Which of the following is the small2 iqblnd(e9c* est unit of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of wauwqw,q)/d:ms zf/m; t ter by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetijp /+bl/+wo9w0.i yd nora*2j joefy(c energy of individual molecules is referred to asn*. lyar2+j w eo/9byf o+/0(jowijpd

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of wate8cvn++p7(p x o yddws1r. Compare the temperature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimming poolxnv +o78d( y+p1 cwdsp.

  The internal energy g (j36qpvijd 9 tj/4byof an ideal gas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its volume is half the iduan j;,+z6ud2h ll4x nitial volume, and then it is allowed to expand until its pressure is half dau z+j;4n l hdxul6,2the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with internal energy U atr3l(qgp 6zgk 7n0f8 o5ijg3lu $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drastically is tid c8lii 1uno7 n0(q8(iyw-gghat

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity than ironhu*zx f0h+ pu0. Now, ufuhz+h p0 x0*consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to each. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece oet t;j.qf6s iau(hgo6n f +30if aluminum and a cold piece f 3fq 6jt.st go6aun+(ihei;0of copper; the aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance from the solid to the liquid df3y ycl0 -,oq yfzk*4state is referr*ck foyd l0yq-zy3 f,4ed to as the

  The heat required to change u lyjskq+ ;4hf9pc4-y 2dirn89zcx z(a substance from the liquid to the vapor state is rec4 dnqy z-usij98z49xr;ykc+l p2(hf ferred to as the

  If heat is added to * ne z,)lbq)18a pjnjja pure substance at a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezez6/8dya/4qlbq+ gy 3 rjowmj4s

  When a liquid evaporatn+0 ; t,5 daw2rq+mak7wgopu bes

  When a vapor condense j78jm ax2qbp, u09jlqo /enf;s

  In a cloud formation, water vapor condensesnchpkde k58x, 9bzdd+:3o qe.w7t sp( into water droplets which get bigger and bigger untcxs ,ddpokwqn5e3.hk(9 z p t78d:+ebil it rains. This will cause the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling l;qzm+u wn*b ec99i.nwater causes

  Equal masses of water at p,j;*m7mbl dc+ p- *sf z sw-dkt60kqb$20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of molecular collisi1 l8tz, )r k*nln0dymkw xx4o+ons is referred to ason)+ 8lkxrmwl tz4d,0y1* kxn

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism d jr2vwwrq/ *(loes one end of an iron bar become hot whenjr2ww/ r(v* lq the other end is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of methqhq4qbn2 2x*fzb ,.uql 8 u:wal feels much colder to the touch than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one of the follow *, q8bb: x24qhnwqqu zhu.f2ling physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homogeneou7;vauuhp*9qp 6zlj7vs material, the rate of heat loss for a given tem ;7 q*67pz 9vjuuavhlpperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermajlf a/13wap le4f0be7;c0i03 p ofi zhl conductivity K is placed on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. Whate 0pp/af fj;ewcolfh71i0 40i3al3 zb is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movement of molecules fy:h 5z4y 3y0fvt rhb-mrom one place to another is referred to a4 5try z h3y-vb:yfm0hs

  By what primary heat transfer mechanb:lji:m9y673-qilihdwu ax1 ism is a pot of water heated on a stove?

  Convection can occur ux 5ev9hl0uxdu87*no

  Which of the following best explai)4x9dpy;/ums i jy )1ee 0ghpbns why sweating is important to humans in maintaining suitable body tde/ pi14my) jby)9phx e0ug ;semperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where the accewhqe/u e :zyw9re ul2r59lw.2leration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one side of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents: uu5w rqh weyz2/.29e el9rwl caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the same + y8t f2qv-yxomaterials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the rate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same tvqx-oy +f82 yinside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiatopnw; 8o ldwwem68m 7xv8k( rw3r is doubled, by what factor does the radiating por nmdx 6l8o 7vwkwe3mw(;8p 8wwer change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the abse83 g b.iyn.mhti2a u2fnce of any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer ek-tzqpjvgp3u 2,-vy )/ (eywmechanism does the Sun warm the Earth?

