Which of the following is the smalles0a *miio*nxf0 t unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by z0q1s *2 1ade.yq .d.ur qfjic$1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of ax1tz /87p-li)qgl r aindividual molecules is referred to asz87-r gap ql)ai1 l/tx

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming poo(n:dmp+ p p4dfl of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, i +mppfd(d p:n4n both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas depends on pop 9 ry8v75awgf8;kn

  An ideal gas at STP is first cmbttqkzbp; g. (kn ;57ompressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is Ukn . t7 q;;5gtpzbmbk(, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inte xx5t6*(1g77-qprvsx vg njrq rnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperaturchqr-cfxb* (ht27nz 0y0 :n rpes do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than i )t-oi(ic ofa akeb;-jt4j21w ron.w14;(fa- o-citkbj a )otiej2 Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made u(av sx3jjz24z ol 5zf;p of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are is 3ajxz z5(2zjl4f;von thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to chat 0l5kl1m le.8z:i+apab bug0nge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred t.+z aup ll0kmi 0518lebgab: to as the

  The heat required to change;t3 m onwx *5tt9q50o7 nonvyoa*2vvm a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is referrevv5w;2m yn35o7*nt*t 9omovn xa 0qtod to as the

  If heat is added to a pure substance at3,k1jw+gp wslrrvu ++ a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezebh03+6auen p 4bv xg.qs

  When a liquid evaporate slf13ysolw-if. 4ffzj6z bg568 e/i zs

  When a vapor condenserex sjpg./7(vs

  In a cloud formation, wa 6sz q94li+bbzk+. nhoter vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the tempqi.+h+ k zns94b6lobzerature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under,i-vz bnwe. 4l a pan of boiling water causes

  Equal masses of water at/vnh /4cb4h8. 1cafn-+p 2upfeagkwe+s,mng $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by m j qtyv9301ie)ijtr / qsv;yx3eans of molecular collisions is referred to aj 0;xiv3rj9y se)q1t y3tv/iqs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron km9dc ,j1xi/y9r cvz1bar become hot when the otxmj19z9rcvcyk/i 1, d her end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of vs9pj 1j6xw)**h9gevgzcd x 0metal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due c*h1)v ez6g9dpxv jsxj0g9*w to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thicy4z 1d)kccdt6 kness of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heatt 4 zdy1)ckc6d loss for a given temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating tv m4 npnj86wx+:xthy3 92wclmaterial with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K.8 +j:n6xhx3492t wpywcmtvn l The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecul e0(ef4j q6rv*+um rvces from one place to another isrm0 j64qr*f uc+evv(e referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a p l3ojiywfx-3-u.sw 5f8 p f,qiot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur2mrgga0jv5im 06uwc;mpag2 *kq 9*pe

  Which of the following best e b/ t9r hz)knesoo73ly 8/d2ydxplains why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitl)k7oz2/b3o n 8ey9hry dsdt/able body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environmzcr:(2aj spc :zo,47n8rsxo vent where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zer o278a o:ss4znrcz cjpv x:r(,o. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighborinmw4jw9 p,,mep g rectangular houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small,4jmp,pwe wm9 house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factoi u)*75mlw r o,z;mpxzr does the radiatinoul w ;i5x *mm)7z,rzpg power change?

  The process whereby heat fl5ajrs(h-k 0z6h hl,g sows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Su:t dje 4n(:iyen warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mu uwia/ /y+ .jod1dv9z z:f6omuch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how m +eq*c tx.+f cq01fnqvuch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise thehxn1uxk q118q)2u j iv temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0k or yin0lx7)t*z(8 pwly0y; a kg of water, what is the resulting temperature cx y*0i t(8 lp7lnzyr )o;wyka0hange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block-ydndi me:-ko lh: 5-c is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 fixz/qd d25oh3dc2a4p kj6 erw r4ohk(f;2u6kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 58rlwrx bo18 wb ;i5wp-.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper.5kw: vowdn* qlj-*re, How much heat is added to the gear if the temper 5- ok wne*wl:vjr*q,dature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heat7n- v/b0 1n n4dxzrjvaed to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of co3 3zgqmc+ lv9hi lb-xg .rbq72pper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material oa x6kyb:+4 se t31nyjat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated fromlj7reqmz8b33r9s b f e3jk 8f) its surroundings. One object has an inr q) j7ke fb38b38elrm s9f3jzitial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to expn g/ u0-myw-)vp.lc gllore the relationships between various fw c0/ynvl .-gpgl)-muorms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Amci7 c*:j8fvvzo9c9 kssuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature 78ozj 9vmivc fk:*9ccdoes the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater usesf/ihcddp -w v5/fwe;: 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water i dd;c/fvew:pf 5h/w -in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat wat7af ,6nyc )w;v.zyavmer. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of wawvz,yama).6n;y7 c vfter from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass/so. gx.f(c mk 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (speci9luj*xsb6 3ri fic heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to changejmvnpvf8bc etw:q38 1q/j ;c: it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of a.-tgv3:teti y. /kqzm :v0dh80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of 0mh3t k.y v:v q/ta.tegd:zi -ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 10 kg of ice at i);;4d-l fb u/pw rf: jdq k68v3tq5abw 5jkma$-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed f28x 1mt/wadn (dyxyohqttiab ,f6 57(rom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g of ice a y6rseg1:mu o.t $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initial uso6 j-cl u-(k/-kdq;j(jrr zly at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at (yfo6sa,sl96d vck:zt bta/.$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is new1z3undvix3 2x,8)l7qe7rf uxc w3 nz eded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one gram ul7 6y,bo-oszof $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to ce k8f,36 jume-iq/am;o.kc fmhange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg ybd :w3ie6xd5l9w)kp -bvc)n;q jrv-of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcht7i1)45wm;b j7y4mxlbr dle al/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its me1xmel7ih l7ybb)md4 t;j4w5 rlting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concrete is dg6tv,5y o42jfhw v ekb/3/wo$0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that9 aup.. 6rr( rqx)+ 7vodczstk of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and thc7o6.+raxp t v s(krrd. u9q)ze other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the 0ycrgv/1 kh.t outside tempe.htvc r yk0g/1rature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions ofg l2 q6t4pp r-jif:g,-o oerc: 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatur:lc, -i:tej q-f4 26og ppgrore is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1sfjq4e.s*9lrm.5vyh ,c l rz,.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete sl .4 fv5*9.cezjlhmr ,y qs,r($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,00p v jxxl2o*0g70,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost znqe1n0i be 7r ;qkj10lgj0t9z9+ y whthrough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining7gre nrz56 1gd steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole o errzgd gn6157f area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy wh9 rs-+ m6 fving 3z1a+,zlbnqven it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a souyfhef6 +.p f05z5siflar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.