Which of the following is+)vsdk.gneq* the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessa mu/+esmzrp5j u4go 16qif*y. ry to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is w3vhunca b0t+w *d m+;+,zwvutk)7loreferred to acz+ow)u+,dv3n t mb; kw7*wtlh+ vu 0as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of wate z8ucrva .vi78r. Compare the temperature T ana.z87v8iuv cr d the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depehikv4w2ltlp b )47yn-vwe ;1 mnds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compremw)3g)q6z .2 lr mg.y/lt vffk0cxmg6ssed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while mrc)6l g qlvm)wg.xf z 0kygt f3m6.2/holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy 3-e;ouf npue ,U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically:lf 2hsrquad)*1mt lh )i/x:y is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has +tblad+ylt5 kbgs6: 1 a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consi6 gsat+5ktll+1:db b yder equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a ho9r hcg+hi,z u 3s),gkmn 6p/gwt piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach the/6+, 3,grgp hmw9)zigushnckrmal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substan fj s5q4 w 8k;dayuvc/ku,2he r)1,pjlce from the solid to the liquid state is referre1u,vh 8q4lc/f eadw5s,u j k)yrk;2 jpd to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state ietg03 gkcm/yju)-e c2 s refere0mkce 3ctj2 /gu g)y-red to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steknhsy bh icr +2n)*z9t0t1ox r8p3k.uady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezejx4ugi1;t n987 )ebd4rgy m/fy.wr gps

  When a liquid evaporat+cd .wev+tg2goy*zj 0es

  When a vapor condensesj9es:ye. 4 ggq

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condensx1gih iv;0*ty)s had8w /v;e dp./ rbees into water droplets which get bigger and bi/rhv*1 0h.at/ vi ;ep;edbsw8d y)ix ggger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame und6kxn2;kv-ym;tjdg/pno+. f ner a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water +ihxhn2, ww 6)l7;mjfynkyi, at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular colid*/guds-rkl *p, ph /lisions is referred to aspdk*rp-h i/s/ gd*,ul

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end q3tp9wurk.5rx/j5ov9s t 3ms3p3rx hof an iron bar become hot when the other9/omx3 uvxkjr9q3pr3r 5t3 p.5wshts end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of wajp1n l(*s8-ikpq2 pmetal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physicl sa-i2(pjnq wpk18 p*al property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous mgi40a(b7id/wz e wx+hzad d7x v+-fg,aterial, the rate of heat loss for a fwg+d+-e4d wz x 07gax/ ivh7d(bza,igiven temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with ip66mz(-5r 4fx wijfethermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. fw6mr(- 6ifx 4z peji5 The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass moy:s.4 nax2tgwd3s,rjn 8,n abvement of molecules from one place to another i . 38rjg,wy :aan,s 42dtsbxnns referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mec l4tni-za8;yn)lta l/ hanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur,arf:n(f/0nx lk2c t m

  Which of the following best explains why swea)xv61pl 5u dgbting is important to humans in maintaining suitable body temperatubx)ug56vp1d lre?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravb+r67xorbs1q9vo,. e p/ r2 nihfww n/wga4 ,rity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of6nbn/. / qr +xowrbp,oerwiswfv7h,a1 rg 9 24 the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from them. ck u01u8*ba.qpq; w4p ewji same materials. One of the houses has twice the lengt. qj uwkq p 1m;8*ei0pab.c4uwh, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubleu ntjawrg cl9y 35,g+f+*8jdl d, by what factor does the radiatin*,89jln tjw dg +5urgy fca+3lg power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is re/5rba6+ hzm- dsx gwf)ferred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eart1dr.0 cpobzjd7v x /h.h?

  1700 J of work is equiva igy3ndrks . ,52ajt5km0w w-vlent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is eq* t4,aa.7ovm 4ny cna 7pa0friuivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperaturea)9 h pa9lnh5u of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, whu wjlgm7u0rwgm agqy4i)c: k 8 1wz25/at is the resulting temperature cha7mzr/25 g0iyug)u:j g 41wwmcqw lak8nge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originall :* f8hi8 qyc6vroxlr-y at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperaturetkc+t /p3+denisr5 c , of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat 3jhof apy 4 d*fdnxs(- f57ih9up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heaw8f9fncw21 byvn28w 3ts(alhv1(mcb t is added to the gear if the t3bnv8 w(has81 fbcf1w9w2yml2tvn(c emperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mv:rvsql d1l6z.ai7i-9tog p 9u/hjr7etal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, i .bb, qx4 9lrr19vg2*df esv4n,ixh )v kw2svdnitially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material 9fd;/1gmi(wkl b ;itm at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is therma 298hl)xv)zt rgaas 6.ungip3q.8 w9wqpkv6 klly isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial tepn.8a)gqqt. 6xwu9i wvp 3slv8k k a2g rh69z)mperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attemptea9d 7- kbkd9nyf 0wqmh5zg-*mue8p x ;d to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical9 -qdx wk dz n ya0peh8k75fmu-bm*g;9 drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagalwhd1na e *gy8; hfu(t,sm4)cra Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water ris lef)1ya gn,uh4m(h8 s*ctwd;e?

  A 200-L electric water hearhu2)2es f sn8wdz n+m-c s/m4ter uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would i4s2m82c-fdznnr shem+)/s uwt take to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How lob+1qwaq+8 t;j9t:bzl+ g hy osng will it take to heat 20 kg of water from8 b q:gw+9t q+azs1bo ;tlyj+h $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass4z:.kwizb7 qkkw w h,/ 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade tpe. :r:u.*)pl7e g/f b ekiei(specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change rn5;q0)f*ntlhfy:r e it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much he9haoha )hwb3ggk0 y *+at is required to melt 20b0hga*39 hg+)wa oy kh0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy i)(hlrjmxe + * 9apocd+s needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed froml74ewsdwm81fj dtlgi;/- wh; 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whec,v; mtq *2 rzu6pk/d7y1;,jkafam iv n 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water i )utot/1uf nt;5.x hdynitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at , upui/7wn 6fm$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is ne oj*, l/7cwlznbh+lp) 3t bx+eeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required tos4-sd*hqfm)5k . n qkt change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to coqg )b96ehp8md h(ii*hange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initbg/kvva4xn+ 3d su3w* m* /tzxially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead i:x de sb;l qdf5-/+nwbs 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting pointf+n5b; xbq/ dl- :swde is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivit+(dfdz;jd w am 9yb3xt6g +a3wy of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is tu0rplr*zx:3l9p wt0 pk 7ptynk*:hv8wice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excelr:u0rp3n: y8pkz9ptpx l * w*vk70thllent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has d95oplkvyme0yw 8+o, f imensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempera, pmo w 5yyfv8ekl9+0oture is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensionsk/d9hcb cd3r1z4-e ad of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatuhd-z41ea rck d93/cdb re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.uzwmv2x)1 e 2. ox;xlu0 m section of concrete xwzv)u 2xe2;.uxlo 1m ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat r 9m,jf)mu03hj- q/y pa-.wxvwk 4pu qdp/3 ttthrough a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a :ezleb6 u:-mto5) o5d s bhlf+go5.pb $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining lt7 66yj (nvfgsteel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant powe6ft y6j(lgn7v r emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body rwylh7t4 q muc.7drnl,z;y() radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective cc+l4d x*xee.l ollection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.