Which of the following is the slu v.;fjgx); s1ct;q cmallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of t7uiad41 cs1di 4pxph2t n.ve+4lkb( 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual71gr,hf zkddx +1q (f ji3bdp8 molecules is referred to arqb dd8 1 h3(+jg1i7,fzfdp kxs

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare tnbs2: 4w+ ce4 g9hpngfhe temperature T and the internal en psnw9bhn g 44:+ec2gfergy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependzb j w.2o sz6(l0 b*-lxvapjm-s on

  An ideal gas at STP is first comp;i4x0kb 9( 5cinsxusnressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it i sx bn(5x9sinci0k;u4s allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internp+ tc9+howu9eb gq*s8al energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticb ;ry2 wvgdo9i+c nt4*ally is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than t0gl:;0usmo b1hsk- 4o oaby 3iron. 0osu0t;ob ykmb-o34 g1: sha lNow, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of wx6ds24t.uix4 kglh+ a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the grt46 ug i2s.kxhl4dw x+eater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liqui vencys5 lh5.*he( v-bd state is refe*h.v ec5(n5l- ebs yhvrred to as the

  The heat required to change a substance 0hh,dr :j oin/q*g gv n/5by2yfrom the liquid to the vapor state is referred to as t0/*52hyg ,/rbv yijhg nq do:nhe

  If heat is added to a purfe+ 9 2dux-3hi q-i4 h4a9uqa)v lihtze substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesl7 pbtfo/f/0 j

  When a liquid evaporaw)vg:1 6z 7vk j-kayt,4 cabbctes

  When a vapor condensesau2r azq3--(hltfv 3m

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water droplets which get biggecqoukiub6s u q86mt 740 x/(yqr and bigger until it rains. This will cause them6b/6 yq 7tkx0 uuo8u(qqcis4 temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a gklj *r 0:kh wvc82mw)pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of wateo an-hw+ve46 ugtjxub, nrlzo,(k/ -u )2m v.br at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions isux21e hr3 q dh5srbe (6l+7dkmuh0kjd9q5 l1j referred to auej d ll(hj1+r2 6d0ke5kx9hrqs15hd q3 bu7ms

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar becomee.y+) 0h:1pw-b qm/t ok*zoosyr h *jw hot when the other end is placed in a 1/* qzoo j ysywpet*k:rbwom 0h.)h+-flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much coxe),1lzoz t0:,e 1dmqjbfz j 7lder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following physical :ez 1xl,ofq7 etdj ,zj1)b z0mproperty?

  If you double the thickness of a wall builnyiuhwxgi516+ l1 z)4s klx7j t from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature di+ g7u1wiz1x5 6j kni )yxl4lshfference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is pl y s,o(vk4w gm2g:pnn0aced on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. Wsv4(wm:o ,y p 0g2kngnhat is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by thf:3isrebww 8 s d+-r zix,1,fne mass movement of molecules from one place to another is refer:1+r w ni,-,f zwr3edxf8ssib red to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on aowjechjoo 1( bu(ox2f521o ):d b yrl6 stove?

  Convection can occurfl,mk( 32 hwzfow;nx5

  Which of the following bi3wwyi7 r tccr/px ,)1est explains why sweating is important to humans in maint c i,wr)wtr3pxyic71/aining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an envirqkv1c htla1e7:6vu wf4) wwx7onment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of tev7wc1x f6kq: 74a1 t)wlu hvwhe cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring res 89m8 v rpjtwyl*:mp93uxf; ectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared tvr;xsmwfp *: 8peu9mlj3 8y9to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperaturayg1ie1:h ) jse of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the radiating power change1eaj yi1)hgs :?

  The process whereby heat ori f9n,x(0yxo-h:6c(tyi taflows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer 5oeu0x)c-zh7ui) 5rju n):t +yj baoomechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to howyti dsd z9s+4/ is)kcy9+vh1n much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is.ig vi- uqg3r2n,kumf (5:xtx equivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100 g o,jsl5vq;1ffki+ g9 :zkm5eus cdd: :hf lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of wat::3c , lrzz llvhsz9*uer, what is the resulting temperature ccz uvh 9lz: :*rl,3zslhange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origin:rst vnx:m/ g-ally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of materit z wd(a,nb*ka3. ch6fal by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her )x7r;me e sc9,p lgj,wbath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consis t 2-,u xrf(93jke1otti yso:hts of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to thju2 if r x-hto1eyk9 ot3(,t:se gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is 0ztyhqcd k; /(heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of cg,x ;7*d5q pgq n9zgafopper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at shc6 ,m 7mcoh4 x-ac.e kdrt2/$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermallkoxo*x : /yk3ny isolated from its surroundings.:ookyk3* xxn/ One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore 42v;dtdu; j te0ke s5othe relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 2 ;t54desut;0odje kv20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Fallcv9 33ntzlbzs7avv,,5 9jlqu s drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is convertedqj9 3z7 9bvvtnzl,u,vc s3a5l to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long wou-v i:yfod9rbvig / f8sx//k(jld it take to/vvk8-9 / bof:ri s fij(d/xgy heat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take tg9+u5 hu1 towb)j:cg jo heat 20 kg of water frotuc wjo+gub1 : 5h)9gjm $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1.f5jfsa6e c x3000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blqn)*2fma 1(oj dca9n vade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from stb48k)g6d1b wgvb* p caeam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How mu56 g.x9x6r 2lltnxxdgch heat is required to meltxxglx6l9gx t.62rn d5 200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to chnx5lmn0sn( h: hdi)fgv b b,0ea(pf3 -ange 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100zc5zn (u0gos ; g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50ntx*+cj 0 /ea/k h3(ixgary6gc0tso7 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially x+e pt0.9qyeyat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at z tdcf -)*yanr* (w9+ wvfy6dn$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 1xjrd)w*vp*oy4/ptt4 0 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram of /toprtggt w /fnl/3+($0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requa 9rs ot0 -ykmxut*n37ired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot te,.qxy erof5a,0yd rc;a, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of leamy c5)7tv ev4sd is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg745c s y)vtvme, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of conlkb 41i7:ug uncrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivitssrm6w)xk2 t5bmb5r 7y of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excel5ks75 r6 m 2)tsxbbwrmlent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. 1zo2yw:gjv g,cgu/-g If the outside tempe vjwgu :yzog-g1/,g2crature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has di(tapsm3( eri 7mensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temper( p e73imrsta(ature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of cgal-pir.om 505oum/concrete - c5mp5/gl armi.o o0u($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a c5t-dhuy ykyw*) x, ugp: st5.$2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through (-u,wews vv* fa $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperature is mxk/ttx1q6h e /onitored by measuring the radh/kq x1xt6e /tiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiai/3oue f* 8obdld)th6 ting energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a sm/mi e ;mbvgk/-8r .*pd v:zonolar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.