  1700 J of work is equivalent to hl xd/ 12z,e7. lgazto bf8hh1now much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to4ae :htab9)*c vdc(yt how much work?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the jksflo4*f2d b xt.0n r*zq*(s temperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added te z; e+)tm1rzbo 2.0 kg of water, what is the resulting temperature z1e; +mert)zbchange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum block g:ogv1las.m w,a; a -i84ey cwis originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the tempera,ldp s e7v5f0gture of 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to heat up her bath water by adding 5.0 a h /fqep8tn0, mahqwi 7p:k68dmdf.;L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much h+kf5 jkx /wuj*00y fe-ffz:t neat is added to the gear if the temperature iny f*t0: fw0nj+5u fjk-xfzk/ecreases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of mq/a5vkv5pu+hio0 z . oetal is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, initially jte oq+8b 0ys5at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material +gr fe;uoxx e6 ave i(w06im)7at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up a system that is thermxw) 95cg ckx6jally isolated from its surroundings. One objectc cxkw)x9jg65 has an initial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James s0h;nnt -c cr8Joule attempted to explore the relationships between various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What 8crc thn0;- snmaximum temperature rise would one expect for a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing ovvo:y1/om/ zk ver Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming that all t1: m/kv/oz oyvhe gravitational energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water heater uhz oa;g*-zfwm4abnd p4p*-k :ses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heaap4g bponk-*;wzf a d4-hm*z :t water in this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it take to heat .*9l b insmrksiy1m;xl+ + lkxe:r0*l20 kg of water fxsie0*sm+kll:ln l91 y m*r+kxbr i.;rom $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mass 1by 8os8h+r; dk5h0 rmqwijt4.000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specif-,s2rj;oq brvzwq btn (b)*e(ic heat = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removl8* pqj m6ns 67kpw8qxed from steam to change it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to m)mfr)pgnnx.+ e*x+ x melt 200 g of+x)pm*g f x+m)r nx.en ice?

  How much heat energy8nvo2 73r bo*p)vfc nh is needed to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to beyxph nt*; -9qy removed from 100 g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kg.5farroe3 6(at When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water initi4iv.74 u4 cgzq i5fkxaally at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water at6o-t,l *q xa d i5ojq).qjk6s2x: xtcp $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is needed tkg vsg 9*sx2y3 d-tg614sxujd o change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is requ)q:ckei0 g3my: vlp+m ired to change one gram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to bz-qf 8plp65ji l9u9 ; rfyt4ychange 100 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by addingf1z 2kucc 0ae6 jc9z,w ice to 1.8 kg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.92;8ypr.w*bj g z /ehpz kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporization is 207 kcal/kg, and its melting b;pr zpez/.w j2yh8*gpoint is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity m5i0t95da-,-v9r xgwm riouw of concrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum*d a 7k+*xiosz is twice that of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined 7i d+kx*oaz *stogether end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are of equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has iu1amm n8fwh*u bn43e hj), m-kff9i0 dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the outside temperatu09,mhm 1-4 jf 8uah k )3ufiwnbinmfe*re is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If the ou6k 3+t3rgn1) eimjj jdtside temperature 3mj+ij1e6n 3 g dkt)jris $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hour through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m sectcyry+sr o, .*qion of concrete q*yc.+r s,yor ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take t on;zjss4o/ba ,9 3at-whwe5y o transfer 1,000,000 cal of heat through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat iefi.j/ n6opy7 s lost through a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining steel, the ak;/ y9(fi 3bsaeevt )temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power emitted through a small hole of 9(v3ke a;yteis a/bf) area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human body radiating energy whljpr(8 u27 ku*xpm+ zhen it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection a;-bhw21 upnvlet8 (gqrea of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.