Which of the following is the smatk,pb: 89j)uop 7ak7ekyvq ;vllest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gra. rpkngor/w4,m of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred gfpl,1un 13o. wcl;g 8qu.ot eto1u.gufg,1ool;nw ep 3q .clt8 as

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of w:v 5p2c jyq9im.+ko iiater. Compare the temperature T and the inter: mivpjq9i. ck+io5y 2nal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depe (s ff0eg4dl7hnds on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the inil:h 6 ;45pyzhos(zjlr tial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internalzz( y j;rhp4ol6l5s: h energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal qej qkw98-cl60go)f a*0 thqaenergy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary1rj2hutoe:4 a drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacit7u1 n/b9pv6xz0 kpjkw t-5qc raqhi--y than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, ipprakvz0b6 i5-- /tq jucxqwh7- 9k n1s added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system i*2r(bwwbmgz jl+i(q8 2 z cu(ws made up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is mor(b2r*lmw( 2qjwc8 z +buz i(wge than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state isy: /l:dnm8w yy referred t:d:ylw ym n8/yo as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vaporz8wrf+:z dy3ki ugz50 state is refer3zuik8 yzwz5d0f+g:rred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steadyd n/:5- q;hwmsz ys 57jn6t rbwb7;pmu rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezexgs 8-npo-t)jgif*p60 pw;f ts

  When a liquid evaporateswma pxb+.+ bx:

  When a vapor condenseuud1*7 3p nzhls

  In a cloud formation, water vapor cond;c1 9t.o/fehd ade(a oenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rain9d ht;o.f/1 e(oa ecdas. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of w0.z6v topayx vtx0 uw0u9h8 .boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water 9;5*n/ ,tu)- o2jq6q xewbgl q vexkwfat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flw5/ ynbsky1* lows by means of molecular collisions is referred to as5yb ly*w/s n1k

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does ouxe(v* 6l l*gfum -c9xne end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is plac-9eg v6 l*ux(* mlcfuxed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a qan-:08cs ty xpiece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical property?0xcs-y8t an: q

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous mater 43brwna* 1at;6rdxm sial, the rate of heb1r;63narsdxmt4 a* wat loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conducd vb,jyu3 c7+m7f1n2k 6dm gmetivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have e7m1mu6+fe,n kcm2jd g7 y dv3bqual thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of mom:ww37zck; 2 kqb.agllecules from one place to another is referred t3gcz2;klq w wb7am:.ko as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of watex3c,eesthl.jmg 6a +9r heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurv4gsvy;ia9/xuo lm 83

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important toblj1rc c)+e h: humans in maintaining slh:r+)cjec b1uitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environmeo.aa ig0wclo2.nu1q 4jhi-b6 nt where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is trui6ca1b- .gol4.aou j0iq2hnw e about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built fromz s3q6dcttbu3zx wm 2: yxauw4q8w646 the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, wiq3 64uz mb2stqy3cz84ax6x6:wwt u dwdth, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temp*k h:+ujwk hy-goggta v)m g*c*p, k0-erature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating powe y+,khpvtcuakgkgg j*:*m -h )-ogw0*r change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence *(4 jmqusk7lympzuf i:x3t*dgt68 t9of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the S6 ;fjf,ew4gk.om9g *uq ap np;un warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalen,wtsgov;qaj02 e5q g6ojux1 1t to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how6(2zhny9l iue much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperaturerr (-rp(;nayordg + p+ of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added tx02ky7msm; h7kv9r ovfrei )1 c8ugjw*8 ew*do 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature i8h*rowu7 d 9r)ykwev7c1x0m2f v;g ekj*ms8change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origi9 rv/w.aqbsj,/dhb+qe/h vx8nally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg b2 0iv s(,4eufcefzc9of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat d 7 . e-rr6 sb1gzp1ha8dstqwsn000ix up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.1, .wwdt2p,cd(q+jp f b0 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperwd.j,qtd(w b+p,pcf2 ature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal 1;mfm: px 1 1gxdoro x2/(xmcfis heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initx0u.n;.vf( 8xhzkyb wially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at o0)b z;zmkg x9:xcsgc )c((pf$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated f* 0*me)oc0,wdhirm,wwhev(f rom its surroundings. One object hasw mir*vw 0dho(c)e*,efmh w0, an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attemu ;0av;,:l5qqbds lrxpted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature riseq0 , buvqa5;lxl :rs;d would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 mhjh cd/lp3*vwgaw4 o7sf 21(z. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted 2*g71dszl( ja hwfw3h/c 4opvto thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uj5vf/uf5di v7y w- tm(ses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to he( d/7u fj-55 tmiyvfwvat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used4eip 7ex 5dn:n to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water frn: 57pi4ednx eom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (m7eppul moc;m0o1+ r4sass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife vef6 wv22qfaqz)6q8hblade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it to liquid.ch+ej(kk06hy /zh dn?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of b qgf+(o kku+l(2gd5e80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melu lf+k5+ (kqogeb2g d(t 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy i pa: h+uallk( 5oys-4fs needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed froo5.v7,que5q3vqll g qm 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of r2e8- myjs4mjy 3ri ,wice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of watern0n +.qjp py)yq *kgff3*sj(e initially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water anp0qr+; u4et/wis1 ckt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy 7+hzty 6lihe9 is needed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change ml5hub)m0fvgm6p a:,g h; ou9 one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requ :a3s7nbofja/ej*ejn );i x; sired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding jw0j 187a8df1d 5s:vdgmavvq ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of le h 5u,n;bxa)myad is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, a; yh5n mx)b,aund its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of co245puwh dosi) ncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conducti7q gddsj1q )wl/xu df 9*2sz3qvity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together endg/)szwdx sd 2dq*l j9qf u371q to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm th-*zbx:g mf6zjy9 hqg) ick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempegh9jfq y z*z-b): gm6xrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m bysvjd -5fk + xtg/n;rr3 1.5 m. If the outside temperature i t5+rnx-3d/v gsj;krf s $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of0mznws **m r5 ng0 6ft /8bjo2h9oxccb concrete m*9fs/mb08n *0z ox2g n 5ht wrjbc6co($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of,rjtjf+n;uf/7 (2dmhf4dj ah heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 400/g wtddi ttz670 zc. ;5j8vlxt0 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature8t p 7dtqueo,3 is monitored by measurite3pou,8d 7qt ng the radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body rar8 c7-hc.ca y5bs9cuudiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection area9lc r,t + xji1l2g: tq,1pvroo of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.