Which of the followinief zq*qt( 3q0g is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the j(htw 2jpugzq* s d10ih5*:fztemperature of 1 gram of water by $1{}^{\circ }C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the aver ;n t950j-q vhdq glhtbm)a+7mage kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to 5aqbd7q-m j9 ;+lgthh)m 0n vtas

  A cup of water is scooped up from a sw,2)lxq /,wk la l qbenv6walcw07h2*aimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the ax)nqh* cwl wek l2,vl7l q /w02ba,a6swimming pool.

  The internal energy of ac0ogm u:a 4l0 7qsu)v(ncd p/tn ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is halfxdex hk3sp49vwkw m/b1l5e :((3 dzv f the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding (/9dxfw1b4l3em pvk3 xve5z :kwd( shthe temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal en(s tht:xbh -hyu;v vu/0m( 2jtgsq4i;ergy U at $200{}^{\circ }C$ is heated to $400{}^{\circ }C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not v wz0f2;hlqg) sp/n n)lary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capaciq u1ujg2d-: bx76a rvbty than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 301vdau-7qjur g: 6 2bbx calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated cu+,a5t4mfffj i3h w 0system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper a 4wiu0ff+jha cmt35f ,re in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liqu+t 7pszrhjb;9 id state is referred to as thrh;7pb + s9tjze

  The heat required to change a substance from th.viw8ta6 wkh /fhj) 3ke liquid to the vapor state is refwhivj63 a/.8) w kkfhterred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady ratej 9+ e9wtj1cvs,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freeze vtlvp weg5xkn: p 9252+qc7bns

  When a liquid evaporat t rvva.w.u/,dd /abht36-p zres

  When a vapor condenses3e9b 1 y7dv0lzm rj)vn

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water dronqo7umowl 2k k4 hpu2zo0.aas2d 58y/plets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will haoozs0 n7./oua2 mpku45kq l228wdy cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water ca2w4- lag7qu mdf:eyxg *+(nppuses

  Equal masses of water nbsvv bm5) 9y3at $20{}^{\circ }C$ and $80{}^{\circ }C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T=-20{}^{\circ }C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T=0{}^{\circ }C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisionso2 un0ex 7(bd5lj.w iv is referred to asbvj2.u7o(d lwi e0n 5x

  By what primary heath,cx + do :h7m.la8ski transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the othk .:as+7 i8hox,dmhlcer end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a pin0qrg .fw)ri+.ow wv2p: pr+ qece of wood. This is due to the diff irqw.)+r:+f pnwrp.2wvoq0 g erence in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wallh4g 8s1*gqn.ojg)h ebk0q 3 fn(ck6py built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the th)hh.obk g1436jgnkp *s ge0 (nfc q8yqickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is plar:mjwi 6fxcye-1 ):olced on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thicknes )xmy:l6i-ef1jcr: w os. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the f4(. 5:yj oujld1wau.ov.thtmass movement of molecules from one place :1(4. 5hloo atv d.f t.jwyjuuto another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer *sauzdfqp 8*o;em :z; mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurhfx m dmoiya5s:5mtq/o;xt1o;6 h8 .s

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is i 1sc 0k-jefvq4zxw9)emportant to humans in maintaining suitable bo f1 q9sczwve4x)- jk0edy temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in a:mpyyde(sis. z w2436xf3 b omn environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabipomid(x2msfb. y 36 ey3w:4szn is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from -2jk+/9gi nbibt:7 ye caaw:hthe same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have/j:+ ibtaikecw y:n9g7ba2 h- to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiatk;d.)7 cq tvz6 pw l.t4t.ibrmor is doubled, by what factor does the rarktld;)vt i6c.qmpw4b.. t7z diating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium i4pic oh 4dxv78v ..vyhs referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm plmtgg.0 ;t)pycf1,.juv2od the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heaw/3wh7jcrsp j p28qn)t?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalen f 7, n29agqvlbpy32f6rzxp:jt to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8\times {10}^{7}joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is neede1vqxb 9l lwc2(7wshu2 d to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c=0.11kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) by $15{}^{\circ }C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of w0ksb llvl-i3 w)m( pv 659db+sb d4nlwater, what is the resulting temperature chaw 9vbbb 64+lil0 wd )5-mn(p3 ssdlvklnge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orc9qp+93uvm.nvc( z um iginally at $10{}^{\circ }C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by .k5m)2reqhwq6u( iy1wr)x yg ${400}^{\circ }F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0rqo7ix,(e2vt j qzwxxy-/ q05 L of water at $80{}^{\circ }C$ to 60 L of water at $30{}^{\circ }C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kj hyox.o2x8f 7f bni-b7l8 w3gg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases -boy7i82lo8f 3nwx. jhfg7xb by $35{}^{\circ }C$?

