Which of the following is thec f3noq1+pi(t d5jm b( smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the tem (;i0yrl:y)fndfwn 2g perature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individubqqnt 9+ kker be-/5m1al molecules is referred tok-et m /qeb5k1b 9qnr+ as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimmin)ko hr*ur cj2wwh12u+g pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming poohwr kuju)o*+c 1h22r wl.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depyjo; )7b1npg7kn9 snhd7ijxf1 * jt:r ends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume id(1 fmngh y2f7h2(ls( qn-a kks half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holdlk m 2a7(2ky(qgh nh(1f ndf-sing the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internapzza wl:6ry;t rx;7w.5 wvh iau-l- l(l energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturesabkq23+h/vn d qg ,z;k do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higsqkluzq/oa9 0w.0qnt spz (s05 ;ptq8her specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added09 q.0/z0; qsks5 tpu pwz q8tloqs(an to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum ok52p 2hqpb7a,a+ n i(fp +tkcand a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object5+ k,io+a tkp2h anc 2p7(qfpb experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid sd(ocb2y,fa p td3j k..tate is refyc 3dfo..tap ,2(kdbj erred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquik 8;* 928ysrg0eeamoca m tc,/e knsq(d to the vapor state is referred to a m9oqyk *(,cc t;0rsene/sa8m k8ae2gs the

  If heat is added to a g ,s i2 zekr(iga6 f*6ghmw,7tpure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze3rlf*0h/ wdb0:( wkp( 0ae mctptiy:s2oi2 bx s

  When a liquid evaporqp- b wu++jkcbta g qy0 bejvk30x02u3, aa6c0ates

  When a vapor condenseskm*r qm r-zo+);*cohl

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses59w8 r b94-r dopndljc into water droplets which get bigger an5jcn8 lrdpw rob94 9d-d bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boilidl.: +iq5r m5 jn)8qzhh 9ifrdng water causes

  Equal masses of water ad/.m1i-oppfv 0 u0wb vt $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of 5nit,g*m- ai omolecular collisions is referred to astm-,n* gioai5

  By what primary heat transfer 3ll6p4ahpml8k u5mvf 4 my:0r j6ykh(mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when thkfjky 4l308p l uhyalm5rp vm4( h6:6me other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piecec ffp luzfav1qg* + 2dcs16:mhd-y :5x of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following phy-shdyaf+ l 2muc16z5d :cpfgqvx1:f* sical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous magxa57+c,be(-+jvvtu+fn u af terial, the rate of heat loss for a giveufxtau+v5 +v+-,agjf b( cne7n temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal cond(hdmj)os ng te .ez 1g:z24po-h8k ,emuctivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal co4:etp.z18 s2,ogzo(gh m-)jhdnekm e nductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one placeb mc2neu kn9;e9prfa j:,/ yq1 to another/erbc: u, 1nk2 f jnqm9y;9pae is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanis.ns lm; b+u98kr suq.b60ryt gm is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occuraz-l8u (st)ayf0cu/hn 6,enx

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humans inkb 7eru5r0*gn maintaining*0r 5 ebkru7ng suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accelek;5 c67ledact ration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heec6td ck ;al75ated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materp9.tlz*v.d7wv ipfpx;ws2 :,shaft5 ials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the ot tw*sv .p 5pi.vwlz:thx;,sd97faf2p her. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor doeso7eo 5yf tuo )(vfm6y5t) tu+sa/ yrw+8dqe9s the radiating pow ) af u(e7u w+ym56+d)se9ot/rtovy8q st5oyfer change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the ab;gwg zq/524day6ddes sence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mecha gwj23vv2hs5 hnism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heatp .8am w (idi(:r3u/ 64qjgibv.vxaqo?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how 36vezxgnp1o- much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is nee w51)fhdpr* zvs*1c xfded to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperblh13xfsb1d 4* q;yvfng/xj) uzv+x :ature c vhg4x*j/ls1x nf vdbx3f:;+1uq) byz hange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is opq uar*d8n,.ip uq4k e8owy/-riginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 6 pmf0f6c-*uhp6 kwre:,vi2, norb l ikg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 56sd.(. c dr/1zepjhx u0o) riq.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heathk* 0)2jp1pofqd ap6b is added to the geadbako p q6)*fpj2ph0 1r if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal i9com a5ux (2mbm1yg9xs heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppebzk-6+nb h no7pa;r y5r, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material br*:mew b6wm h upd9;-6.xsex at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a sysouhae.: le n ,a9:z)aktem that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an:,.keelh :9nazaau ) o initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James rn3 c/7wuvt ifn;9tkdp bm-38Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blan c-ik83 /t9vdmnu;rt3np b7w fc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that apgi ,2 tp2m-0tz(zhaz ll the gravitational energy is converted to thzp ztt2mg,0ai ( 2zp-hermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heaj;4 uadw+x f-uter uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank fru fw-jau d+x4;om $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will yxy;sz:: qs9 p tqgl09vsay: 2it take to heat 20 kg of water from yy:szxap tvsqg;9 2: 9y:qsl0 $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 100h :om e-5tv1kw0 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knifo-g w;vyiuc8 o 1ck(px2gizzxo)e*; )e blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be rem(q51il mwcu.loved from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to metitz1j 1r,o/ap/ zi); vyn6belt 20)tnbji6zi/ z; ,1tryev p/ ao10 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chanu1 pw(qwvxf9+du : taw:d7-be ge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100pt-7m. qe4f w+k(f,f y )zcw:fbs2w bt g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice atf pitkhp; w7m-eo/4s5o) 2,ff s t un3/r-vjii $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially22*n z37ziucolx b/ va at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water arpu 2needp;c76i21qtign b 1 .t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to changeh8bhitggzlm 2r)5e0 58 saw z3 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gramtjy,s d6y2 nletfj0-ec 9 *ic2 of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g /*hlh p h+f(qa+qfyu .of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hv e0 y3oaylt3iesu 7h+15hj h3ot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizatc9b ttwi-k 6m)ion is 207 kcaw m-btc9)6i ktl/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of ch/ qtzvps5-5poncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one )n+ouwkx 2l+1 hiv. d85md tpqaluminum and the other brass) are dq5 mwdx l+h.i8kn 1o)v tp+2ujoined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the( gjq2ed+ :eqv outside temperaturee(vqd: q+g je2 is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsi lgo.q, n*xreaju 1k;0) i:fcyde temperature qgixk). jc1nfeao*0u;,l y :ris $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 ozc1x099s7n/t/co sfyt6pfw )ifj bd ,5kyv0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ( yzo)df1w6c,59/oc i by90ffj ksxs7tt0vn/p$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to5 5/d/ka yucuzj:id hr053z ki transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is;p so z9qb7 z638xbtkq lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperate myr xvhkq-7,b76;sm ure is monitored by measuring the radiantsbqmy;-7ev,7 h6k mrx power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy when it is at 3+ z hfpg9a*przq6zs8 $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (e+du )y-bs*7,rh/vmfp akv 8ioffective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.