Which of the following is the smallest unit of zqb(5 - xs;2n .dljxszheat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperatpv.5gs9 rpwg)qnq.z (ure of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to:)b q 8r7vf+poaipi; l a7:iv;o a rp)pqibl8f +s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swim4dj4 - 4kr- oesbnfi/gce3ao:ming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U :oda4k-e/4fg b-rei 4cosn3 jof the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depenpatqvr o)o:5+slx7 o i -(.ulhds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compresjz8/a1*1kmwtggn le .4wdtw; sed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure.gn/4dwg*; 1zatmkje 1wlt w8 is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internhrp ( *rjj(ym3al energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is thats-r9 hc) u5iol

  It is a well-known fact t +2 lp6sbaux bb xu:j6j)6ixgt:as-d2akkj/: hat water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. No :2:sxup/)jal xa:kj bsda26+jbkg-xbu6it6 w, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a coldc)q/yucrjq, o rn8j1, +a. rm;kgu(lm piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the gre1yq jk/ + .l,u8c ;r,)gjcmn(o mrquraater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substanlta-x/v/z2l sp y*i p-ce from the solid to the liquid state is referred to a*l/l txsva/z-2yp ip- s the

  The heat required to change a substance4yvzm** 0h kvn9zyldx) r1v (e from the liquid to the vapor state is refe09 v y (v1x*h4vkrzlzdny*)emrred to as the

  If heat is added to a2x;rrw bp7 mn+ pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezef *mx--5tesz ; id *lfys1f a4;lbt6pgs

  When a liquid evaporuyzuhao:;a53 v e+7ia ates

  When a vapor condensqt/hgj9i+nn1: 1riwn es

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water d v9t o8*/xhmruroplets which get biggertm9uv x8h o*r/ and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water carijc4v+g k9.auses

  Equal masses of water am+ fxe71brwp4 t $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means cfs8k 7bo*y,p of molecular collisions is referred to ak c,s*f7o ybp8s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doeq dg:kba0l*mhw p4d -4s one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed i lw0b4g-dmp*k4 hq:adn a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of 2 r3.-z2qg sgpjwe q7wwood. This is du3e7rwgqjs .- pwq2gz2e to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall buiwq m4z ztj/8 :a(hl6yclt from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given tempm 6:4t(/ zjylw8ac zqherature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductif0.;daloazw08.y jen vity K is placed on a layer of another material of fy w0aan08;.do . lzjethermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby hexff2 pwqa5154lttpv, b ,*cddat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place to fw14ddpv tb2ax*pl, tcf 5,q5 another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated o79mvdrjd k: go;:9r ymn a stove?

  Convection can occur va: 8fnm0kqi2

  Which of the following best explains why sweog4jepo b19c hu5f5)de0bmns/ u p6,eating is important to humans in maintaining suitp0neg )5uhmjeeu bos 16bfp4 9/d5,co able body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting inyp lmpel.7l0.o2 -+hsxm8wzw an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. m+ 8 sl olyp wz7wx-0h.l.mep2As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the + orx ksq:rb)q- sp*aof(x;m/same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would ne-q pa( rxo)fo sq;:/k x+rbs*med heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a ooov 1rggcyr;( b-fbj*k-h(1 radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiatingb brghj; oc1--gfv (k(or1 yo* power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medu.t+ n,x-p , p3oujr*atgywn 5ium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eary7uj 52)m;d/83jt i lotxraleth?

  1700 J of work is equ(k(ure8ilzb 9f c+6pzivalent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is reuyf 6jk cn)mz8).p:equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperatl.gnn yz o45w0nns 5.ture of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added.x; jc60 fe87er2ng x vv.(bav0g hpcw to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature ch ge (.rh7ecx8 vagwcp2.0v6nbj0fvx; ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block9a 7gyrav- tq1 is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material qnyh2un zgor42u/ie0k j9.- y by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L oq4g /(+1ofxus. ti0fnn.fx.dwfhy e 5twr +5 wf water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper.eh up;wa7:4 xk(jmintf7 :tj2 How much heat is added je:(tnpx 7a imf4hu : 27twj;kto the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is hexlhpk(7kq,klv +v lu(s; op8 :ated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copp.0 cs:uu ukf(j7ayl.e er, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at25xr xlv.dd u1 $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objectjxrs3.g0kxh48 e n7pps make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temp4rxsgk3.7jp80n he pxerature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore sqf.yin2; nzi (9j, psthe relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the(.i s ;y29insz,fnq pj rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming 1 y 2d4u/uchuqthat all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does thc2 dyu/u1 h4que water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how lgvwek -61hjqe5v0u f. ong would it take e 5kw.16q 0 ej-vvfuhgto heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is usekeaigso6w- 0ymxel *7 l:- e(zd to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fk- zae7lwe s(-m:06iyx *gelo rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (rar.lg 6.wvq93s i tz9mass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heat :cr5ajf oj v pe( ;, )wmyan7md1v4bv;= $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed frjqtr.za-68p) r) xd*eb h4nczom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/1bz-13kvt w4xc vymn3 kg. How much heat is required to melt 20 nx1vvk3-34cybw1tz m 0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice+ h:z+0cc x8zgtxf dz6 at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1h5x8fo rqy6bi ,;2pqu7gy xw;00 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of iy3( 4j-hmi fds9sen05hzd 5wi ce is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially gv rg)et v)/w0t-ey8cat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a jquydej 3h3/0t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 12;lta rsd sstz+cumr.3 3w5.m by+my30 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change ook955/agwh2 pjct:f m ne gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g j:40 s(y vlwsdof $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice teg9vjcwn 1r9)aw n9a; ba by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead b-/t f as-efeb:vjctx 02h )+sis 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and itsvt+ /a0s- xsh e):jbtec-2bff melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivitc h)r fjo9 v(4swtwme44 *9zsly of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brassfo x.uj0n7ym, i4drg :. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excell:fu,rynmd 74j og0.ixent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thickb,hf* luc*,uf has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempe,u cfu*fb* h,lrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm .jo i9 7 o/xx6tmkc h,z0bjl4ythick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempxob,jx4 h tyo zcj mkl6i/970.erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of .*zm4pu z*y 1uk5ue hpconcrete (um zk5upu1eyp. * zh*4$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,00016tj6r a(iq/i1i xyq1e(r v rj cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4g6 umhk-pb). s000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used foe 8zvldxu*kwe:1 ls1ilwe5h4 )vy ;5dr refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emlzw d dlhw;eve5 lyv45:us8k)ex*i11itted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the hu5r ykee8ovfa/u6nu nx: ;h/ ,nman body radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective;1 )rtqdvuc 4iaoo9k0 collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.