Which of the following is the smallest unz+ 3lyg*2i yz3 forw)wit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of waterzr7vz9 0nudk mt, 70cjs w uw 645qjanhwlp37; by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referre* u+n2wlmp pvo*x9q b6d to un 2xvp6lpm9 woqb**+as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming po5ram yc;crqdl*2z 6-0v hp8z fol of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water,c rdlzza0rp q5hy28 -*;mc6 vf in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends 70ri6qo ; 9psqw7dwenon

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its voluq5szo0o;+xxg me is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of thiqs xzo;o0xg5 +s is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with iniir541tk vr5-ietyy- rr k, )rternal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temper) vehd;n84 nhtatures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water *xxobxs41d1zr b 8) neo(/mfz has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equalrf(obmo n /*1exzxdb8 x4s1)z masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold pode6qhrie+1 dwd3c71nw 8 np 3iece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the ti qd 3woc6ihw8de7en1r1d3 pn +me the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid syhy0p kys-,pjo c*7j 6tate is referred to as thh6ycs0 ,7p*jjo-yy pke

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to qokhu/b0enq g mb*6 idd26w01 the vapor state is referred d 2bwo/0 mnb6 qiqhdu6k0 1g*eto as the

  If heat is added to a pu1rch:c.b eph 7re substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesc(45 wtfz-z5-qqm6t6b.wps p b0dtos

  When a liquid evaporates,ugdn1p ox n:6l*t7- -d ufhip

  When a vapor condensrnv:u:rax9xe5 ue v(+es

  In a cloud formation9l*be6bq x nh 81l1aoa, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger un 6laobxena8l b9q11h* til it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame unde8b1jii*7hnljy(s9ix ;z gf z5r a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at5 s2w(:nu ykav $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is vx n1eu;c60zattk9;v referred to as6 t1v;9kntc u;ae x0zv

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of aa8s v+-k8x ku(ppoyggs+w7+h n iron bar become hot when the other end is p+ kk(huw+-ggap87xs8o +s vp ylaced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of 3 .8s;x6e4 .omupv3 rzodblq k8mh5t3 u5s snametal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is dureznu s3mkxv 5.8;o6 dbla8 sso.3m4 qu hpt35e to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous nwp:7wt5oil8e0y xfrz f/u:5ek o 5 0cmaterial, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature diffpl:rx no kt8570 y5eo :c5/ f0wiufewzerence across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is pzl s )wmagi4hyx.42 *claced on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the )iwg2m.c4 h x alz4*syeffective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one zy76l x;u5ibgp/gu2c place to anotherxp;l/c62 75zgguu ybi is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfero9;wurizzsmz i )9i+. mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurgh w86f raf6*h

  Which of the following best eg 18y/s;e xpmta0cy;sxplains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body spxy8s1g m /act;e 0;ytemperature?

  A spaceship is drifting ld+g7utef/ro fw8b7i :/nsy cz1+2ld in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated b /znbe +ryg+8ff12iwd so7:u c7lltd/y an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring r8-n rfjwac b5c::zviy c+0dz1ectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic con-f5 81arc :db:i ncvj0 +zwzycditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what f yw3 gv9)3lotsactor does the radia ywg9 33sto)vlting power change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referr;3c26es.-u;5inocnv5fa s wc4xglnq ed to as

  By what primary heat trem0u mip/ps. 5ansfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mucht zduz44s9b8u heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equijm;pky*r,pzfy0 )8:+ llvmg+kr d73cs yo 6pdvalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed 8bk* kqpv )m 6xba2vz3to raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added * yqqdtt6 8il,;)t5 q)xbtokbv68rrvto 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature changevqyt8b) ib6 *x t;6td8q,r5kv lr qt)o?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally at fki*8b hk*p pc69z p1y$10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material ba.tsq zo *5q/ndy7-kis ky/t0 y $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat u k7/f rb2dgyed1(3ehw p her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kgoeh43:n h 1win of copper. How much heat is adde3 41wnihehn:o d to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of met6y 5: p4xvwum9 psiz3yal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially at xc f6mew 1.ya7 yn i+k76tqp(v$95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a9b,q lang 5t7kt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objecml- nu v94x,4tfa xp9nts make up a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has anmt-9fux, 9ln vpn4 ax4 initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James +(tzhnehl a z7q:bu 70;;rwrf Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of teh: lreh; 7;rt70anzbfuz+ w(qmperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a dis+pj10:qtodc vtance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by 10jdq+ tpo :vcwhat temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat .ah n5t4k. mef djoqr/6k-.mu loss, how long would it t4. q km/fonh5m-.. 6re kadujtake to heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How l,w .y:l0y sl.tu.l pffong will it take to heat 20 kg of water fflfw..,u l0y pys:.ltrom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 gu3 l0g3jssvs)5 l0pno( jis o-, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific -u 0;c2xta oawheat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to5-y9tw*k 1w zgp sfzu)dd,a6-bt 5hm k liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat 6 kehvm6-02w pyfd7 a2yh/pwlof fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g ofmywlwv7 pfh-6p 02a6h2ke d/ y ice?

  How much heat energy is2sr8 9bn 9 9ix auv1i 41ofiux2lfu7aw needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed fros;qi 95vt m3h( v*yoqw ph/pm+m 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. Whep;1a ):fw(kwn +bo:u l l0ofp3tkk)jdn 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ini6)kb- nn) mvyi udt6)wtially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at a6dhwm7 h t:b*20 bki2 dm-uhf$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to crnzku* 1f0 *lfhange 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to chang1nmopcq mn-(o:c7sfu) w1iie7 . tk:j e one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required t6f uwq1g,* xt15y xdquo change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 plue orr2j+5l*x/z6s kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/k7 .9xgu:cgmm) dafh m1v/zb7 ng, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kx)g m:hz 77/1. mfn9a cvubgdmg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of c2j y;y4 sazm4poncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is2mkiwa151 dmf twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The511w fdam2imk rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions k3a dp2v 0u nm5i;iy8vof 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatuip0n u; ky25v vdaim83re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside txk81+ud d f+qr.ogdx1 empe.dd u11xf+x 8r dqo+gkrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will fle.c(uskysd q+d 8n,)ek -h2puow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (,.)8 hsk dud see+qk(-n cpu2y$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to ,ldc.7tn vv43mr6lazfwa * .btransfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is bigk85yl*a l.pt:(:zcraqlw0 l -,dblost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used f2sjdazkya yyii,-yo4(oem5* pl/ 2l9or refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power eiaya 24me(*-o l/jsk2yo 5l, 9pyd iyzmitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human b5n nrj vj0.qjxfoo d662s-w0kody radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inss;bq aefl3 6v ohr4:;iide a solar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.