Which of the following is the smallest uni 0ku, unz bnc+pa,ddx*jl:lvwf33f 7 (t of heat energy?

  The amount of heat necessary to raise the temperature of 1 gram of wa x1dcv 7m2g7ob h.f2giter by $1 \; ^{\circ}C$ is referred to as the

  The measure of the average kinetic energy of individual molecules is referr j:qx+ kh;xf tou7qn5*ed to as h x:jk+ut*qq ;o5x7fn

  A cup of water is scooped up from a swimming pool of water. Compare the temper qha;od j78b1xature T and the internal energy U of the water, in both the cup and the swimb1;87xoa qhd jming pool.

  The internal energy of an ideal 6zzbk:7 v pr9f+4k kjcgas depends on

  An ideal gas at STP is first compressed until its vo me(*lpl+a ;ypkqg(/z1i gvsu y5*dorsp92w4lume is half the initial volume, and then it is /4u((l s**p2p1e5yor;wq k szg g dy p9aivm+lallowed to expand until its pressure is half the initial pressure. All of this is done while holding the temperature constant. If the initial internal energy of the gas is U, the final internal energy of the gas will be

  An ideal gas with inte ;-;y.mjdpyhvw.)ag+zq a 4hlrnal energy U at $200 \; ^{\circ}C$ is heated to $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. Its internal energy then will be

  The reason ocean temperatures do not vary drasticallc:n( 7w+bzxn vy is that

  It is a well-known fact that water has a higher specific heat capacity thgox( 2e3lyv2han iron. Now, consider equal masses of water and iron that are initially in thermal equilibrium. The same amount of heat, 30 calories, is added to eachvxh 2l2( gey3o. Which statement is true?

  A thermally isolated system is made up of a hot piece ocb5i7 21i4qal)cvpew f aluminum and a cold piece of copper; 24v7iw5i)eblp 1 qca cthe aluminum and the copper are in thermal contact. The specific heat capacity of aluminum is more than double that of copper. Which object experiences the greater magnitude gain or loss of heat during the time the system takes to reach thermal equilibrium?

  Phase changes occur

  The heat required to change a substance fro /eee)0b1p9hv hg/3v+ ;ru qrzooo2q tm the solid to the liquid state is referred tbv20qorq/+ohg / zp )o ;eht erv193ueo as the

  The heat required to change a substance from the liquid to thmaqse 0o :vl4hl 96uit,mi)9 oe vapor state is referred to , em)4 9aoll tu:mi9q 0oisv6has the

  If heat is added to a pure substance atuacm-a4.e(f d a steady rate,

  When a solid melts

  When a liquid freezesdb;dbp4 z5-zns 5rdn *

  When a liquid evaporatea 6f(sp5+bl qgtxki1tq r ,1(ws

  When a vapor condens,rfh4xt 2)5uhe9 bq iqes

  In a cloud formation, wa-1lai k. iflb5ter vapor condenses into water droplets which get bigger and bigger until it rains. This will caus-k.ia1 b5ilf le the temperature of the air in the clouds to

  Turning up the flame under a pan of boiling water caa;i fgoc,-;rz) m7kdlt74y1edod dw 7uses

  Equal masses of wate/bly-uke+ut 0r at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ and $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ are mixed. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A chunk of ice ($T = -20 \; ^{\circ}C$) is added to a thermally insulated container of cold water ($T = 0 \; ^{\circ}C$). What happens in the container?

  The process whereby heat flows by means of moleculazk6tvb2nas 0 b+g*m n5fj(b( ar collisions is referred to asnf 2*bj(v+0bsma ba(z tgn56k

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does one end of an iron bar be rlc i0jn/,1crcome hot when the other j0licc,/1rnrend is placed in a flame?

  On a cold day, a piece of metal feels much colder to the touch vuhp8c s *.vw;o*;dfh than a piece of wood. This is due to the difference in which one o*f sh;*d v c;voh8p.uwf the following physical property?

