9b1 /7a*vajrt z)uf thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass mow c /*llyu8f;+l .r77e: 6xxrhfnatdqvement of molecules from one place to a;q t:l67dhx+u. xacfle/rry8nwfl7 * nother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on 6nv-9tlsb , ng8ezw2l a stove?

  Convection can occur rhk g9cifudz m(/x 3u-zr,3l7 kzws,8

  Which of the following best exgbsu3ay 6l+z7xg ; pfi2g; hm1plains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable lgi 1 u;7xy +mhgp z;sf62gb3abody temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity v e(+l+lb.jnm is essentially zero. As the +vl bn.(lej+m air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangul3 yp 1kj gc0jfzjrr0 wa-63we;ar houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat suppligej j63w00r1c3;zpakywfr- j ed at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor dy+ 8 ,bfw19 qnge+mkxfoes the radi9f 1+bge 8fnwxqykm+ ,ating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the z51m/ycrjmm , absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sj y7,qho )xwq1xft bjftugo0 y:kj ,k5//;gz2 un warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how 8+tik/pekqt rdf 3t *5much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is5n 1j to9+pc/2gmez lv equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needeg0 n 5bxt) *maf4qlk*id to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulti1w fqcxu; 1ow(j x,i0zng temperatureix1, z w;0 wofqujx(c1 change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block i q 1eucf9r/ ;2q;im1poryl8 gss originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of matqyj2 9oj-7nyu0 ubp d,erial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of gam kc q5o5d*6: 3m):dkwddmowater at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copperdy nule:7j 9uh3r3kw2. How much heat is added to the gear if the ten39ru: ke732jly wduhmperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metalrs2li;v kzi wqdv5 )fopsv+ifl hsr.8+(-h/ ; is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiall39mwim0*sadb. jpp4n7 r o (dhy at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material *bkqj(2tsq5x)fug3t at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that isw th. jvlozu- q 2bz7h;-w)bit 1-mg65rjha o+ thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial z -5 .i j271 hjvwo+-bgr hqwlmtzb-thoa;u6) temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule 7gj o* ipc+8wadie;;h attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfal+78po dhjg w;c;i*ea il with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming)3k abi9di9,wbc/jbv ap (0 y+f3siin that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does 9pk v(in3)sfw+abc yib /9 i0,aijb3dthe water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heapkko fnr4y2w n+v*,9 xter uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat watokynpx 4w, *nrfk9v 2+er in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. dg81rk;vjkk -/g1kek How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water 1kjkv/-e;gr dgk1k k8from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1topvpf5o 8jz 4w ,3pwy3j5rd3 000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife f*6rz*qtvg 2bblade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chxo ow/(3ld4 csange it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heatc zryg:,edoo:b; -b)mrm a z(5 of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of 5yzb:b(oam:d zo r;,cr gme- )ice?

  How much heat energy is needehfbhtxh0iz e)gw 14eot4rz3 s8y x 1;+d to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g oft*f az emn+zfc8q d;o5s3jzx /y.ljl- g7 zw., $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whec4af.bk n86i82xz poen 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially atqutwku *7g(+ x $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at1uq-ekvmg(6/ +u8 rl ,cnufn gzd*.d p $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg og e ;od ic,.eyuvf:t(8f water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram yyoh da -.2i8nof $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to chang/k2-: r: oqjs/ ehfopce 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initiaiopzdwgpk zoh1r na0-m4xc621r* n4/lly at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat 2n)r+4gq*d o*h; ;paeno ntsg of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its );ngn+oq;e4 t*hs* gpadr n2o melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity40h*cr p uzn8a of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (onezr l;*q3+w 3s 2dnbdpp 83bbnc aluminum and the other brass) are join nnr lq3*b3 8b;dcpz2wspbd +3ed together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has di5 fcgs10 6fpi ) ytljrqy7*y4bmensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperayg0 qt 4cbf*1y5f6jryils7 )pture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0on:flp.dhpf:wxyx8 dw)7i/eko- 8; xz 9z -bw m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperaturx:pz:fdxb8;-.hkp8) y7wd wei/nwzo9olx-f e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concret t5,t+kxu( kc8ogk7wdj -/jv le ( (+7lj-xttkj5vc uk,kg8d o/ w$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to trwb94-ka a3vzx ansfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temty, v;di(oz0dhc qh4/perature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the t fo .ad:m /7 5qsek1q5fayqt7(qtt fu6emperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small holtq.fq1 dafqtskq fo5yat76u/7em5 (:e of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energmoe cf8ifkq9/ m-60:g/-ns lxucpf q.y when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collecz0969gkzzp5 o9s8hew mc4; obmsfc *n tor (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.