Which of the following is woomox n6;dp9h2 ey /qlj2yx:g**(e xthe smallest unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat nece0mo-7o;i jnae ssary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of water by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual g -cbfi uy/0,k;sh9jp molecules is referred to ask,y s f-0hcjg;9i/bpu

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swiy,efeo ui,1zni4 2hl -mming pool of water. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the nl4 y,-ziu,ei1 ofh2ecup and the swimming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideagj7p tk8 ca3- 05tmqh5 s6vej rz-zva/l gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP +v o8 *vkxq6:ua1ku6ojsj k ss51 k3xtis first compressed until its volume is half the initial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal eo:1*u 8sk6s v j3 qj kv6xko5ks1tua+xnergy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal p6,i 7 ;vugzzsi26qv6z )rj bz*qyho.energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temp n63viw-wa37i5 xxxvz eratures do not vary drastically is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a highersxwuo)g(ki/ 0p ui1s(srucy v8g7 0 0o specific heat capacity than iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and ir gvcu(p/1 srix7k0u0y8 )g0so (suwo ion that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piecbo+pe* (;u 6p4pffgil e of aluminum and a cold pieci p4bouf6+; pe pfg(*le of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to c4a+p 8o6ucewc hange a substance from the solid to the liquid state is referred to as t+48c 6c upaoewhe

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to the vapor state i;gso+yqg, )jqs referred to as thego)s;g q y,q+j

  If heat is added to a pure substance at a steady ratv g7wmwgm7,(oe,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezel ,yb/4duk k0cs

  When a liquid evaporates10 nfxlu+7wyo,zp ivj 88 d0fv

  When a vapor condenseshg)b b5j/dxd4

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condenses into water drop2qu5 p;snvq6f ky v-x 8c3zyd-lets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the cloud6;n- q y8fscxdyv5k3 -qu2pzvs to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water cau7w zo*pk2re+jses

  Equal masses of water d/i xjne3b6;:gbx v+i at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisions is l ou(:9lk2pspo91f9p1 yo l6xr 7q xtlreferred to al9ofr97 xt921oqpuy(s :l1p lkxl p o6s

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism d,)bkbuldj(y6 5my u w7oes one end of an iron bar become hot when the other end is playu)u,w 6b(yl75db mkjced in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the toupm-cdtoa5.5nx-n m; c ch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which n c.m-txmp;an 55odc -one of the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a walu4wzm; z+j*h ll built from a homogeneous material, the rate of heat loss for a given temperature difference acl ;uw+j4z*mhzross the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placed on a layxfs lubhti+p* : )mz5)er of another ma*hxtp)5fbis: u m)zl+terial of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. What is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows 3wx0pjkph++g ;jv1cm by the mass movement of molecules from one place to another is referred to ak0pg;+ cx+jmh1p 3j wvs

  By what primary heat trngr;; /jfy9qp ansfer mechanism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occury wx(fq 3dfmfk h8 rrt:i)0r1-

  Which of the following best explains why sweating+ok;3qx31vz- fwcf )n 5hfrow is important to humans in maintaining suitable body tk);cw3hfn f-1z+5ox row vf3q emperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the acceleration of gravity is-jr 5 iygjchtk06s1 ye( dm (v;dmij00 essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection cjcgtiy;s5 m( 6rk01y-him0 d0jv d(ejurrents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the wow wz5 pa-dg9bzw a+sp,5,x 9ph;yw2 same materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identica p -95wa;dasx wpp2b,+ w5,y9wzzog hwl climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor/wl0honufs/y 3qku/+ + ik )zn does the radiating power hws+0kkui)+n/3l fno/uqyz/ change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence of any v64ewfr)cz tu/5x1 fzoema 4 4exlw-3medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat tcj6q(o):lfk9wabx 91 wlr )xmransfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivaleno7 ghu ;/le509c3wvby p fya5nt to how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how t 5x1-x 8+;a guikijfqx7jv;emuch work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the towk(jtd w(-0zj qy(. pw0x vy8emperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is the5cy. yynq t0l:6qsrt7f/2 dzy,d lo:e resulting temperature changf5:y rlld6nqt os .:q ycy07yte2 z,d/e?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block is orlt p,t yj (gjtcz/8m b5ub:0:tiginally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of 2.0 kg of v5 2e4:vnhkq2faa 5spmaterial by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water ayimuc.)a wb tf+2: 9xst $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much h shva vy700)n*u*b ymaeat is added to u)svh nv 0yy7**0bamathe gear if the temperature increases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of methwsbr)gd3 x *ga1yk *2al is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of coppiaejv w*x2 ld7*)rn*ya2-6ar8ag urf er, initially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material a wek ass.,+8a-vn ks8a ;)mvuyt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a systm-s2-0pd5mq3b9 6 nxpyyk hx 0a sh5snem that is thermally isolated from its surroundingm-p0 ssh0byan55hp m2qkyd9 x s nx36-s. One object has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships net(x :qsj45v between various forms of env :5e4xtj(snq ergy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Nw,06ip/lz wg jiagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all the gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what tempe,ww/6 igjlz0prature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uses 2ps:c xsr:z/(y+gqex 9y(y xq9 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in this tank/xsy 9+(rq(yxq e:g9x ypz :cs from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat 20 :nmcb 9iqgi10xb1 u8pkg of water from xcqi ibg918nmp:u10b$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 10*a8svv g-8-n cz ha:aa00 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific hzb8dkkrp16ha l (ox ct0x.h:/eat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to change it tobnj)vnc; x3t/ liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How m rcn- lso k h,9vta7c-edq/1;much heat is required to melt 200 gqt -m ;lra 1ck9ednoc,s -h/7v of ice?

  How much heat energy iwo9 vmbq;rm*, yd 8v;ts needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed t p--qq cpbyf /t,v8ys3c0yoy)-r k8gfrom 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg. When 501t);na)m: hv6aclv a sy.ipu+ g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initially an*2b(pusvg)tsbc 21dt $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at fn pkx5 4g2gs7 :k-dzvy7*zwe$0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is 0ub9hrsm m906uh31v so g;w daneeded to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requ.sfa;)ok o.jc(p vh)e ired to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to*-/0 ssy qw7fldt2lvl change 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, in9enm)yr:meur do) b+. itially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lei l-w;g2vis xq2 t.6uhkko/ 8yad is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 k2i6ukil;v.t qwy/8g x-k o 2shcal/kg, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductiz-kf+bqn 2x lt/:1c wk+e;nedj 7h;hu vity of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice that of brass. Two ry+q6iwxyho +9 7j3omcm k1w)0bvjxf2ods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The r yw7 xi 62x1mqmy +3fhow)kcj jvbo09+ods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of jgbhq:cnhr -.8 b*,df 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatu,*nhjcfb :r 8-dgh.qbre is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 ae5 rt2n;ha+m +qq- xym. If the outside t-xr+5 n;qqm+aea y2th emperature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x vioz0k*rhl*: 2.0 m section of concrete lv i*o* 0k:zhr($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of hea1j6n6-t mix4co+yyn)zmpku:t through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost through aa2eem9vqtsy s(knm 7g*-:h ; d $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the i q+5,i yvc h:5)v-gxtcuf y7utemperature is monitored by measuring the rx: -7i cqiugtv ,5hv y5c)uy+fadiant power emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating en.m 7zqxrm)jrp0gr2 w(i p1r.eergy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar c owdnkku )v8/mk6 96)pp+ wairi ..bvbollector (effective collection area of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.