Which of the following is the szl ygpjc2ke86hx1-b2( bxc- is -9 wazmallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary toewj8+::e8jm bk7q zkk raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules i8 reek:mnq5*ts referred to aeetq *5:mrn k8s

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. cgbdl*.1 byf .(yh 0bb Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimgy(y*.bdbb 1.cl0bh fming pool.

  The internal energy of an idea45i577nb dof(sxt eq*w t.f cal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is firsry*wl5*uxkc**vc0 b j t compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the t0yjc*l * cr k*v*xu5wbemperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energyp mn.m;c e/ir) U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vqu d-0ovk2q29q c*lqiary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water 0+qitt4xvn; )c zjo 4fhas a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibri4z;it)xt vn0q co+fj4um. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made 1o:da4v x1a hgup of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Whiad:1ho x1v4agch object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chant(.9camq +0v+v qbau oge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred t q +cbtvvua9+(aq0o. mo as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor stat(jn,ecll h p. v3hg.f0k w8j)lki i;;oe is re;(kl c 0kjlwg.p.lfejh v) n8i3,i;ho ferred to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substaia6-umj(r bvoov,*r)n :tk motm .u1fzc g*5;nce at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezepbj(t;f4o/h 9 zf-g 2mz-bf8zsdto1w s

  When a liquid evaporatjew64-kxvwef/h:hwn lw (f +sc9 b6c) u n4h,xes

  When a vapor condensegl yykz/ d a)8b;+no,b9my)oc* o4bvgs

  In a cloud formation, water vytzt znkf/;29 apor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and biggert z;kt/92 nfzy until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of b7gh uyzu)goebrqb+ w95 :(j9 loiling water causes

  Equal masses of water we bu3z f-o41rf/os2vat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of mru skfxl6qw 9xn-4 +9qolecular collisions is referred to a9+l-xqr4f9x 6wn u qsks

  By what primary heat transf 7 hkywk)xl09her mechanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is placed in a f7khxwlkh09 y) lame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to theeq:5ea j- ovp: touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the following 5:p- eavj:oeq physical property?

  If you double the thickneoyeukzhy -)8xqyt 9e+ 1e2z w5ss of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the thicknyu 8e12 w5kohz xe )+9qyy-eztess will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivg5 ess6g)qs/ wity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. ssg56) gwqe s/The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules from one place v4j pp-4r6z 57mewdwy(hs) lpto another ir4we w5zm6yv4 (hpd ps )7j-pls referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water heated ro,n4 c. +rbdmon a stove?

  Convection can occurw:b5c+ad- lwn

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to humanm6-ywwflasfj d21 p 90s in maintayfpjl1 m2fw6d 90w- saining suitable body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in a7r2ux, dlg+b gwsean26dw,2i n environment where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection cubdg7usw2 2 +wgniel6ad,2rx, rrents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. O4n-ffqvhk u33.ho0jnd wv97 vne of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would neef9v.dh 3 n7hvoj0 k uf43w-qnvd heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what fawt87 rpe3bd i2wue1mc+4e -ductor does the radiating power chawu 7- 4w8 bdedeetp ru3ic12+mnge?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to a/adida. gxz/rb.4ltrn8, 2 j l-yui; us

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism doesh/ 8;jg+cc)gvda( k9r oxz) pl the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent tow 2/q)kkv ;61ls0g 8yp waiwak1.r vuo how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much/et3d/r0wamt p2nd6s )lr; 0pr4 ssz m work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the temperatu-. dcjlye:xi.0qsy jvj2.k* rre of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is ae:ojl+c b+fj3 dded to 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature j: elco+3+bjf change?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is origpt*wi*0 j+l4 jvss6jx inally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises 6 aghahum( xay:g..+d the temperature of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of wat2m)jbwrgrbji ei8f / h ,)o00qer at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists offmew9wz rnochxy.1( (y 1:7kn 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat is added to the gear if thoc: (7m1 ynhxzyerw.1w ( 9kfne temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated to 10u nhcxlm0n +$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially ))rfzm2j+gsj at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at ,6b5icu f)7gnnv o+tf$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a h -e r9gn0kt2yn hk,fb f1sgi2k96h8r system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an initial temperaturnt kgr692n-f8ishb9h0hy 1 rk fg k2,ee of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to exp/ley5ci49gq41 s 9staz7at qmlore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one e /i1qte5t49q 4a7gzmscl 9ysaxpect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distanceu-ebn nzp :u-/ of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature /p :-neu- uzbndoes the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how longpia6lk.i/7 te would it take to hea ktap/ili .7e6t water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to h:53b+u2 airjz j2tyaaeat water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of water fzj 2bi r2u53aa+ aytj:rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (lo c-,tzlzci jk;10a 8n a ojxr,0+,nrmass 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel kokaes p1/ht4) nife blade (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must b 5 7ekymw ,a1zr3,jp k6c5dzzye removed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcez p7o 8xxw+i)grt jsiw2;g8(al/kg. How much heat is required to melt jexs;(2wriig +)o g 8z p8t7wx200 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice a (hv.bb e6bd-st $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be re nmj2f p)fvye l o,t8.wp i*+;rnul:.jmoved from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 gq( v wre03m6okcal/kg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ini yo hcx:p*wp0(tially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atqq mb.bko uf00ar74w7 $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to czrcg02t -b,.ng:liw zff,9 v change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requirededr )x 1nss511;pdf l;la xa4; qvbonu.x2:xo to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is requa5,xmt8b2su g 3he zl/v+zjj2ired to change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot )crr6-/ mbo5oy9byor tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead i p.s 2)zwwm7nrql f ,qxi(;wsfvnv(-+s 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its ,vsf7xn);.pwsq l f(nw+ -vr2q(iwmzmelting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivit8vpn5iz+nawfgsq j .:e t 3lh8stc ;/:y of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of zmks(f;*g 4:hm q3efr aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined t3efkhzmq; 4sr* :g(mfogether end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of :zcgq /uus pc)w/g8z 33.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature isg u/zc/qspw3g z:8 c)u $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of o pj0t6wgpg)wrg6 x3wwbesk+ 45cx t6 a2;9pt 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperature px6tgtt wwp46e9gjc 256)k0rgxww bsa;op+ 3 is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2n:h6npi /sr 3 ds0xb*i.0 m section of concrete (*ix3 sphn0r n6:d/ibs $k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 calctjt lv9dx/ y(ho*2s (ou1q k7 of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost throughjg:ni :7o2c rbofiy3;m),b fz a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperatua) v2vi:5/nagy(pt 5 ,dols ia*k ion;re is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through:s*at(5da i i avyl;)pvog, 5on2n k/i a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiata l wo)rzg34 3qokk0;s lu:app 9+/qrving energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (eff,mpf3 y8do1oaective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.