Which of the following is the smallesddxj*gw6/4pky , 2es.zc9r nkt unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary -le-n:vqrmq 0 to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is refertw;u1jw ),rb ered to a u)rt;j,eww1b s

  A cup of water is scood/83we u*plwnped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the suwen d*lpw3 8/wimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal gas dependsf:v9qm,. ttum on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is ;55, nzeqa ylmhalf the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its prel5, mea;5zynqssure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal +ao+.vrrfi 1c6trzw 4nd46f j energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do nw4tw g ,u+t-rcot vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a p+e:svngeqsc7b;u o8. , z1jr higher specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 7o:npr,bzve uge 8+qjscs; 1.calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is m/rvnpn8 +cdix+j 0se: ade up of a hot piece of aluminum and a cold piece of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double ti +0v j+xsr nendc8/:phat of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to cha7sci8hdd.s + snge a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referredc isd s.+87shd to as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is11dwafhvg1*f+q k. 5n un/ghu referred to nh/g vu1g+.fk1*a q duwn15fhas the

  If heat is added to kvxgk-dp7g 52 txit+i5ci o0) a pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezecago3 2+ .nbnms

  When a liquid evaporatjqsb, p-k+q.f3m : xqees

  When a vapor condens:9 shdsoa )r xra22kd.es

  In a cloud formation, water yu0kcsqv /* t;vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the cloud/ s;uv c*y0qtks to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling wate2s0p2) zxc;gn:t bc pur causes

  Equal masses of wate*nq9p, oq(eeo+udi .oo tz7;lr at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows b cz*25-syu -q-tlu lp6t. f+hhg9*pvaltqjy9y means of molecular collisions is referred to a -f9.t6lyuqg9sztly -cap vq*pt u -+l* hj52hs

  By what primary heat transfer me ri/lmel6p .v:w0f7bfchanism does one end of an iron bar become hot when the othervwl f:7 mp/b0f .irl6e end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch than a piek4d6a8 h ksmi:v9df b9ce of wood. This is du fib:ha9 s6kk9m v84dde to the difference in which one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickne l(ua)+rsm q1oss of a wall built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperaasu+l(mro 1)q ture difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with therm; 752u iww4cqx)k i8 q xdvjb/wp0ded6al conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composux0/jic4i687 dpwk dwwxq25eb)d; vq ite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fromxvhxh4t p(89k one place toxh9 hvtp xk(84 another is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of 2jx x5rkl96bl water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occurk*+r:n-mwh3ih y bucyo k3+0s

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is important to hff) h a96/ hfuwos,) ,el+suinumans in maintaining suitable body lh6+aw),fueo fh /n)f us9,istemperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environmenti5 zr5hib2 0vr where the acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of thhir0zr5i5bv 2 e cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangularx k(13-ugc s;bso+psj houses built from the same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same ijp+bsgu s; (c -x1s3konside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator i 6jp2oqp(2u9zosqxa. gq9 ;mb)my dj +s doubled, by what factor does the radiating power change?xagq pyp b9 d6js2o2m)z; o9.uq(j+qm

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any medium is referred t t.:ypru.z 25u2he7ai 1rzwdg o as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanq ud hx(+2qrb s)k*,qeism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to howjh3 uw( mg: ko7nrvew 6u;fck1p9 x.t9 much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is zwj*jxx9qfg+x) xb1,,d ,w( plb7.z: t jwyu pequivalent to how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise t2 si -da1d+ ,ipwn8rpphe temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kyr:nf2y, nbhaht55 4 4fekxy( g of water, what is the resulting temperature ch 42yh5(fyetyh4k, rb:xa nnf 5ange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum bl x -(pey*gwuq7ock is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of material b20 9v9pazp kn/3-zoh9h ugkj)e9mpc l y $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath wat 3sqylwa p62 xvb.h3g0er by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copg.bdsys /a /so/;x8j 1ja hpw2s7va-yper. How much heat i.-xv;h js7 opaaby//1 dysa2/8wjs sgs added to the gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of metal is heated ( htk in2q4tu itj8rees0/:t*to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of ck shgsv4n* 0f(, sa-dreuhp 4 +qm7gl9opper, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material atjn8 9y6hk)k -q whllj2.kb8jcge3y v1 $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system)k5 6w 22ai3fv n xtm+lm9ftdp that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. Ot)k9 if26mfvlmwp2+3d a n 5txne object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationsi lg48idiw.cn3lg -a0hips between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperatn lc d4lg-.w38ig 0iiaure rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing ovn5 z.fb l1, x7pxxbq3qwk,k *wotrn+ 7:ozr( ier Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all thrto.,7z+wfziq :p 73(lbnknx1wx5 qk or,*xbe gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how lonhz 9; uob,k2ijuxh*b0g would it take to hejh;b 9, o2ux*0 izbhukat water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it tak 28z by9hdcdc.o+ xjkn 2q;ux7e to heat 20 kg of wate ykd7qd2nu xzxoc92.j +chb8 ;r from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1000 jv8a 1pk5e+wcg, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blad-s --x jzi7xbee (specific heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removedi.6 5gmloyg6p rzlwn 9.h(iqiab; 6v8 from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcah4 p x8lmi)fx)l/kg. How much heat is required to melt 200 g of ice?p f4 xl8)ihxm)

  How much heat energy is needed to mounv/s/54ie-3r7repqki4 81i c mc v change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 g ox /7k 1swcln-s91kutfsbhlm*0o7nq (f $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 50 g pksoo39v-k:axh/c 8 dx x)n b6of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initshjqf. )aj+ l,ially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water aemjapkf+2d/ vl 5 c0n 4:snp2yt $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed to change vk kn;ai5/ ms110 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change onemgn8m-j :7x lpd(s1m d gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100 g ;s+*wlthm+ke5qz (f 9k+wtxvof $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initiv h.gc. -lzu1(g3k x(b .+qp+ eansmmdally at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization i m/uci6hu px8(s 207 kc8(ph/uui mcx 6al/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of concretesd iuzck;ry b-1/nw 09 is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of alumint:: ( vs1qxygaw vqa+b k7+ja0um is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. Th7vykaa: (jq+g:0wt1 + basvqxe rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimwsj24g3ojnga t sh k:2.qy1f3ensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside tempf32 1k n2g4hy .tqsojw3:jags erature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If x2 ux4h mc q)+3k/+umqslrhv*the outside temperature hu)/q4xm q*+cmvxk3 2 hlusr+is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 u6: hlq; n6oce (eio2wm section of concrete wueo6 :6(lqi2o ce; nh($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat thro4h(y . tnlfniu9wk6j9 ugh a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost tx )u65bekg 2lhln8p9mhrough a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for zi+/qxu s6gi+refining steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of aux6+ zi /sgqi+rea $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating enerwz: rd5yh+ v7tgy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a sos s:2en rf( y12dqune/s87frwlar collector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.