Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat energy?ijrlr jaxwo o3/btq6a;ht( *k 4j6v(rj8vv; 4

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the w6uhd2 gh70ijt- n1i dtemperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules v e:c.c )hneq-q*k:dyis referred to aq)d.enec *ycq:hv-: ks

  A cup of water is scooped ugad7e*ft-4 , y yqegc ejtx9 +mz(i79kp from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U 49qt9tf +aeyzyg(c,xkejdg e *i7 -m7 of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependscmg0uh7p r7 6d on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its vujy*ru 7;5lvfur6q0jolume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal en*yq75jl60j uuruvf r; ergy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U at,1c/wl8l0jw x2cw cds $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean tempe2fsrukg/ yld;*r x4z kp3jhdl,t3z8, ratures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact thaaj+g8 dl or9)et water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water an ed+gjo9r 8l)ad iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piee64q*sknihwwe y2j 8,ce of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gainj wshke, 6*wq428y ien or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the sol5*b fa 4;lntrjid to the liquid state is referred to as th fb 5*4ntaj;rle

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state 83zieos*qh* khjty) / is referred to as tyhj to*3 s8)kheiz/*qhe

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady r+dt :d2n3omsme 1 zk)jate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesr xrks9i57dp ) kyw20a

  When a liquid evaporatespo0u(ts1du8lwti :5y e.n0u x

  When a vapor condenser ljb;bu)z n xw9 *j1:vrn8m-an5snr6s

  In a cloud formation, watergyg-zw en98*w vz5,3hmrc v1 c vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This wilyz*hrcz -c8 v 1n3me9gww5,vgl cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilintl wt1wb6dmajj(yy32 8.t ,zba d3:pf g water causes

  Equal masses of water at 4.xg;vd p+h g9c:wcpw$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows b-3ifxdo0jx* fh oj+ q5t6j ua9y means of molecular collisions is referred to a jx-a*xih dot fjojufq59+306 s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become lar)lka.mvc s/zg b/vr,u 3j7x 0) qs7hot when the other end is placed is q77 3mazb.vr r))gulxavkl,/0 jsc /n a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much 0p ,*nph/xgkwcolder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the fol* hkp/nx,pwg0lowing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built fj1f s72guloh/ rom a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the ts2gfh1 7/u ljohickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a la , *hq) 4ddwndi.xgr3o7r*oe zyer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity o*dhiog.qn 7*dz3w 4exor , d)rf the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flsmzfboh3ib; h3:,aj 2ows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referredz m: ojhbbi3;fh,s 32a to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot ofstf r3x,27ujk ag1i) m water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur7d-vu 3wyplb,37j c az

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans in mainr+d6b/ zjtz3fz19lm5ki r ej)taining suitzm/1d)5k 3 +l9jrjft bzize6rable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of graj9ah2 ,rq7c7u o d3yrbvity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true aboubyjr,d3 qou c 729har7t the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. wrj 4e *.73wuhy)p fzl One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the othereywp7h uf j).w3*4 lrz. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperatua ga2(wbh5kter/a ,z (re of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radi2,wetk a(g/r(5 abazhating power change?

  The process whereby heatroca +d6qd6xf;g0-edc.7s;e w x o fr, flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechaniciefhjp(/5*u ( s brdv3/+v hesm does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent 3(acw-,tbxjy(l 1h gn pl30zito how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to h80wv9izzmpe m+ 9emd 0ow much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed tqj*quelv 5o +5o raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 k6iy2qh q;zid, g of water, what is the resulting temperatureq 6i,h2 dzqiy; change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally ats8g : mpmn;t)- lieag2 $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 ki 9 re vbzww:5,wm/2 fo0j6ujs8 qhv1gg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water 6i 8.jd4vmzl hby adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg offi*)/ xpqf5s0gqby g7 copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the txi g )s*0pbyq/5qf7f gemperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to x(zt/q 1 i6iah$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initialq84q 0c35mpvfauc 6 +r9 ddgpnly at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at 9l4-g kfnl)bno 9lzd0$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally ( kt8+ vtl;f jcohhc/3isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temper 38t(jfltv+h oc c/kh;ature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempq;48vrta 3/sfw8 k pz1n:-v: ojwi soyted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature za w1o4n3kyj-t o/sq w8;s8rvp fv::irise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Ascyp qe04 .p/al6z6r arsuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal ene0y6epa/al6p c z 4rq.rrgy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, ho o7b2heirk-2zmlu6h(vqgf 37 w long would it take t mlvuozhk f2h2(ge67r7 -3ib qo heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take t)*acq iz :qob7t0awo9ku/(jkwss1 /n o heat 20 kg of waterk 0q: it)1(ujws9baqosnwco /z ak7/* from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (m,z0ypwyj +.o tx8pk d:ass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife ,gg,i6bh5 hqbblade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liq:e .)hesbq7qhlup5, puid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is oq7osygduf 6-vqs zb (f/z027 required to melt 200 g o(767g0/yb fz2o zsq ouqf vs-df ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to p wqzd eh:t1+2change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g opse2fe gb 2 o3ht72d*wf $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of*9pie ,wcrd5ma hn a: zl6+x0h ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially at r a9/l/ej9ui l$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at 0kxtehxe/i,r 2g3n; xnd1he9 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy ismgz.;p9f: rwt needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of zclo l-9r:4hpq91q.ngzwxt( $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 101s km4v c4wcp0wzn u,*; o4psr0 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea bt(m y6:txb udp,qs*vt l,p,y31xu d6 oy adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 2s7-) ) efbnfpl07 kcal/kg, and its melting fn7f)p)bse l-point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concmqh.pbz0 ; 2hyrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice th.7nd8a) juvbmnt dzuf-9 -0bd at of brass. Two rods (one aluminnj t-bmz 8udf0v -7)9dadnu.bum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If t jx wp 5,sn3)z,big z3k6lttx)he outside temperatur3st)txbk g,z,lnpwz6) ixj5 3 e is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m m; .zs up l7ari1cgne)u;pas3t0 ;.amby 1.5 m. If the outside temlr;s0 p gnpame tsc..)a u1; 3;amu7izperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour t1pf.zds( qf*1ym,i dghrough a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (f( 1q fzyisd1p,gm. d*$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 e /)mqtol//)x5ffr2 a8 p jjzlcal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lostg7.nbk1 ck 4n q/d5c+nrxll:h through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refinin/6mlu szqaok- .:m- dlg steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted m6 lsmq/:- zula-kdo .through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating eneba5-bu zns9f2 0 3o ag+/aznlsyqz58vrgy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collr*3 *kxkdd6 ucection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.