  If you double the thickness of a wall built from a homo*goscxkm wfzu9 91j9kouj*5,qqwd 7+ cbxg:;geneous material, the rate of heat loss for a gived*jq 7gbx k; ksqm ozj g995xuuwcw:f+91c,* on temperature difference across the thickness will

  A layer of insulating material with thermal conductivity K is placevr8 )vts g7uv511ktprn6n)e q d on a layer of another material of thermal conductivity 2K. The layers have equal thickness. Wh8nt) k 1nrr17u6qgvs p5vv et)at is the effective thermal conductivity of the composite sheet?

  The process whereby heat flows by the mass movemenrx8mka:np m+- ji)e5wt of molecules from one place to airnapm8 +m5 kj-x we:)nother is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism is a pot of water hea qy(wb765d(nju-fmnrm ,4wcvted on a stove?

  Convection can occur q5unke 9k**kokw r.k2:9x* zncb4axv

  Which of the following best explains why sweating is it 1u7o) e5bqlemportant to humans in maintaining sui7) eb1eltuoq 5table body temperature?

  A spaceship is drifting in an environment where 6o2c rebyt gz/(st*-ythe acceleration of gravity is essentially zero. As the air on one sid g- et/tz*s6cbyro( 2ye of the cabin is heated by an electric heater, what is true about the convection currents caused by this heating?

  Consider two neighboring rectangular houses built from the sam +j1.q fm6ez:qtbw,8c)x kntse materials. One of the houses has twice the length, width, and height of the other. Under identical climatic conditions, what would be true about the we.+ ,kftqc): 8qj1mzx 6 sntbrate that heat would have to be supplied to maintain the same inside temperature on a cold day? Compared to the small house, the larger house would need heat supplied at

  If the absolute temperature of a radiator is doubled, by what factor does the ra5p xf 2 c8ao+tfo/z;p h.xjf.jdiating powep.5 +x.ph8c2x jfjo azo/f; tfr change?

  The process whereby heat flows in the absence z vp ikf/4;a0aof any medium is referred to as

  By what primary heat transfer mechanism does the Sun warm the Eartjqcf*m ,u.ne ys,6;4. lobxhm h?

  1700 J of work is equivalent tosrq3exs.i * z;j t 2:ilnvmp;yvr:/ d/ how much heat?

  16.5 kcal of heat is equivalent to how much wrj, qjgbs ,npipq7c9e*+d ayo8*/na (ork?

  Gasoline yields $4.8 \times 10^{7} \; joules$ per kg when burned. The density of gasoline is approximately the same as that of water, and 1 gal = 3.8 L. How much energy does your car use on a trip of 100 mi if you get 25 mi per gallon?

  How much heat is needed to raise the te; hzm* 6c+drjsmperature of 100 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) by $15 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  If 40 kcal of heat is added to 2.0 kg of water, what is r 1d;jshod+ ni1n(skm6 /h-zvthe resulting temperature ch+o(; /jmdsdvzshi rk-11 h6 nnange?

  A 4.0-kg aluminum bl*t jv+;8sw9s zbc (vgjock is originally at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If 160 kJ of heat is added to the block, what is its final temperature?

  150 kcal of heat raises the temperature of6g4)c o3jh s:.eh hdqe 2.0 kg of material by $400 ^{\circ}F$. What is the material's specific heat capacity?

  A person tries to hear a)jvvzn le -+gumn6s40-p :ft up her bath water by adding 5.0 L of water at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$ to 60 L of water at $30 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the water?

  A machine part consists of 0.10 kg of iron and 0.16 kg of copper. How much heat y u3u(t/x-u j)n+5xe ptc cjd8is added to the gear if the temperature in u(cx-5 3utp)+jdec8ytn u /jxcreases by $35 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  50 g of lead ($c = 0.11 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is put into 75 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the mixture?

  A 0.600-kg piece of meta1pzofcac*2dep e 0 t/oo,.f,ll is heated to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and placed in an aluminum can of mass 0.200-kg which contains 0.500 kg of water initially at $17.3 \; ^{\circ}C$. The final equilibrium temperature of the mixture is $20.2 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the specific heat of the metal?

  A 0.10-kg piece of copper, init7ri: k0ubj:cqtr/.c/ rbb (k jially at $95 \; ^{\circ}C$, is dropped into 0.20 kg of water contained in a 0.28-kg aluminum can; the water and aluminum are initially at $15 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the final temperature of the system?

