Which of the following is the smallest unit of heat energ5 4ywbm0a+jx.kuk(zxc mei - 1y?

  The amount of heat necessary t:2kp6) yz4 n)z t h)4 g4qxbpnf6jfldpo raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kineti3 p0 4zna5f -ncogqu.1c dbgq6sto; m6 ;8txtxc energy of individual molecules is referred to asx103mo f6bq xzta86tnc;q-ds; t uo.4gcn5 gp

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of watz10i/ele3n;myu gb *ver. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of th*u0i/ vz3b ;elgny me1e water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas de +zl 3:i m4fdz9 j-k,wvgt kyk*bfg2bb0wfp78pends on

  An ideal gas at STP is firvvvg3i r 5aah6wa6 mu5bnn9p86u gv:5nw* )ui st compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and wm*vgv5igrp 6n38au :bvnvi)wu a5a966unh 5 then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with intern 80y4k:+m2hqipv9 5scigfty1-nsd pnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do s/2 r4z5zn1. t:6i0 fygjim1g xfnz rknot vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a hig/3bj3j x pg0eqahtd: :her specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equg3/xa hjj3:qd: pt b0eilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is madebyol7 bs(why-e.; 52c pgr99.ya ktuc up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacit 9pr .-2cscewbk. h7 yu;(t ogy59bayly of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is r9h1ii py , yxjpe-c,4meferred t, ppcymi,j4i h9xe- y1o as the

  The heat required to change a substrt3xpdc1i-a+ u5 q,kfb1n x*x ance from the liquid to the vapor state is req akbf x,rp+ctxud3in1- *1x 5ferred to as the

  If heat is added to a pkhf2 zjxlk4;d ;7epc4ure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezes2e178 +qv xm5muz8msza ym; xk

  When a liquid evaporatess9o:bh--werbe b e0j e-3vocn3m n,.epd g3i9

  When a vapor condense*t.3b b hywms 4h82gycar5b- ls

  In a cloud formation, water vap jip s6d; r(vqi j3o7n(kwha9)or condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it;7 j) s6hd(kin3(9rpaovq jwi rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water car gdmx lvs4 ;7cn2:p5zuses

  Equal masses of water at )(t q cmoec r+5(,i divqle t83nf2qe.$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flop egb+*y02k 5gcw6bq5)vwrqb ws by means of molecular collisions is referred to a+c0kbvbq e5 pw*q5 2)gbrwg 6ys

  By what primary heat transfer mechaaf nw(jnq+r6:deu02v nism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a flanaw+drqu vf6(j: e n02me?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touc.5kck d0(a j:vwp */mq.nj -tlkscho3h than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical propklmjs- .qk05n c(wdco3khta *:p/ .vjerty?

  If you double the thicohx /7uepp )zti1g0,2 5k0kgja v+rvwkness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference acrosr0zp5,vwu v7kto0a i/j ke1gx+) 2gphs the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material wit)p+ eb-t5tjarh thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers +jr -be )5aptthave equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of mo 1palxp1gxw0 9lecules from one place to another isgx xwp1l09a1p referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer7hds 8v e;c:fi mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur n8cu)s.e0xb e

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to hhw;p0e b*-k u04rix nmr9.m 0qiidwpu es:,r;umans in maintaining sr,r 0pp*wm0iixb9 hr .kued-;ems : ;4wnq 0uiuitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment whe2./9 u2hqtnxm: aceqqre the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the c /eqq qu9cthn2: 2.maxabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectanguy/rva+.+gjnv u:lsi. n+ i r-xlar houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of + n.gr.s+ux/vv:ayln+ii r-j the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does th*x h63 v:f *vegas0 olz+1igfwe radiating power change?03+x6 lo fw vhefv:*aiz1sg*g

  The process whereby heat flows in the abseb.8u 1/ysple(4qb3 73wm sjl (vkkkpbnce of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanise .zbe*dy e: nhugo.jh-0r +y0m does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equival f-h 1:ar+wxkdent to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equiva,ejb tdl+t9 ls;4yvg( lent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature zshyze( f/),o of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resul pw em6i-l/ .(e1:/ezvorbfo tting temperature chang/ p(omfl/rt6ve.1e e o: zi-wbe?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is originally ,s8(ijy* azj 0fo u,xu47byuhat $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg or2u fzppvb2)1 f material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L 95)trc0 uawbka6y.y/ asg5fzkk t4n:of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kci pc-vrvd*6*n.c- fp g of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if t*iv6pr.dn f c-*-vcp che temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heateseqixt3d;xd i 8m5 1u-d to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initiallbh y*3-fh9abc y at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at fo 3:wk*dby7daclf ,($100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from i,e-c6h0 trq/rs2feu d ts surroundings. One object has an initial temperature orq 0sher2etf6,- ucd/f $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore cnmg2lih4 m-ih 9ae yrz+(23e4dks9 zthe relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise 22l9 y ece4nghm z k(-a43mr+hisdiz9of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assu /lsm99 gfq.cfming that all the gravitational energy is convert/qf9.s9 mglcfed to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. e9o-31df*kt 1;7nysqrz xej oAssuming no heat loss, how long would it take to11 jk ;to-3zefe9 qs*yr7xod n heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat watdbkr+bs lqjr73cm-9dsm3m : 4er. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of waterm+klqd3d 3sms-br94 :c brmj7 from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 g,vlvv8 -54vbu 7ctk( hc $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific hea0 odzr:h dk.wa g)9t1wt = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed 2curo 4,s51lt ink)s q-f3 hyifrom steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much hea7 bc8crkfo6k) t is required to melt 200 g of ic k8bc c67)rkofe?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of u.30tcv h*1g, uuzt4ds t0slvice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 1y uew lq (hk 8o+e,,maw3ugf/3z5yk.tb3, hnz00 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is +/1g; v yk*zfm/bh )9uwpriqq80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initiallyp3e(82xhc mn 9;t fgvy at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water a;stbe xs i)q;.t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to chana.mzq.t- c7kq ge 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one grampx-8em*x wd cf:.dv8wm4rkk . of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change nmz 9) 2+q*ek,ngd0c)de abav100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg czu61jq3eph g f1ul:6of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heotfd5qb 8x :1fat of vaporization is 207 kcx b:fdo1 ft5q8al/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete iso0gni7 jc. 98 dbukqx0 $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminumi1 h0b 5w 5pj:ql+lgua is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the othpq+ bgu5051ajlwh: il er brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0hp)uroq;d-s ) m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature issdp;orq))-u h $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tr 0ln7qw4 cm+pemperaturcq4r+l07 pmn we is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of conc28 jcpfvvs 6qyh +31fy99 ckcbrete (16kc fcf2yqc yb8hj3 +99vvsp$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 113z+vgrdbj xb+nzv j3 *2.i jk,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature,pckm njq;38rqcbj+ ) if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, thed07lck x ssh45*f+hg v temperature is monitored by measuring the radia4dx*57l gf+0ksh c vshnt power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating e;+)nz(nm) a pkj(rn lbgo+ito3t75o.ztr2rd nergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (e(3/k-cjr-lx l*, ywagik,k rhffective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.