Which of the following e2vfyav,r w) yyg: ::jis the smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to rai.. 3irmhdu+ lmse the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the averagej7-)edq b4p lgjh(.fc kinetic energy of individual molecules is referred to a4)jfbqj. dlhg7 c e-(ps

  A cup of water is scooped up fr * ; q 9;ttc/rakp-,etciwchh6om a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in i,twr chp ;t tqhea- c*/96k;cboth the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideu)h jb eev.l78al gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the initi0i0zl8 6z nllqal volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature l q0z0zl6 8inlconstant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energij8 k+ c:re3rjb aj+6q)e4 blgy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically ivoj cbd2x6mjmq4)e p(rcz2 yzv4* s2.s that

  It is a well-known f (gtngc( 4wf,)9. (gfaibuj ipact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amgigp a(.(c9w( j ) nbfgiuft4,ount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is ms . ;b(yc4xuk. gg s-(yu7mkziade up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in therma((.;y b4i uggskc .mukys-7xzl contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a suby;mqd 0cj5y ;cstance from the solid to the liquid state is ref;dcy50mcyj; qerred to as the

  The heat required to change 8-79hp ncfzyrv8s hvbeo3 ; 9qa substance from the liquid to the vapor state is refe-qz vr8fv;97ob pc3n h 89syehrred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substancef b/) a ;psslhdt nsz 2e.,z-.it)5iwu at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesg9fjj. ixg+p9 z+ec1s

  When a liquid evaporal8xbv2*e8gqnc :(:p y2sf coiqrh 4;k tes

  When a vapor condensesmdg8 67 oa dilaxk-*xp.5i7,brl zw6k

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which xz*:q 5ki snx9ztk3,hdv4pz )j h/.obget bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cauq bs pkx:.th4n/kozx5*v,)z3 id9z hjse the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boil- gr(7wii)f)e zfy3 zdc2.i aiing water causes

  Equal masses of water at2 r3rmea3lm/ f+h .xem $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is rz9ebf - xh(tvx; : ebhsvx)l *+/ygdikw)5m0jeferred to astd*fbb9;z/ evxgjv)hsei( -ywx0m l+ 5hkx):

  By what primary heat taxmxv,:u: 59 8mw molhransfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed uvxm9:ax o 85hm :w,mlin a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the7wgf/5k9j:pl r( mcn0bej s 9z touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the followp9c/5: 0k9m7( jb rljewsfg nzing physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall v *o21n6dx:z)aiwx i ybuilt from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature zyw*n):aix od1vi x26 difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed cr:74 0kux8 tfzyfu1jon a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective therk:87fx4jytf r ucuz01mal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement ofv9 ml5q7 /wi() mt-ngy0f bpndw/1nol molecules from one place to anothe/1 t lfli(7d/oy0 5-nmvnp q)nbwg m9wr is referred to as

  By what primary heat tran7x po;08s f l7vm5amsysfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur.5v e yvue cuyjz5v9yn726 ll4

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is importanku-q8iayj48 d t to humans in maintaining suitable body temperature8yikua-qjd 84 ?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment wm. ;5hvivm-j hhere the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of th v;mm i5j.v-hhe cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from1l 9/xg sy3rbb the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to th1sr b y3bx9l/ge small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temp gxt1f *noy*-n p;u:fw3 o;ul tymp:8ierature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radi no3*uwx8yf1;-pt::tf *nly i;gup omating power change?

  The process whereby heat flows hhu i 7vhzl6io3p3s-wb e+63ein the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism ddv:9yjrp d ugd,uy33. oes the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to howm fjft7 029 )zfstw6ed much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equiva xaozk: faxg4+20w)bulent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g o8 v)4ozbuwg.;1a as ugf lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the rfph;7cb. y4w mj4d,,k j*dpmtmpu08j esulting temperature cha,tw,h 0;.cup f4d7mjdm j4 *jky pmp8bnge?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block fr zx8 f+m(rpc6-u*zwis originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperaturekjr9.lp9rlz ky*0xt * of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5ii4*-rlmz(y v .0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kujb,y :nar*eiviz8- i3gc6 6ug of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if the temperature increases i3 8r66ui*,ev:niyug bzcj-aby $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of z8 tyqme9+qf 4e e8ap6metal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, ine0uv -kchoi:6 itially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at dp,0 g(6z*q gxfgk-pg$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a syszn8tqop owc n*/ds(. 8j,ujj*ib *7i btem that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One odwn ujj.p7* ( os8/,bbjoniizt *qc8*bject has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, Jameq,gyi/ )f8yb,t:vz z ys Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energyz, 8b/)y:vifyt,q zgy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara g- /+lxla,cxs 5)pincFalls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is )cixnlxa,c/ s-+ 5 gplconverted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, howz:ibw7i9d8 jn9 .pb hp long would it take to heat wateii98p b7zn wb.9:jhp dr in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will ilij(:0x-hwg;mem x,+ne7akx t take to heat 20 kg of water fromaxxi l;+- 0m7 mxehwge,kn( j: $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1m wcvee w*j (kbdr muaz7;w3:;xp; b73000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific hpd5-,ssy7 sm:h inig +eat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from stea)md2600 mp3l zt.w fxdfbpgg )m to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required e0ypwy;mag 4 +to melt 200ame ;+0p4yy gw g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ices8./us-h fiq p at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs ,kru+jer 2 na y,42ket+fk o4dto be removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 grh90;zzh/uk i of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially avrmm: ix* j)xapoq(bn-8kw.9. a1j mv/p /pkkt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water avcu z-xsjt6.a)+6c ts on*e6 f lct(z1t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of wa ba a+c4cpm4hk,. esf8ter at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram os0 i-sbvb9m k n7up-h(f $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g ofqa;vj.qtrv) h .km9ik:z 3 v1c $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tec ,ed (ph,/d(ybhg s 0yhf:hn:a, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and thwhmh)hd jcd+ j3ny(c:f,*g o:e heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting p:o(hf jj+ 3:*gd,nm whcdy)hcoint is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivitfhpr6 gam6jzncp 552bzq b. 71y of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two l86mri nh17l/wh rc)trods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined tlw 1c m8h)th7/irl n6rogether end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outsvl y2,24ae1 0 qr7snxncatu e.2qf f;jide temperature is1;0vt e.q22ual7r,xn4 ysaj2n ffeq c $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0ax(7j bhzto4p/.0ubk m by 1.5 m. If the outside temj0. x/bbzau(po th4 7kperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 oa ,t -s(wzyn lzgv9g6n5;.num section of concrete un tzs-w( a gov6yz;n ,.g5l9n($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to trantep22eg 3nhu f d7l-c,b p(r9ksfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature vvh ac1m v8dj muu)vu y9jb p*auk7z36); r:a6if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is monitoreuz qy9ba hq 3otz5z6:9d by measuring t9o atzbz9 yqzh3q65:uhe radiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating eb .lqd2f//e,fja; mdwnergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective colleczaht9- s-k2+zpm) vd vtion area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.