  If 50 g of material at hw3i.,m04 0sa e +jzb uk(ssnp$100 \; ^{\circ}C$ is mixed with 100 g of water at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, the final temperature is $40 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the specific heat of the material?

  Two equal mass objects make up tw9twv+-sii(h .qlz.a system that is thermally isolated from its surroundings. One object has an iwslq9hv +wt.i.( tzi-nitial temperature of $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the other has an initial temperature of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. What is the equilibrium temperature of the system, assuming that no phase changes take place for either object? (The hot object has a specific heat capacity that is three times that of the cold object.)

  On his honeymoon, James Joule attempted to explore the relationships bet;1i mn (7tnd+hg,dzi bween various forms of energy by measuring the rise of temperature of water which had fallen down a waterfall on Mount Blanc. What maximum temperature rise would one expect f;z gi,1d n n7bt(+hidmor a waterfall with a vertical drop of 20 m?

  The water flowing over Niagara Falls drops a distance of 50 m. Assuming 231, osoxmxmsm0lon8 ,iqdw8that all the gravitadm1o3 omn ,ixw088 ossqlmx 2,tional energy is converted to thermal energy, by what temperature does the water rise?

  A 200-L electric water hean9lljs;d: k+v ter uses 2 kW. Assuming no heat loss, how long would it take to heat water in jlk: sl n+dv;9this tank from $23 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $75 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  A 5000-W heater is used to heat water. How long will it takecli 8pl(sw u*:(xi ,kj to heat 20 kg of wati* sc8k,x(julil pw(:er from $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to $100 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  An aluminum kettle (mai4 p3t4hz1go fss 1000 g, $c = 0.22 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$) holds 400 g of pure water at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$. The kettle is placed on a 1000 W electric burner and heated to boiling. Assume that all the heat from the burner heats the kettle and its contents, and that a negligible amount of water evaporates before boiling begins. Calculate the amount of time required to bring the water to boil.

  In grinding a steel knife blade (specific heatx -p g.ue lr4 bm wrjl*h;mjf0e07/yj) = $0.11 \; cal/g \cdot ^{\circ}C$), the metal can get as hot as $400 \; ^{\circ}C$. If the blade has a mass of 80 g, what is the minimum amount of water needed at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$ if the water is not to rise above the boiling point when the hot blade is quenched in it?

  How much heat must be removed from steam to chan2 g *zuxrtyrx9h/6wt;ge it to liquid?

  Ice has a latent heat of fusion of 80 kcal/kg. How much heat is required to mel r .igchdl8v h:;4/pxn. ouc0et 208hi p.r hgc;e4ux/o:dv0lc. n0 g of ice?

  How much heat energy is n4)i* 8vv b f0fq0llsyheeded to change 10 kg of ice at $-20 \; ^{\circ}C$ to water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat needs to be removed from 100 9mver:pn2 lgi5hy*j5g of $85 \; ^{\circ}C$ water to make $-5 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice?

  The heat of fusion of ice is 80 kcal/kxx-w1+ b g)0vl v/om2yjd tlyi8;+odfg. When 50 g of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to 50 g of water at $25 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the final temperature?

  Eight grams of water ify oi2h,i 1h6bnitially at $100 \; ^{\circ}C$ are poured into a cavity in a very large block of ice initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many g of ice melt before thermal equilibrium is attained?

  A block of ice at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is added to a 150-g aluminum calorimeter cup that holds 200 g of water at $10 \; ^{\circ}C$. If all but 2.00 g of ice melt, what was the original mass of the block of ice?

  If 2.0 kg of water atji. of cebsduwe1 urg. :rezd +01s:qa;68o ;z $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ is to be vaporized, how much heat must be added?

  How much heat energy is need;s:7;hc 4 kj6dd* ouvyedw1xbed to change 10 kg of water at $50 \; ^{\circ}C$ to steam at $120 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How much heat is required to change one g)t kl6 jtbmr wb:yp/*3ram of $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $120 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  How much heat is required to change 100)oq kn4rcj l8b:p6mi60v iyr7 g of $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ ice to $150 \; ^{\circ}C$ steam?

