Which of the following(c.r* ,yrowh1 ;gddc* 6dmv ,qfab9ip is the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat neces9 z3hu ji.w4ztsary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individu3 x+niflxp7f.5 v qnyb4 - qzwtp*p6d84jer:gal molecules is referred toq 5yz 6x4dp fn ri .elnpt-q+4jbxp3 g:v7*wf8 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the tes9boqc91 .a/vhw i;dl(j kas8 mperature T qs9jbkoas1/;h v89 (icawl.d and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas fw r*ly ghog04 yhsqv,v;dyu8)6.7vk5 r rn5udepends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is h(/r:h3c:s v4 b 9kwcsvy-xqhv alf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the ini4 k9ch-swq:h/:vv ys3r vx(bctial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with interna8 5qt qnxay1y:t6m. 0kthcm ;il energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperat kkb7sg1.l yi-s(o oo1ures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water*hrpdo)rz8 j+ .knq, o has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses ,ojn)korq*z+hrpd 8 .of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alumin8c 0v dg3 asy; ib82pj8scy8tk :ycwr(um and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal conta cts;dj0ib2 kspvacrg8:wcyy 3(8y88 ct. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state8 v9((vgmpmh27j x +(exnzpeo is refe( nepzpvh8 x mxjmo2v97eg+((rred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from th2 tt7.dpf/a kf/hh1-n gtf9/aupxpb2 e liquid to the vapor state is referred to as19fptak/. / gu d-t/hh7 2ptx pnaff2b the

  If heat is added to a pure substance a7nw f wo aei;/rnq-lq 5hjf)tb0 44ts:t a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesi2z7b yb) b phr4/sp/xrwf9r*

  When a liquid evaporlc 6c2 ;m7x+jgkcye r ,d69/ttndcu:jates

  When a vapor condensesga,6bvmo/i 6aw sr33 c

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into wateolawxa3 s6k .ui7:7nxchm (/cr droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clou7: o6ws xc 3xlc/mkaa u.hi(n7ds to

  Turning up the flame ab ao-lug k-a*.9s5x gz x3qo.0x wcy5under a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water vk w1em,zy3+*j.uw z bd2q0ehat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is referred kkaejw -6ptww x7t4n,f49w 5 vto aewtwn4 w4tkwk56j- va 9, p7fxs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot wsszwv3idpbp3n4k8 8, 1t loz* hen the other end is placedsto,3 n8b1 iwz8szpp*4l kv d3 in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to2,l8v bcoo 4wv the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physi, oolcv2b 8vw4cal property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from bb/cpdk-sy3d jxtbg3d8 b*0-a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thd 33/s bxy- bdtcbp-*kbdg08jickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a a,cet/gz30+cu0 ir je l. ua8xlayer of anoth,.a +r8ce3c exzjltgu0/ uia0er material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one plac qjsjzyk oi0 t+ttr0r7n 6 x26r/)x6gwe to another is referred to at +0wj 7i2606x txr6nt/g)rzjy os qrks

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of waterjblxaz b148-ly.khd2 heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurrd 1h2u ypomuah- tl/+2b2o6h

  Which of the following best explains 12h9nbrob cy; t4hef-why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitabyb nc;f92o4tb -1 rhehle body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where thetr0gtm 7d r:er/+n3yo acceleration of gravity is essentiall y0retgdr7 +:r m/3noty zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from t g/mceot,*i7kl k u,o0he same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the largi,mt,0/gl e*koo7kucer house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is dqj. uks/ta5 t)oubled, by what factor does the radiating power cha. t/kt uas5j)qnge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of as1- :2,;q 6w:vr ux zoemiyfonny medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm s 6+-8tuok7*wylpsezc 4a1 do the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how much heat+l e9rf rd7o4o*6 u*brpky6l.ajfzd;9 /aezu ?

  16.5 kcal of heat is e2umyn jnd/3c;5p y:lmquivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raisel*gk/zdtfi4-cjm;* y 9;h swp the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0+:tlakmcoz ln 8z(h +hls) s67 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature changt+kclms67 hha:n)sl z8lz+(o e?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum bloc3 )srr0n i)dqok is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the rlvfnw ; u*8j:temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of wen 6xjp c;b 5xhnlf94/ater at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of ogv/ k;h3e,6pl 9b s7azx(tl kiron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperao a,9hk3segtlblvp7k(/z x 6;ture increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated3jf16if9o tvv w 8cpmzy7z5n5 to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cojk l4/b nsdb0m5,w7 b vyk+,yb*p8i yepper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at 2,7v t)fzz ykx lj0el36t)eji $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system thatt w9/z0qfd wf2:wp yo* is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One objecqdf y20w9z*fow /t:wpt has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships betyg9f1 4rfcu2 mween various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect furyf219cm4gf or a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distj .emp1i ni4 z(p2m,itance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is zmipi (n. 24mj,i1petconverted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, ho8m-cpz6h r vq8w long would it take to heat water in thic8v q6p-rz mh8s tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How lw6d )l+, zuj6g1doono.h)f ekong will it take to heat 20 kg of wate )oo ,d6u)gkonhl+ewd.1f6jzr from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g, )xe.wd*)n q-zn 4 vi yvi,-blp$c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific b8rwiu9 eatlh25gj;g7*qp w4 heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam tt6fo 5 i7i.meso change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is rekd0e fq wxvj;z5ol 8- cdx7z/bh(44roquired to melt 200 g of ic7wvzkfdqorl ; 4jdxh8/ cbzx-e50 o4(e?

  How much heat energy is+j/ijtsri 2t1ne 1y pl gr,0(s needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g off.d- dp 08tw,sr4k gwy $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 gk.ore cr-c9 d/ y5mtae)n(h2 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of waterarz4n 2yn 4q-x initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water azewkf94+m :nn t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy i l-;*yq8dq z3a,uiby us needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change i.v1 qei8gj lt-n+c0aone gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to ccz1g l z.uqt 2,tm3.fxhange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of 57euvkc dpun )vdr6 e0my101; fwa fi:hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcaw1oh1b ejzugt i m74iut*/;t6l/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcazu1we b71ttj/h*mg4 o6t ;i iul/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivityzuhiu;lnb c0l 6u*y 1h2 n9x8y of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one alumdjgli(nvjj+ m.3 iq- 8inum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rodsql-i id.n +v83 gj(mjj are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by)e94)zw zpq m(jn7ir l 1.5 m. If the outside temwnq 97riem)j z)z4l(pperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has d6 z82ea7ek um6x :frssimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempeezxkus a fe662:sm87rrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section cs8v. x:g 0w ,xgmrbl:of concrete ( .ws l 80xvmg:b,rgx:c$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 c6l q- hbe3h)hpss 8c+a: eugw-al of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kca,yv6dn(p p fk)8mqvw -l of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is me o/1f fn6cp8wonitored by measuring the rado/f8e1n p w6fciant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy whens+1t,*yr3b :zmlkb( zbqf n f0 it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effectnhezj-1e ;n1gsh i/2.uz u bm2ive collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.