  50 g of lead ($c=0.11kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) at $100{}^{\circ }C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0{}^{\circ }C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal wp9kd-*tj:*hp5 1oulvuw5 gl is heated to $100{}^{\circ }C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3{}^{\circ }C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2{}^{\circ }C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initial igg(j-b7uh u;,m6pflly at $95{}^{\circ }C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15{}^{\circ }C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at t2 t,l a.ic( yfk-txrdy:.dz* $100{}^{\circ }C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0{}^{\circ }C$, the final temperature is $40{}^{\circ }C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects ma4 3u .)t2ir3qdh:f,nc ztvi yuke up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initia) izdcq,t34u n3.h2 i vtfy:rul temperature of $100{}^{\circ }C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0{}^{\circ }C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore thex- .mdmxd rd p,71g5at relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen downx, tm1r a.pg xdm5-d7d a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. bsp25j mohtes2/o.0q2n px o)Assuming that all the gravitational enero2s5bh 0jmopox/p .2) es tnq2gy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat lo ikg6x k2lbc)3br8d,kss, how long would it take to l362ki)xd,bgbkc kr 8heat water in this tank from $23{}^{\circ }C$ to $75{}^{\circ }C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heasq5b3y t/k/ pj9itr74 epup)vt water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wa)4t3i7qpkt eps/j/u r59b pyv ter from $20{}^{\circ }C$ to $100{}^{\circ }C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, fa9x 3b:jj* jy:st;mp$c=0.22kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20{}^{\circ }C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knif my p;*+dywkj4gyj4u c87k4 coe blade (specific heat = $0.11cal/g{\cdot }^{\circ }C$), the metal can get as hot as $400{}^{\circ }C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20{}^{\circ }C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must bay/a0 r/m+ bi-;rxx vce removed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is+wnwx cpbii g;z 0/,mx;l:d,s required to melt 200 g of icewxi,z,bw :x+s;pn; dci gl 0/m?

  How much heat energy is needed to chang7hhh(r m)gquee6( .f85qcrpn e 10 kg of ice at $-20{}^{\circ }C$ to water at $50{}^{\circ }C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed frle.le q7ljb 3c.fxums 7j8gtp06+i * lom 100 g of $85{}^{\circ }C$ water to make $-5{}^{\circ }C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal:ujsyg.;-4so(7xncw dg 5ir5) yq xnc/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0{}^{\circ }C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25{}^{\circ }C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initia04(pz axdq/m rlly at $100{}^{\circ }C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0{}^{\circ }C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0{}^{\circ }C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10{}^{\circ }C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at d14v28 wzmhw,xia7 ssv4 hi6t8 a/09 rwrtima$0{}^{\circ }C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of water atdj t2c7;1ta 4dl nbebv5d4yv4 $50{}^{\circ }C$ to steam at $120{}^{\circ }C$?

  How much heat is requireo gfzt6 ur973jv3s1inb (r9ovd to change one gram of $0{}^{\circ }C$ ice to $120{}^{\circ }C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g ofy b*x44ui k26uon6ie q $-10{}^{\circ }C$ ice to $150{}^{\circ }C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding icv53yr(,ev n sde to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80{}^{\circ }C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0{}^{\circ }C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10{}^{\circ }C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 .:ud ra gltq;ej-26qn9,mlll kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its megllqq6r lm ,na-.: td; u9lj2elting point is $328{}^{\circ }C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23{}^{\circ }C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031kcal/kg{\cdot }^{\circ }C$)

  The thermal conductivity 9:ny d. ;ex04nljre at0vufj* of concrete is $0.8W/m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1W/m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity o4s0qyuj 4 q1ib re5ia3f aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the oth4r0i e4y3jsa i1 q5uqber brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0{}^{\circ }C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200{}^{\circ }C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the zr fxcu*+l ovuhj).f2o8,rplmd ./9y outside temperaturemz l2 .prvfx, 8jro)hfodyu ul+./ 9c* is $-10{}^{\circ }C$ and the inside temperature $20{}^{\circ }C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3./ +j rb;x f 8xqls8y1e9omywi00 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature i08jy;l+sb9m frw8yo /ex1 xqi s $-10{}^{\circ }C$ and the inside temperature is $20{}^{\circ }C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sect as:gfr(, co2d(yvl1mion of concrete l(sr y(dma1 ,:vo2fcg ($k=2.0\times {10}^{-4}kcal/s\cdot m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21{}^{\circ }C$ and the outside temperature is $4{}^{\circ }C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a*t(9z gjkd7q 81s/l izd ept7f $2.0m^2$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k=2.0\times {10}^{-4}kcal/s\cdot m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) if the temperature differential is $10{}^{\circ }C$?

  What is the outside te d,ekwetcy,*x6/xk n.ax2*1h3vqsr bau 6 6ldmperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0m^2$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k=2.0\times {10}^{-4}kcal/s\cdot m{\cdot }^{\circ }C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20{}^{\circ }C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature isi6 o ;hoyvi/b43uvvo/ monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of areiyvub/o/h 4; ovvo3i 6a $0.5c{m}^2$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650{}^{\circ }C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body.ktgs tr 6n;fh f4;- eds rgq+5nza:2o radiating energy when it is at $33{}^{\circ }C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4m^2$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.