  A person makes ice tea by adding ice to 1.8 ke ug)w/35wt/guuj x)wk0j2o. mb gv69 fhi .zpg of hot tea, initially at $80 \; ^{\circ}C$. How many kilograms of ice, initially at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$, are required to bring the mixture to $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  The heat of fusion of lead is 5.9 kcal/kg, and the heat of vaporizaoq2ia xldt6ai-) u(w8tion is 207 kcal/kt)xi o -uad(alwq6i28g, and its melting point is $328 \; ^{\circ}C$. How much heat is required to melt 50 g of lead initially at $23 \; ^{\circ}C$? (The specific heat of lead is $0.031 \; kcal/kg \cdot ^{\circ}C$)

  The thermal conductivity of conc+w gghz+5s.6sgqe t2nrete is $0.8 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$ and the thermal conductivity of wood is $1.1 \; W/m \cdot ^{\circ}C$. How thick would a solid concrete wall have to be in order to have the same rate of flow through it as an 8-cm thick wall made of solid wood? (Assume both walls have the same surface area.)

  The thermal conductivity of aluminum is twice th i6uy5a) 61zzj,c3 x pm,htrmd mgll5kt02/jcat of brass. Two rods (one aluminum and the other brass) are joined together end to end in excellent thermal contact. The rods are ozj6jhcli5pt3rd5z0 lum6cg / t, 1 a)mxk2my,f equal lengths and radii. The free end of the brass rod is maintained at $0 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the aluminum's free end is heated to $200 \; ^{\circ}C$. If no heat escapes from the sides of the rods, what is the temperature at the interface between the two metals?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m by 1.5 m. If 3d-fm;adxf0k*1o4 l wrokc -a the outside tempkom*ffa 1a 40-wl-dd; c3kxorerature is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, what is the rate of heat conduction through the window?

  A window glass 0.50-cm thick has dimensions of 3.0 m b9 5 zbw4+m+*lhfwqn lvy 1.5 m. If the outside temperatur bwq+v5lf*l nm9w4+z he is $-10 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the inside temperature is $20 \; ^{\circ}C$, how much heat flows through the window in one hour by conduction only?

  How much heat will flow in 1.0 hou7iy5/updm zk1r through a 2.0 m x 2.0 m section of concrete ( du1z/57pyikm$k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) 10 cm thick if the inside temperature is $21 \; ^{\circ}C$ and the outside temperature is $4 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  How long will it take to transfer 1,000,000 cal of heazs s am4kf*vg.: war ;6/-mhdpt through a $2.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) if the temperature differential is $10 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  What is the outside temperature if 4000 kcal of heat is lost througs ko8d) fzo c;v(2nuz+h a $4.0 \; m^{2}$ pane of 0.30 cm thick glass ($k = 2.0 \times 10^{-4} \; kcal/s \cdot m \cdot ^{\circ}C$) in one hour from a house kept at $20 \; ^{\circ}C$?

  In an electric furnace used for refining rqi7 vwep 4uf71midn hj:w +j/zjwc 8w/;f ;b-steel, the temperature is monitored by measuring the radiant power+;q4w7bih1zvw pw/7/ jjjw umre f ifc;8d:n- emitted through a small hole of area $0.5 \; cm^{2}$. The furnace acts like a blackbody radiator. If it is to be maintained at a temperature of $1650 \; ^{\circ}C$, at what level should the power radiated through the hole be maintained?

  At what rate is the human bodb( zy 8z0 rsuhtmbbk7,w + 168i+ziblvy radiating energy when it is at $33 \; ^{\circ}C$? Take the body surface area to be $1.4 \; m^{2}$, and approximate the body as a blackbody.

  What temperature exists inside a solar collector (effective collection a*dk;c4 taaeck;rk: l3 rea of $15 \; m^{2}$) on a bright sunny day when the outside temperature is $+20 \; ^{\circ}C$? Assume that the collector is thermally insulated, that the Sun radiates the collector with a power per unit area of $600 \; W/m^{2}$, and that the collector acts as a perfect blackbody.