Which of the following is the smab-bnc h5c g2(gllest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to rai/a2ao0(oz gkba41rv5 clw9zrse the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of i5s11w,hex xd cndividual molecules is referred to1w 5,h x1cedxs as

  A cup of water is scooped uxm;)cisq j nhaw1d5s69,a5x wp from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U ofnxj,ax96)h1 isma ;5sd5 qcww the water, in both the cup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an id59 +tl-vpgtzw6pt:h jeal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first comph.g ty/u2 k7vo,cpm;y ressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holgy7y./hck v tou;2, mpding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal ene;ol0wm sru (3xrgy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do no :7r ;r3/ifmqs 3t z8l 9enyxam7ijn1et vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water h.6w3sbrq zsdw(+y;zkas a higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The samsz3dw+6(zsy w .b;rqke amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece of alumo/n5,4mr u43qz- +kp zmndqcrinum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacitmkmc5-n+d3 nzo4 ruz,4qqr /p y of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required toj 6yg4i s jq/4;+e.y7d(apu1zs zzkb k change a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as (y.zy j a j1zbzpkske4 +qsi6d4gu/7; the

  The heat required to change a substance from the faot(i nw2f1wx h2y3* liquid to the vapor state is referred to as2 y1 ixh*wtnfof(32aw the

  If heat is added to a pure substance atblb 4ml7 yo/r;x1n0ct a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesvztio ro 7o;zct/(,z96mp4 vd

  When a liquid evaporatesh ar pa(l c8)+ oa1b17psi4fe.zbj,dn

  When a vapor condenses zgrxrce: :3e5-l*/ zaok1 chp

  In a cloud formation, water vapo*a.yk c+slwe ami7;9fxh2 w*wr condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the c*ykeah xi ;fam l.2w7*cws+w9louds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling watdq:c5o )f2u65 enhvd 1qthux5b4o:tm er causes

  Equal masses of water a624 b+yfo yn.x9opj oat $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flwiy5v olakn9 1c)s 0kiizk/(* ows by means of molecular collisions is referred to a ) n1kwyok*liz i0a5vcks(/i9s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does ab0i*s2gf: y uone end of an iron bar become hot when th2fy:b *gsiua0e other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a pieceb g 9rp x;1eo f6mz5shdv/0tl3 of wood. This is due to the difference i;v93 hzfx lrstpb 0 g56edo1m/n which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneous mp( p 5qt5tq2abzd8*vmdd32 m baterial, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference across the d q8zbb 32da(m2vpq*tm t5p5dthickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed ovcb x:o;y)k8u ;hn 3.hqkk;i wn a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The ly;q;h .b8ni )k :w3kc;uxhok vayers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass moveme00h z;8l .paqfw8pkfcnt of molecules from one place to another is referred to as w chkzaf0f;.p8ql8p0

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water hg u(oqy-ygl/ :f :vhymmwdm()*i1d )3njj,deeated on a stove?

  Convection can occur -2mugx:10giwcqu5stuw6: q y

  Which of the following best explains , c3sel5bk5v/6ereev mc:ek- why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suit3bsle e -5ckeeev,m/krv6c:5able body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleratio-t gfli fx8m96 rb9p3on of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the caimfxo 36-rt8fp9lbg9 bin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same materials. f rf* be g:tygmwc,9e76n 1/lh One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true aboutm/1ffl *gy9w7 ne6r,g: ethc b the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled,u-b4 mmkd7 aq7)1kyfa by what factor does the radiat7 d7)km ak1b qaymuf4-ing power change?

  The process whereby hf9(yz oq;8 el bnc0b8seat flows in the absence of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warju /ieqh 5* bhcec1i43m the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to how mu(pdr;p.ppd2hz2y44 d h kzzn)ch heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalentu pi29ahxb rexeqe/qb,(+ z4 ; to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to5 z6l w0er,viyd8:qv i raise the temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what :l dkc-+x- dseino22nis the resulting temperature ch co 2+el:ndknxs 2-i-dange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum blouy g4zrxxc/ke, v57p,ck is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material3 6+jw e. bbrgkr4j(laztv2v6b qpuup7o+2b 6 by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5mmzfo* j jcod:gn*6/;b w 2ubnqg4/s9.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper9ib gj+9/cy+dp 9nxe8feg5anf6j mt:. How much heat is addedbedy9+ pc/9 n5j9m gi jfeng8t+f:a6 x to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is he wu6zvl9y e8/wk 9x/i kbx98ynated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially az)u*s limda ./t $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material u2 )lnt/tby2(5/ 3smdzann utat $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermally isolated from ir24xh na)oxah,m3 m z( so)sw/ts surroundings. One object has an initial tempeho r2ahm3z)n,m) ax/owx 4ss (rature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted toqoa 2hhr7,6ica tpji(*fg6(+cqbg nfbh 75:w explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water o*a b p6gfcq7bq(t5 ihfwng7c2i: ar(6 j,hh+which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing overe f0iwxm /eu+; Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water w 0/f e;exuim+rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 k 6faw4r ho3(idsr,k8zW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in thih83 s awro 4kfrzi6(,ds tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heas3+jvzhxg lhh5*i e;2t water. How long will it take to heat 20 kg of watesihzg5vh*l ex+ 2 jh;3r from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 r(i (3 ajrl+p36ifigbg, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specifsw j:+vf-bsv+g stx, 6f3qnan3r 6:fric heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removeduewl, iju4-32 obb9h f from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat iu4tpdz1kbo0 tu:4k i,s required to melt 200 g op 4td10ktuo4kbz , iu:f ice?

  How much heat energy is needed to cha wtk1vin /q;1t(a mad7nge 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g ofs+e-*lmt4 e ma*m,p pg p 9gzny(lt,.q $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/9jq.s 8w.6 a0oc 9vd cctr--m dx8mbowkg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially ay k,8cw/wjq lp)w4f4it $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at+ e)o:4f ukg2h m/4lrhkou v,x $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change 1/pid. -ng+8pua *r+ k5jtausy0 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to changel zn +u bj:zfymbvrpw,8)*o72ja98ayrg) a)s one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change7,xb7*n oa yws 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addayfjj 9jo8:5ming ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vapori :bcz0qe ;3cqu. ,fjiization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting point is 0ei3,jbcci q:ufzq ;. $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concreiwoxm hx0(lyudk.n9 z89) at.te is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conducti1+5 -n c lhoataz5jh4rvity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum an ch5j+ho-5nt41al azrd the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.08y2m)ib5hf8xeh ;f2tulc a x8 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempe) m clxuit8 ;52a88yhh2e bffxrature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3oo 9/xj* i g0+fsq3hroepr e/+.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temeo /s*p 9hiox/re j +o+q03rgfperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow id . yox8ut;b+ln 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete (db.y oux8tl +;$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,06ldw w2 h6.vzt00 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperaydtm8 wkib;**mx -h; qture if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the temperatu3cd+e+sze77crrt 5brn f3 dg6re is monitored by measuring the radiant powe3 cbdfn53r7g sre dc6+e+tz7rr emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body rgjlm sd528 n/fadiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (ef e/z-+we62vwi wx 1fyifective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.